Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7 (2) 2018: 85-91
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85

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Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development (IJRED)
Journal homepage: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijred
Research Article

Influence of Temperature on Electrical Characteristics of
Different Photovoltaic Module Technologies
Abdul Rehman Jatoi, Saleem Raza Samo and Abdul Qayoom Jakhrani*
Energy and Environment Engineering Department, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology Nawabshah,
Pakistan

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of temperature on electrical characteristics of crystalline and
amorphous photovoltaic (PV) modules in outdoor conditions at Nawabshah. The experimental setup was made over the roof of the
departmental building. The climatic conditions of site were recorded with the help of HP-2000 Professional Weather Station in three
different timings of the day, i.e. morning, noon and evening. The electrical characteristics of the PV modules were recorded with Prova210 and module temperatures with Prova-830. The maximum intensity of global solar radiation was recorded at noon and ambient
temperature in the evening and the relative humidity in the morning hours. It was observed that amorphous module got 0.7°C, 1.0°C
and 1.6°C more average temperature than polycrystalline, thin film and monocrystalline modules respectively. The average maximum
measured open-circuit voltage was noted from amorphous with 96.7% and minimum from thin film with 81.3% of their respective values
on standard conditions, whereas, the average maximum recorded short-circuit current was produced by thin film with 64.9% and
minimum by amorphous with 51.4%. The average maximum power was produced by polycrystalline and minimum by amorphous
module. It was discovered that the crystalline PV modules gave more fill factor than thin film and amorphous module.
Keywords: Climatic conditions; Module temperature; I-V characteristics; Photovoltaic module; Power output
Article History: Received January 6th 2018; Received in revised form May 5th 2018; Accepted May 26th 2018; Available online
How to Cite This Article: Jatoi, A.R., Samo, S.R. and Jakhrani, A.Q. (2018). Influence of Temperature on Electrical Characteristics of
Different Photovoltaic Module Technologies. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 85-91.
https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.85-91

1.

Introduction

Pakistan is suffering from acute energy crisis since
last decade. At present, the gap between energy demand
and supply is being fulfilled through blackouts and the
country falls into darkness from ten to twelve hours per
day. The shortfalls reached up to 4.5GW in 2010,
6.620GW in 2012, and 5.2GW 2013 (Rafique and
Rehman, 2017; Shakeel et al. 2016; Asif 2009; Asif and
Muneer, 2007). If Pakistan is unable to balance its
demand and supply, it will further aggravate the
situation. However, the renewable energy resources like
hydropower, wind and solar can be utilized to fulfill
increasing energy demand (Farooq and Shakoor, 2013).
Solar energy is one of the most commanding
renewable energy source, environment and naturefriendly, and does not produce emissions that contribute
greenhouse effect or destroy the ecological balance of the
area (Jakhrani et al. 2013; Belmonte 2009). Luckily,
Pakistan is receiving huge amount of solar radiations
with 3.75 kWh/m2/day in December to 6.42 kWh/m2/day
in May with an annual average of 5.24 kWh/m2/day
(NASA 2013). Solar energy can be converted into
electricity indirectly through the use of thermal systems
*

and directly by Photovoltaic (PV) modules (Kalogirou
2014; Duffie and Beckman, 2013). Photovoltaic (PV)
modules are usually influenced by a number of factors,
such as available solar radiation, ambient temperature,
wind speed, latitude of the location, operating conditions
of module, rain, dust, types of encapsulating material,
thermal absorption, dissipation properties, types,
configuration and time of the day (Ali et al. 2017; Ghani
et al. 2015; Jakhrani et al. 2011a; Jakhrani et al. 2011b).
PV modules are generally rated under standard test
conditions (STC) with the solar radiation of 1000W/m2,
cell temperature of 25°C, and solar spectrum of 1.5 by the
manufacturers (Sarkar 2016; Jakhrani et al. 2014).
These values may not match with the measurement in
actual operating conditions due to random nature of
climatic conditions (Fuentes et al. 2007; Soto et al. 2006).
Generally, the efficiency of a monocrystalline silicon
solar cell is around 14-15%, polycrystalline 12-13% and
amorphous 6-7% (Kalogirou 2014). PV module
performance is usually inversely proportional to the
operating temperature of cell because increase of
temperature reduces the band gap of a PV cell and
increases the energy of the electrons in the material.
Since the STC is seldom encountered, the Current-

