Riset Informasi Kesehatan.
Vol.
No.
2 (May 2.
ISSN 2548-6462 .
ISSN 2088-8740 .
DOI: 10.
30644/rik.
The relationship between age, length of service, and work attitude with low back pain complaints among employees of company X Ifka Wangi Kobis1.
Fransiskus Xaverius Dotulong2.
Ake Royke Calvin Langingi3 Occupational Safety and Health Study Program.
Gunung Maria College of Health Sciences.
Tomohon.
Indonesia Nursing Study Program.
Gunung Maria College of Health Sciences.
Tomohon.
Indonesia.
Hospital Administration Study Program.
Gunung Maria College of Health Sciences.
Tomohon.
Indonesia.
*Corresponding authorAos emai: ifkakobis3@gmail.
Accepted: 27 November 2025.
revision: 22 January 2026.
published: 31 May 2026 Abstract Background: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the musculoskeletal complaints commonly experienced by workers in various industrial sectors.
This condition can reduce work productivity, increase absenteeism, and impact the quality of life of employees.
Several factors contribute to the emergence of LBP complaints, including age, length of service , and work Method: This study is a quantitative study using a cross-sectional approach.
The sample in this study consisted of 39 employees obtained using total sampling.
Data in this study were obtained using intervie ws and observations with a questionnaire as the research instrument, then analyzed using the Chi-Square test.
Results: The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between age, length of service, and work attitude with complaints of low back pain among employees.
The results of the analysis of length of service and low back pain complaints showed a p-value of 0.
011, while the results of the analysis of length of service and low back pain complaints showed a p-value The results of the analysis of work attitude and low back pain complaints showed a pvalue of 0.
Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between age, length of service, and work attitude with the incidence of low back pain among employees.
Keywords: Low Back Pain.
length of service.
work attitude.
INTRODUCTION
Low back pain (LBP) is one of the musculoskeletal disorders caused by poor Low back pain is defined as pain localized between the costal margin and the inferior gluteal fold that lasts for more than 1 day.
It may be accompanied by leg pain or numbness but does not include pain associated with menstruation and pregnancy .
Pain attacks often occur acutely, radiating to the buttocks and one thigh.
When an attack occurs, the lower back area may also feel stiff and This is often caused by overuse of muscles and repetiti ve strain or sustained injury over a period of time .
Ministry of Manpower Regulation No.
5 of 2018 concerning Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in the Workplace.
Article 2 states that employers and/or managers are required to implement OSH requirements in the workplace.
One of the OSH requirements in the workplace is the control of ergonomic factors to meet standards .
The issue of low back pain is very important to address, especially for workers, because low back pain complaints can cause an inability to work and lost work time, which will i ncrease worker absenteeism and cause work to be neglected, which will ultimately lead to a de cli ne i n producti vi ty i n the workplace .
Lower back pain is a musculoskeletal Riset Informasi Kesehatan Ifka Wangi Kobis.
Fransiskus Xaverius Dotulong.
Ake Royke Calvin Langing The relationship between age, length of service, and work attitude with low back pain complaints among employees of disorder caused by incorrect working Lower back pain is a major cause of disability that affects work and general well-being.
Lower back pain can affect anyone , re gardless of ge nde r, age, or profe ssi on .
Accordi ng to the WHO, i n 2020 the re we re 619 million cases of LBP globally, and it i s estimated that the number of cases will i ncrease to 843 milli on by 2050.
The prevalence increases with age up to 80 years, while the highest number of LBP cases occurs at the age of According to the Indonesian Ministry of Health.
LBP affects 34.
4 million people.
Individual factors such as age, length of employment, and work habits also play a role in the onset of LBP.
As people age, the ability of muscle and joint tissue to regenerate declines, making them more susceptible to injury due to repeti tive strai n .
LBP i s de fi ne d as pai n fe lt i n the are a be low the ri bs to the glute al fold, wi th or wi thout radi ati on to the le gs.
Most cases .
ore than 85%) are non-speci fi c, me ani ng the y cannot be attri bute d to a speci fi c anatomi cal structure .
LBP occurs due to a combi nati on of me chani cal, bi ologi cal, psychologi cal, and social factors .
The cause s of LBP are not only due to damage to the spi nal structure , but are a combinati on of vari ous i nte racti ng factors mprope r work posture s such as si tti ng or be ndi ng ove r for long pe ri ods of ti me can e xace rbate pressure on the spi ne and muscle ti ssue .
Seve ral studi es have shown that the appli cati on of e rgonomi cs i n the workplace plays an i mportant role i n re duci ng the i nci de nce of LBP .
