Journal of Natural Science and Integration P-ISSN: 2620-4.
E-ISSN: 2620-5092 Vol.
No.
October 2024, pp 214-234 Available online at:
http://ejournal.
uin-suska.
id/index.
php/JNSI DOI: 10.
24014/jnsi.
Research Trend of Citizen Science Themes 2019-2024: Systematic Literature Review Aldeva Ilhami1.
Topik Hidayat1*.
Riandi1 Department of Science Education.
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia *Correspondence Author: topikhidayat@upi.
ABSTRACT
Citizen Science has emerged as a popular and widely used approach in scientific research.
This study analyses CS research through the lens of themes, research locations, and data analysis methods.
A systematic literature review employing the PRISMA method was conducted, resulting in the analysis of 45 relevant articles retrieved from the Science Direct database.
The results indicate that environmental pollution .
%) and conservation .
%) were the most prevalent project topics within CS research.
Questionnaires emerged as the dominant data collection technique, while quantitative analysis methods were more frequently employed.
Furthermore, the geographical distribution of CS research revealed a concentration in America and Europe.
Notably, the application of CS research remains limited in Asia and Africa.
An additional finding suggests a gap in research focusing on educational themes, particularly those exploring the involvement of educatorstudents, a local traditional leader in Citizen Science Project Keywords: citizen science.
research trends.
systematic literature review
INTRODUCTION
Citizen Science (CS) has become a widely used and increasingly popular scientific It involves the collaboration of volunteers and professional researchers to generate new scientific knowledge (Bonney et al.
, 2.
The value of CS in fostering a closer relationship between society and science by promoting deeper public engagement in issues concerning environmental risks and threats.
In citizen science project (CSP), communities and stakeholders actively participate in research programs, such as data collection and large-scale surveys (Oturai et , 2.
CSP encompass a wide range of topics, including reptile biodiversity identification (Wangyal et al.
, 2022.
, plastic pollution (Heinimyki et al.
, 2021.
Kiessling et al.
, 2.
, aquatic vegetation identification (Webster et al.
, 2.
, air pollution monitoring (Abhijith et al.
, 2.
drinking water pollution surveys (Redmon et al.
, 2020.
Segev et al.
, 2.
, building structure identification for disaster mitigation (Scaini et al.
, 2.
, bat ecology observations (Greving et al.
, and coral reef monitoring (Meschini et al.
, 2.
These projects contribute significantly to improved environmental policies, benefiting stakeholders.
Therefore, participants in CSP play a critical role by actively engaging in research.
Beyond scientific contributions.
CS fosters proenvironmental attitudes within society.
It serves as a process that actively involves citizens in scientific development or alongside researchers, thus functioning as a bridge between scientists and the public (Thompson et al.
, 2.
With the growing disconnect between humans and nature (Soga & Gaston, 2.
CS offers an opportunity to reconnect with the natural world and Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
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Research Trend of Citizen Science Themes 2019-2024: Systematic Literature Review contribute meaningfully.
In conclusion.
CS presents a valuable avenue for public participation in research, ultimately leading to environmental improvements.
CS has a long history of contributing to the advancement of natural science, which itself encompasses the study of both life science and physical science (Erduran et al.
, 2.
Key characteristics of natural science include observation of phenomena, hypothesis testing, and One of the earliest examples is the meticulous recording of cherry blossoms blooming in Kyoto.
Japan, dating back to 801 AD, by individuals like merchants, politicians, and monks (Aono & Kazui, 2.
Further historical accounts demonstrate the close connection between CS and natural science, as exemplified by the inherent curiosity and enthusiasm for understanding nature displayed by figures like explorers Alexander von Humboldt.
Ferdinand Myller, and Maria Sibylla Merian (Vohland et al.
, 2.
The past two decades have witnessed a surge in CSP, fueled by the advancement of internet technology.
This has significantly enhanced project visibility, functionality, and accessibility (Scheibner et al.
, 2.
The online realm empowers individuals interested in diverse areas like fish observation, beetle research, environmental pollution monitoring, and educational initiatives to discover relevant CSP.
Participants can readily access project instructions, actively contribute data directly to online databases (Phillips et al.
, 2.
, and become integral parts of the scientific process.
Furthermore, the internet has fostered the emergence of a new CS paradigm based on crowdsourcing (Bonney et al.
, 2.