Corresponding author: arjatoi@quest.edu.pk

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, July 15th 2018, All rights reserved

Citation: Jatoi, A.R., Samo, S.R. and Jakhrani, A.Q. (2018). Influence of Temperature on Electrical Characteristics of Different Photovoltaic Module Technologies. Int.
Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 85-91, doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.85-91

P a g e | 86

Voltage (I-V) curve of a PV cell describes its actual
energy conversion capability at any existing conditions of
light level (irradiance) and temperature (Alami 2014;
Almaktar et al. 2013; Duffie and Beckman, 2013;
Jakhrani et al. 2011b; García and Balenzategui, 2004).
PV cells give their maximum performance in cold climate
and sunny skies rather than cloudy and hot climates
(Arjyadhara et al. 2013). In summer, panel’s temperature
typically ranges from 40 to 70°C which makes a 7.5 to
22.5% drop in the conversion rate (Biwole et al. 2011).
The efficiency of PV cells usually decreases by 0.2% to
0.5%/°C with the rise of ambient temperature beyond
nominal cell operating temperature (NOCT) (Jakhrani et
al. 2017; Eveloy et al. 2012; Skoplaki et al. 2008; Marion
2008; King 1997). It is crucial to know the actual effect of
climatic conditions on the performance of PV modules
due to installation of PV systems in different

environments (Jakhrani et al. 2014). This study is
conducted to quantify the influence of climatic
parameters, particularly solar radiation and temperature
on the electrical characteristics of different photovoltaic
module technologies at outdoor conditions of Nawabshah.
2. Materials and Methods
The electrical characteristics, such as current-voltage
(I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) of crystalline (mono and
poly) and non-crystalline (amorphous and double junction
thin film) PV modules were examined at Nawabshah,
Pakistan. Their specifications are given in Table 1. The
modules were oriented towards true south at the slope of
12° with respect to horizontal as shown in Fig. 1.

Table 1
Electrical characteristics of examined modules
Module
Parameters
Voc
Isc
Vmax
Imax
Pmax
Area

Unit

Module Technologies
(a-Si)

(p-Si)

(m-Si)

Thin Film

--

SUN 40P

SUN 40M

TPS 40

GS 50

V
A
V
A
W
m2

43
1.29
35
1.14
40
0.27

21.5
2.55
17.5
2.29
40
0.24

29
2.3
18
2.2
40
0.76

62
1.42
43
1.17
50
0.74

æT +T ö
Tm = çç s bs ÷÷
2
è
ø

(1)

The measured electrical characteristics of examined
modules were normalized due to their unequal Voc, Isc
and Pm for comparison and performance analysis. The
measured values of modules are normalized by using Eq.
(2) and fill factor was computed through Eq. (3) (Jatoi et
al. 2016; Sarkar et al. 2016).

Fig. 1 Experimental setup of photovoltaic modules

The mean global solar radiation, GSR (W/m²),
ambient temperature, Ta (°C), wind speed, Vw (m/s), and
relative humidity, RH (%) were measured with the help
of Professional Weather Station, Model HP-2000, on
08:00, 12:00 and 16:00 hours from the month of April till
June 2016. Open circuit voltage, Voc (V), short circuit
current, Isc (A) and power, Pm (W) of PV modules were
recorded with PV Analyzer, Prova-210. The surface and
back surface temperature of the modules were recorded
with Prova-830. A total of eight K-type thermocouples
were used for recording module temperatures. The data
loggers were interfaced with computer storing data for
further analysis. The PV module temperatures were
considered using mean of both surface and back surface
temperature of each module as given in Eq. (1) (Jatoi et
al. 2016; Huang et al. 2011).