The I nte rnati onal Labor Organi zati on (I LO) e sti mate s worldwi de , 2 mi lli on pe ople di e e ach ye ar from occupati onal di se ase s and acci de nts.
I n addi ti on, e ve ry day more than 160 mi lli on pe ople suffe r from occupati onal di se ase s and work-re late d i llne sse s.
One type of occupati onal di se ase cause d by non-e rgonomi c condi ti ons musculoske le tal di sorde rs (MSD.
LBP i s a ve ry common musculoske le tal di sorde r i n the ME NA populati on, de fi ne d as pai n be twee n the 12th ri b and the glute al fold .
lasti ng at le ast 1 day .
The durati on of LBP i s cruci al i n de te rmi ni ng manage me nt and prognosis.
Acute LBP ge ne rally re solve s, but i f i t progre sse s to subacute and chroni c LBP, the ri sk of di sabi li ty, de cre ased work functi on, and e conomi c i mpact i ncre ases si gni fi cantly .
Arti cle 86 of Law No.
13 of 2003 conce rni ng labor re gulate s that e ve ry worke r/labore r has the ri ght to obtai n prote cti on for occupati onal safe ty and he alth, and Mi ni ste r of He alth Re gulati on No.
66 of 2016 re gulate s the obli gati on of hospi tal he alth care faci li ti e s to i mple me nt occupati onal safe ty and he alth to prote ct hospi tal worke rs .
I n 2020, approxi mate ly 619 mi lli on pe ople worldwi de suffe re d from low back pai n.
the numbe r of case s i s proje cted to i ncre ase to 843 mi lli on by 2050 .
ost of the i ncre ase due to agi ng and populati on growt.
The WHO/I LO re ports that e ve ry ye ar around 2.
0 mi lli on pe ople die from work-re late d di se ase s, whi le the re are hundre ds of mi lli ons of non-fatal cases .
round 160 mi lli on non-fatal occupati onal di se ase s annually, and hundre ds of thousands of fatal acci de nts each ye ar.
Thi s re port also e mphasi ze s the si gni fi cant contri buti on of MSDs to the burden of occupati onal di se ase s .
Accordi ng to Occupati onal He alth E rgonomi cs theory.
LBP complai nts occur whe n physi cal workloads e xcee d the physi ologi cal capabi li ti e s, parti cularly those of the muscle s, li game nts, and spi ne .
An i mbalance be twe e n work capaci ty and job de mands causes fati gue i n the lowe r back muscle s, whi ch ove r ti me le ads to pai n .
I n addi ti on, the the ory of Human Body Bi ome chanics explai ns that non-ne utral body posture s, such as e xce ssi ve be ndi ng or si tti ng for long pe ri ods wi thout proper back support, i ncre ase pre ssure on the i nte rve rte bral di scs and i ncre ase the ri sk of LBP .
Riset Informasi Kesehatan.
Vol.
No.
2 (May 2.
Ifka Wangi Kobis.
Fransiskus Xaverius Dotulong.
Ake Royke Calvin Langing The relationship between age, length of service, and work attitude with low back pain complaints among employees of METHOD Thi s study i s a quanti tati ve study usi ng a cross-secti onal approach.
The i nde pende nt vari ables studi e d are age, le ngth of se rvi ce , and work atti tude , whi le the depe nde nt vari able i s low back pai n complai nts obse rved si multaneously.
The purpose of thi s study i s to de te rmi ne the relationship between age, length of service, and work attitude with low back pain complaints.
The population in this study consists of employees in Divisions A and B.
The sample in this study consists of 39 people using total sampling.
The data i n this study were obtained using interviews and observations with a questionnaire as the research instrument, which were then analyzed using the Chi-Square test.
Table 1 shows the frequency distribution of low back pain (LBP) and the characteristics of 39 company employees who participated in the study.
Based on the results, it was found that most respondents experienced LBP, namely 27 people .
2%), while 12 people .
8%) did not experience any complaints.
These results indicate that low back pain or LBP is a fairly dominant health problem among company When viewed by age, the majority of respondents were over 35 years old .
2%), while only 12.
8% of respondents were under 35 years old.
This indicates that older employees tend to have a higher risk of experiencing LBP complaints, possibly due to declining physical condition and prolonged exposure to workloads in the workplace.
Based on length of service, most respondents had worked for more than 3 years .
9%),
while those who had worked for less than 3 years accounted for 23.
These findings illustrate that the longer a person works as a company employee, the greate r likeli hood musculoskeletal complaints due to the accumulation of physical workloads and non-ergonomic body postures.
Meanwhile, in terms of work attitude, the majori ty of respondents had a risky work attitude .
5%), while those with a non-risky attitude accounted for 20.