æ Measured Values ö
÷÷ ´ 100
Output = çç
è S tan dard Values ø

(2)

æ P
ö
FF = ç max ÷
çV ´ I ÷
è oc sc ø

(3)

3. Results and Discussions
Climatic conditions at the site during study period
and measured normalized voltage, current, and power
output of photovoltaic modules are given as under.
3.1. Climatic conditions
The average values of global solar radiation (GSR)
during three months period are shown in Fig. 2, and
ambient temperature (Ta), wind speed (Vw) and relative
humidity (RH) are given in Fig. 3. The mean maximum

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, July 15th 2018, All rights reserved

Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7 (2) 2018: 85-91
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and minimum GSR during study period were 959.3W/m2
and 435.7W/m2, Ta 41.2°C and 29.7°C, Vw 2.4 and
1.6m/s, and RH 54.4 and 21.7% respectively. The mean
maximum value of GSR was noted at 12:00 hours, Ta at
16:00 hours, and RH at 08:00 hours. It was observed
from the analysis that the intensity of GSR and Ta were
increasing linearly from morning till noon, and then
decreasing gradually up to the evening. The level of
relative humidity was more when ambient temperature
was low, and vice versa. It is deduced from the analysis
that the relative humidity is inversely proportional to the
intensity of global solar radiation and ambient
temperature during study period in outdoor conditions at
Nawabshah.
3.2. Photovoltaic modules temperature
Fig. 4 demonstrates the values of all examined
photovoltaic (PV) modules temperatures (Tm). The mean
recorded maximum temperature of polycrystalline (Tmp),
monocrystalline (Tmm), amorphous (Tma) and thin film
(Tmt) PV modules were 61.1, 59.9, 61.9 and 59.9°C
respectively when the level of GSR was 959.3W/m2 and
Ta was 38.5°C. At 12:00 hours, the amorphous PV
module
gained
0.8°C
temperature
more
than
polycrystalline, 2.1°C than monocrystalline and 2.0°C
than thin film modules. Besides amorphous, the
polycrystalline module acquired 1.2°C more temperature
than monocrystalline and thin film modules.

87

Fig. 4 Photovoltaic modules temperature at different time of the
day

The sequence of maximum temperature gain to minimum
was
acquired
by
amorphous,
polycrystalline,
monocrystalline and thin film in the entire day, while the
monocrystalline module gained more temperature than
thin film at morning time, and thin film module obtained
more temperature than monocrystalline from noon to
evening, and vice versa.
3.3. Electrical characteristics of photovoltaic modules
Electrical characteristics, such as, open-circuit
voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Isc), and power
output (Pm) of all examined PV modules were recorded
at three different timings of the day at 08:00, 12:00 and
16:00 hours for their performance trend in different
periods of time. In addition, the measured output
parameters are normalized with their respective rated
values for comparative analysis.
3.3.1. Open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of
modules at 08:00 hours

Fig. 2 Global solar radiation at different time of the day

Fig. 3 Ambient temperature, relative humidity and wind speed
at different time of the day

The mean measured I-V characteristics of all PV
modules at 08:00 hours are given in Fig. 5 and P-V
characteristics in Fig. 6. As shown in Fig. 5, the
maximum measured open-circuit voltage (Voc) was noted
from amorphous with 99.2% and minimum from thin film
with 84.2% of their respective standard open-circuit
voltage conditions. The maximum recorded short-circuit
current (Isc) was produced by thin film with 40.7% and
minimum by two modules, namely polycrystalline and
amorphous with 30.8%. The measured maximum to
minimum level of Voc was produced by amorphous,
monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film with 99.2,
95.7, 92.2 and 84.2% respectively. It was revealed from
analysis that amorphous PV module generated 3.5, 7.0
and
15.0%
more
Voc
than
monocrystalline,
polycrystalline and thin film. While the thin film gave
9.5, 9.9 and 10.0 more Isc than monocrystalline,
amorphous and polycrystalline.
Fig. 6 demonstrates the measured P-V characteristics
of all PV modules. The maximum power was generated
by monocrystalline with 22.6% and minimum was 17.2%
from amorphous of their respective rated power values.
The mean Pm output of all modules was low at this time,
because of low intensity of global solar radiations. The
maximum to minimum power was produced by
monocrystalline,
polycrystalline,
thin
film
and

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, July 15th 2018, All rights reserved

Citation: Jatoi, A.R., Samo, S.R. and Jakhrani, A.Q. (2018). Influence of Temperature on Electrical Characteristics of Different Photovoltaic Module Technologies. Int.
Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 85-91, doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.85-91

P a g e | 88

amorphous with 22.6, 21.4, 19.3 and 17.2% respectively.
It was revealed that monocrystalline gives 1.2, 3.3 and
5.4 more mean percentage power than polycrystalline,
amorphous and thin film.
3.3.2.
Open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of
modules at 12:00
The mean measured I-V characteristics at 12:00
hours of all PV modules are given in Fig. 7 and P-V
characteristics in Fig. 8. As shown in Fig 7, the
maximum open-circuit voltage (Voc) was noted from
amorphous with 95.5% and minimum from thin film with
80.5% of standard open-circuit voltage conditions. The
maximum short-circuit current (Isc) produced by thin
film module with 105.3 and minimum by amorphous with
83.3% at 12:00 hours. The higher to lower output values
of Voc was given by amorphous, monocrystalline,
polycrystalline and thin film with 95.5, 92.2, 89.4 and
80.5% respectively. Likewise, the Isc was given by thin
film, polycrystalline, monocrystalline and amorphous
with 105.3, 90.2, 84.7 and 83.3% respectively. It was
revealed from analysis that amorphous PV module
generated 3.3, 6.1 and 15.0 more mean percentage of Voc
than monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film, and
thin film module gave 15.1, 20.6 and 22.0% more Isc than
polycrystalline, monocrystalline and amorphous at 12:00
hours data records.
Fig 8 demonstrates the measured P-V characteristics
of all PV modules. The maximum Pm was generated by
polycrystalline with 54.6% and minimum was 40.9% by
amorphous of their standard power values. The mean Pm
outputs of all modules were found high at this time,
because of maximum intensity of global solar radiations.
The mean maximum to minimum power was recorded
from polycrystalline, monocrystalline, thin film and
amorphous with 54.7, 53.0, 48.8 and 40.9% respectively.
It was noted that polycrystalline gives 1.7, 5.9 and 13.8
more percentage mean power than monocrystalline, thin
film and amorphous modules.
It was revealed from the analysis that amorphous and
thin film modules are more sensitive with respect to
module
temperature
than
polycrystalline
and
monocrystalline PV modules. Besides that, the overall
efficiency of amorphous and thin film PV modules are
less than that of polycrystalline and monocrystalline PV
modules respectively.

Fig. 6 P-V curve of examined photovoltaic modules at 08:00
hours

Fig. 7 I-V curve of examined photovoltaic modules at 12:00
hours

Fig. 8 P-V curve of examined photovoltaic modules at 12:00
hours

3.3.3.
Open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of
modules at 16:00 hours

Fig. 5 I-V curve of examined photovoltaic modules at 08:00
hours

The mean measured I-V characteristics at 16:00
hours of all PV modules are given in Fig. 9 and P-V
characteristics in Fig. 10. As shown in Fig. 9, the
maximum open-circuit voltage (Voc) was noted from
amorphous with 95.2% and minimum from thin film with
79.3% of their respective standard open-circuit voltage
conditions. The mean maximum short-circuit current
(Isc) was produced by thin film module with 48.7 and
minimum by amorphous with 40.0%.
The maximum to minimum trend of Voc showed by
amorphous, monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin
film with 95.2, 92.2, 88.9 and 79.3% respectively.