Work habits that pose a risk, such as bending over for long periods of time, lifting heavy loads without proper technique, or working in uncomfortable positions in the workplace, can be major factors causing LBP in company Riset Informasi Kesehatan.
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LBP
Nothing there is Umur
O 35
Ou 35 Employment Period O 3 year Ou 3 year Work Attitude Risk-free At risk Table 1.
Frequency Distribution of LBP Complaints and Respondent Characteristics .
Respondent (%) Characteristics RESULTS Ifka Wangi Kobis.
Fransiskus Xaverius Dotulong.
Ake Royke Calvin Langing The relationship between age, length of service, and work attitude with low back pain complaints among employees of Table 2.
Results of Correlation Test Analysis Variable There is Age Ou 35 Year O 35 Year Masa Kerja Ou 3 Year O 3 Year Work Attitude Risk-free At risk Low Back Pain Complaints Nothing 8 .
The World He alth Organi zati on also state s that worke rs ove r 35 ye ars of age are at gre ate r ri sk of musculoske le tal di sorde rs due to a de cre ase i n the body's abi li ty to adapt to workloads and none rgonomi c work postures.
WHO explai ns that i ndi vi duals ove r 35 ye ars of age ge ne rally e xpe ri e nce a de cli ne i n physical capaci ty and adaptati on to workloads, the re by i ncre asi ng ri sk musculoske le tal di sorde rs, i ncludi ng LBP .
Olde r age i s also ofte n accompani e d by change s i n body posture that can e xace rbate pressure on the lowe r spi ne .
Thi s study i s i n li ne wi th re se arch conducte d by Nur Nadi fatuzzahroh .
, the re i s a re lati onshi p be twee n age and low back pai n.
As we age , a proce ss of bone de ge ne rati on be gi ns at around the age of 30.
I n a study conducte d by Kumbe a e t al.
, i t was e xplai ned that the olde r a pe rson i s, the hi ghe r the i r ri sk of e xpe ri e nci ng Low Back Pai n .
Riset Informasi Kesehatan.
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DISCUSSION The Relationship Between Age and Low Back Pain Complaints Base d on the stati sti cal te st results, a p-value of 0.
011 and an Odds Rati o (OR) 00 we re obtai ne d.
A p-value < 0.
i ndi cate s that the re i s a si gni fi cant re lati onshi p be twe e n age and low back pai n complai nts.
Responde nts age d Ou 35 ye ars have a 13 ti me s gre ate r ri sk of e xpe ri e nci ng low back pai n complai nts compare d to re spondents age d O 35 ye ars.
The re we re 26 re sponde nts .
5%) age d Ou 35 ye ars who e xpe ri e nced LBP, whi le only 1 re spondent .
%) age d O35 years e xpe ri e nce d LBP.
Thi s shows that the pre valence of low back pai n i ncre ase s wi th 26 .
Base d on the re sults of data analysi s on the age vari able , the re i s a si gni fi cant re lati onshi p be twe e n age and complai nts of low back pai n .
< 0.
Re sponde nts age d Ou35 ye ars have a 13 ti me s gre ate r ri sk of expe ri e nci ng low back pai n complai nts compare d to those age d O35 ye ars.
And for the vari able of le ngth of se rvi ce , the re i s a ve ry si gni fi cant re lati onshi p be twe en le ngth of se rvi ce and LBP complai nts .
< 0.
Re spondents wi th Ou3 ye ars of work e xpe ri e nce have a 52 ti me s greate r ri sk of e xpe ri e nci ng LBP compare d to those wi th O3 ye ars of work e xpe ri e nce .
The re sults of data analysi s on the work atti tude vari able show that the re i s a si gni fi cant re lati onshi p be twee n work atti tude and LBP complai nts .
< Re sponde nts wi th a ri sky work atti tude have a 7.
75 ti me s gre ate r chance of e xpe ri e nci ng LBP complai nts compare d to those wi th a non-ri sky work atti tude .
p-Value The Relationship Between Length of Service and Complaints of Low Back Pain Base d on the stati sti cal te st results, the p-value was 0.
000 and the OR was Si nce p < 0.
05, the re i s a hi ghly si gni fi cant re lati onshi p be twe e n le ngth of se rvi ce and low back pai n complai nts.
Re sponde nts wi th Ou 3 ye ars of se rvi ce had a 52 ti me s gre ate r ri sk of e xpe ri e nci ng LBP complai nts than re sponde nts wi th O 3 ye ars of se rvice .
Twe nty-si x worke rs .
7%) wi th Ou 3 ye ars of se rvi ce e xpe ri e nce d low back pai n, whi le only one worke r .
1%) wi th O 3 ye ars of se rvice e xpe ri e nce d low back pai n.