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Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7 (2) 2018: 85-91
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Likewise, higher to lower trend of Isc values were shown
by thin film, polycrystalline, monocrystalline and
amorphous with 48.7, 48.0, 43.4 and 40.0% respectively
of their respective standard conditions. It was exposed
from analysis that the amorphous PV module gave 3.0,
6.3 and 15.9 more mean percentage of Voc than
monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film. Moreover,
thin film PV module gave 0.7, 5.3 and 8.7 more
percentage
of
mean
Isc
than
polycrystalline,
monocrystalline and amorphous.
Fig.
10
demonstrates
the
measured
P-V
characteristics of all PV modules during 16:00 hours. The
mean Pm was generated by polycrystalline with 31.0%
and minimum 21.4% from amorphous of their respective
standard power values. The mean Pm output of all
modules was again low at this time, because of low
intensity of global solar radiations. The maximum to
minimum level of power was noted from polycrystalline,
monocrystalline, thin film and amorphous with 31.0,
29.2, 23.4 and 21.4% of their respective standard
conditions respectively. It was noted that polycrystalline
gives 1.8, 7.7 and 9.7 more percentage power than
monocrystalline, thin film and amorphous PV modules
respectively.
3.3.4

89

gave 3.8% more average percentage of power than
amorphous.

Fig. 9 I-V curve of examined photovoltaic modules at 16:00
hours

Average electrical characteristics of modules

The average values of I-V and P-V of all examined
modules during different timings of the days are given in
Figs 11 and 12. As shown in Fig. 11, the maximum
average open-circuit voltage (Voc) was noted from
amorphous with 96.7% and minimum from thin film with
81.3% of their respective standard conditions. The
average maximum short-circuit current (Isc) was
produced by thin film module with 64.9 and minimum by
amorphous with 51.4%. The maximum to minimum trend
of average Voc showed by amorphous, monocrystalline,
polycrystalline and thin film with 96.7, 93.4, 90.1 and
81.3% respectively. Likewise, higher to lower trend of
average Isc values were shown by thin film,
polycrystalline, monocrystalline and amorphous with
64.9, 56.3, 53.1 and 51.4% respectively of their respective
standard conditions. It was also found that the
amorphous module generated 3.4, 6.6 and 15.4% more
average Voc than monocrystalline, polycrystalline and
thin film respectively, whereas, the thin film module
gave 8.6, 11.8 and 13.5% more average Isc than
polycrystalline,
monocrystalline
and
amorphous
respectively.
Fig.
12
demonstrates
the
measured
P-V
characteristics output of all PV modules. The average Pm
was generated by polycrystalline with 36.3% and
minimum 26.5% from amorphous of their respective
standard power values. The maximum to minimum
average of Pm was noted from polycrystalline,
monocrystalline, thin film and amorphous with 36.3,
34.9, 30.2 and 26.5% of their respective standard
conditions respectively.
It was noted that polycrystalline gives 1.5, 6.1 and 9.8
more average percentage of power than monocrystalline,
thin film and amorphous PV modules respectively.
Polycrystalline module gave 1.5 more of average
percentage of power than monocrystalline and thin film

Fig. 10. P-V curve of examined photovoltaic modules at 16:00
hours

Fig. 11 Average I-V curve of selected photovoltaic modules

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, July 15th 2018, All rights reserved

Citation: Jatoi, A.R., Samo, S.R. and Jakhrani, A.Q. (2018). Influence of Temperature on Electrical Characteristics of Different Photovoltaic Module Technologies. Int.
Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 85-91, doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.85-91

P a g e | 90

Fig. 12 Average P-V curve of selected photovoltaic modules

3.3.5.
Fill factor of selected PV modules from rated
conditions
The recorded fill factor (FF) of all examined modules
during different timings of the days is given in Fig. 13. It
is observed from the analysis that both polycrystalline
and monocrystalline gave maximum fill factor values
with 0.76, and minimum fill factor from amorphous
module with 0.56 of their respective rated values at 08:00
hours. Higher to lower trend of fill factor was noted from
polycrystalline,
monocrystalline,
thin
film
and
amorphous respectively. Moreover, polycrystalline and
monocrystalline exhibited 0.19 and 0.2 more fill factor
than thin film and amorphous respectively during study
period.
Similarly, the mean maximum fill factor was noted
from polycrystalline with 0.70 and minimum from
amorphous module with 0.52 of their rated values at
12:00 hours. The higher to lower trend of fill factor was
noted from polycrystalline, monocrystalline, thin film
and amorphous with 0.70, 0.69, 0.58 and 0.52
respectively. It was seen that polycrystalline gave 0.01,
0.12 and 0.18 more fill factor than monocrystalline, thin
film and amorphous respectively. Moreover, the mean
maximum FF was noted from both polycrystalline and
monocrystalline with 0.73 and minimum from
amorphous module with 0.56 of their rated values at
16:00 hours. The higher to lower trend of fill factor was
noted from polycrystalline, monocrystalline, thin film
and amorphous with 0.73, 0.73, 0.61 and 0.56
respectively. It was revealed from the analysis that the
fill factor of polycrystalline and monocrystalline was 0.12
and 0.17 more than thin film and amorphous modules
respectively during 16:00 hours data recordings.
It was found from analysis that polycrystalline,
monocrystalline, amorphous and thin film modules gave
same fill factor at morning and evening (08:00 and 16:00
hours) data recording periods, but at the noon, the
maximum fill factor was noted from polycrystalline with
0.70, monocrystalline 0.69, thin film 0.58 and minimum
from amorphous with 0.52.
In general, the crystalline (i.e. polycrystalline and
monocrystalline) photovoltaic modules gave 0.14 and 0.18
more average fill factor than thin film and amorphous
modules respectively.

Fig. 13 Fill Factor of all selected PV modules from rated
conditions

4. Conclusions
The mean maximum recorded global solar radiation
during study period was 959.3W/m2, ambient
temperature 41.2°C, wind speed 2.4m/s and relative
humidity 54.4%. The maximum intensity of global solar
radiation was recorded at noon, and ambient
temperature was in the evening, and the relative
humidity was in the morning. The relative humidity was
found inversely proportional to the intensity of global
solar radiation and ambient temperature. It was
observed that amorphous module attained the highest
daily average temperature of 52.0°C, polycrystalline
51.3°C, thin film 51.0°C, and monocrystalline became the
lowest with 50.4°C, throughout the study period. It
showed that amorphous got 0.7°C, 1.0°C and 1.6°C more
average temperature than polycrystalline, thin film and
monocrystalline modules respectively. It was also found
that the amorphous module generated 3.4, 6.6 and 15.4%
more average Voc than monocrystalline, polycrystalline
and thin film respectively, whereas, the thin film module
gave 8.6, 11.8 and 13.5% more average Isc than
polycrystalline,
monocrystalline
and
amorphous
respectively. On the other hand, the average maximum
power was produced by polycrystalline with 36.3%,
whereas, monocrystalline gave 34.9%, thin film 30.2%
and amorphous generated minimum power with 26.5% of
their respective rated power values. Polycrystalline
module gave 1.5 more percentage of average power than
monocrystalline, and thin film gave 3.8% more average
power than amorphous. It was also exposed from the
analysis that crystalline module has same average fill
factor with 0.73, and amorphous gave minimum fill
factor of 0.55. It showed that the crystalline photovoltaic
modules gave 0.14 more fill factor than thin film and 0.18
more than amorphous module.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial
support provided by the authorities of Quaid-e-Awam
University of Engineering Science and Technology,
(QUEST), Nawabshah, Pakistan for conducting this
research.

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Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7 (2) 2018: 85-91
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