Thi s shows Ifka Wangi Kobis.
Fransiskus Xaverius Dotulong.
Ake Royke Calvin Langing The relationship between age, length of service, and work attitude with low back pain complaints among employees of that the longe r a pe rson works, the hi gher the li ke li hood of be i ng expose d to e rgonomi c ri sks that tri gge r low back pai n.
Worke rs wi th Ou 3 ye ars of se rvi ce are more prone to lowe r back pai n due to the accumulati on of physi cal strai n and none rgonomi c work posi ti ons ove r the long te rm.
Thi s study i s i n li ne wi th re se arch conducte d by Pri anggi e t.
, .
whi ch found that i n te rms of le ngth of se rvi ce , 88.
6% of re sponde nts wi th long se rvi ce e xpe ri e nce d low back pai n.
Me anwhi le , 40% of re sponde nts wi th short se rvi ce e xpe ri e nce d low back pai n.
Long worki ng hours for fi she rme n re sult i n re pe ate d e xposure to fi shi ng acti vi ti e s whi le si tti ng for long pe ri ods of ti me , causi ng e xce ssi ve pre ssure on the lower back .
Worki ng hours can me asure the le ngth of ti me a pe rson i s exposed to factors i n the work e nvi ronment.
The longe r fi she rme n work, the greate r the i r e xposure to occupati onal hazards, whi ch can cause low back pai n.
LBP complai nts are re late d to fi shi ng work be cause fi she rme n ofte n li ft, carry, and push he avy loads for long pe ri ods of ti me , causi ng a de cre ase i n ti ssue e lasti ci ty and ulti mate ly le adi ng to i ncre ase d muscle te nsi on and low back pai n complai nts .
The Relationship Between Work Attitude and Low Back Pain Complaints From the re sults of the analysi s usi ng the Chi Square Te st, a p value of 000 was obtai ned, me ani ng that stati sti cally at 5% the re i s a si gni fi cant re lati onshi p be twee n work atti tude and complai nts of low back pai n wi th an Odds Rati o (OR) = 7.
Thi s me ans that worke rs wi th a ri sky work atti tude are 7.
ti me s more li ke ly to e xpe ri e nce LBP complai nts than worke rs wi th a non-ri sky work atti tude .
I t i s known that 27 re spondents .
1%) wi th a ri sky work atti tude e xpe ri e nce d LBP complai nts, whi le those wi th a non-ri sky work atti tude di d not e xpe ri e nce any LBP complaints at all .
%).
Thi s study shows that none rgonomi c work posture s or posi ti ons are a major factor causi ng lowe r back pai n.
Ri sky work posture s i nclude be ndi ng ove r, si tti ng for long pe ri ods wi thout back support, standi ng sti ll for long pe ri ods, or sudde nly twi sti ng the body whi le worki ng.
These posi ti ons can i ncre ase pre ssure on the lowe r back muscle s, narrow the space be twe e n the ve rte brae , and di srupt blood flow to the muscle ti ssue .
Re pe ate d pre ssure on the lumbar re gi on causes muscle fati gue and ulti mate ly leads to lowe r back pai n.
Thi s study i s i n li ne wi th re se arch by Nurai ni & I snae ni .
, whi ch found that worke rs wi th none rgonomi c work posture s have a hi gher ri sk of e xpe ri e nci ng musculoske le tal complai nts, e spe ci ally i n the lowe r back.
I ncorre ct work postures cause the back muscle s to work e xce ssi ve ly to mai ntai n body balance , whi ch i n the long te rm causes pai n and muscle te nsi on.
The World He alth Organi zati on re port also confi rms that non-e rgonomi c work posture i s a major cause of the i ncre asi ng number of musculoske le tal di sorde rs among i ndustri al he althcare worke rs worldwi de .
The WHO re comme nds e rgonomi cs-base d i nte rve nti ons rai si ng worke r aware ness of the i mportance of corre ct work posture to re duce the i nci de nce of low back pai n globally .
Conclusion Base d on the re sults of thi s study, i t can be concluded that the re i s a re lati onshi p be twe e n age , le ngth of se rvi ce , and work atti tude wi th the i nci de nce of low back pai n (LBP) among e mploye e s at Company X i n Di vi si ons A and B.
I t i s known that the re i s a re lati onshi p be twe e n age and low back pai n complai nts wi th a p-value of 0.
<0.
, the re i s a re lati onshi p be twee n le ngth of se rvi ce and the i nci dence of low back pai n wi th a p-value of 0.
< .
, and the re i s a re lati onshi p be twee n work atti tude and low back pai n complai nts wi th a p-value of 0.
< 0.
Riset Informasi Kesehatan.
Vol.
No.
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REFERENCES