Projects like Galaxy Zoo exemplify this approach, inviting the public to classify astronomical images captured by the Hubble Space Telescope (Raddick et al.
, 2.
As space exploration initiatives continue to generate vast datasets,CSP focused on data transcription, management, and interpretation are rapidly gaining traction.
For instance, iNaturalist leverages smartphone applications to engage participants in documenting plant and animal species encountered in their natural habitats (Echeverria et al.
, 2.
This data serves as a valuable resource for scientists studying biodiversity patterns and species change over Similarly.
FrogWatch USA mobilizes volunteers to monitor frog populations within their local backyards (Nemec et al.
, 2.
This data provides scientists with crucial insights into frog population health and the impact of factors like climate change.
Beyond direct data collection.
CSP offers opportunities for public participation beyond Projects like Riverkeeper Water Watch in New York engage volunteers in water quality monitoring of rivers and streams by measuring parameters like temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen levels (Forrest et al.
, 2.
This data empowers scientists to assess the health of waterways and identify potential pollution sources.
Notably.
CS encompasses both data collection and data analysis efforts.
While some projects focus on field data collection, others harness the public's collective intellect to analyze vast datasets that would otherwise be unmanageable.
In this way, the public plays a pivotal role in advancing scientific discovery.
The 21st century is characterized by complex and multifaceted global challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and environmental pollution (Singh, 2.
emerges as an innovative approach to tackle these challenges by harnessing the collective power of the public.
It allows individuals from diverse backgrounds and varying levels of expertise to participate actively in scientific research, thereby fostering greater inclusivity and diversity within the scientific community (Cooper et al.
, 2021.
Roche et al.
, 2.
One crucial advantage of CS lies in its ability to address the limitations faced by scientists in collecting data, particularly for large-scale, long-term studies like those related to climate change (M.
Haklay et al.
, 2.
engaging a wider community in data collection.
CSP can contribute to the generation of more comprehensive and geographically extensive datasets.
However, it is crucial to acknowledge that data collected by the public may exhibit variability in accuracy and consistency.
Therefore, the role of scientists remains essential in validating and ensuring the integrity of the data, thereby mitigating potential biases in interpretation (Bowser et al.
, 2.
This collaborative effort fosters Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
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Aldeva Ilhami.
Topik Hidayat.
Riandi a mutually beneficial relationship, enabling the public to gain valuable insights from scientific data and utilize it for informed decision-making at the community level.
CS also holds significant promise in supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG.
established by the United Nations in 2015.
These 17 interconnected goals, encompassing areas like health, education, environment, and social justice, aim to eliminate global challenges such as poverty, hunger, and inequality (UNRP, 2.
CSP can contribute to this agenda by collecting and monitoring crucial environmental, social, and health data, complementing and strengthening the efforts of government agencies and research organizations (Chapman & Hodges, 2.
Examples include monitoring water quality (Redmon et al.
, 2.
tracking invasive species (Colombari & Battisti, 2.
, monitoring coastlines (Harley & Kinsela, 2.
, and assessing plastic waste pollution (Clark et al.
, 2.
Furthermore.
CSP play a vital role in raising public awareness about the SDGs and educating the public on the importance of sustainable development.
The data and information obtained through these projects can then inform evidence-based policymaking, allowing policymakers to create targeted and effective interventions aimed at achieving the SDGs (Criscuolo et al.
, 2.
In conclusion.
CS presents a powerful tool for addressing global challenges and achieving sustainable development in the 21st By fostering public participation in scientific research, facilitating data collection, and raising awareness about critical issues.
CS paves the way for a more inclusive, collaborative, and informed approach to tackling the complex problems facing our planet.
CS has demonstrably been and will continue to be, critical to the advancement of the natural sciences (Bonney et al.
, 2.
Sharing a core objective Ae unearthing the mysteries of the natural world Ae CS and natural science operate in a mutually beneficial synergy.
This shared mission motivates volunteers to dedicate their time and effort to a diverse array of crowdsourcing initiatives that leverage citizen contributions through large-scale observations (Haklay et al.
The societal contribution to the evolution of the natural sciences is well-documented (Cooper et al.
, 2.
Current classifications of CSP recognize them as approaches holding significant promise for the future of scientific exploration.
Examples abound, offering communities the opportunity to employ scientific methods to quantify the severity and distribution of air pollution, thereby facilitating environmental justice initiatives (Fogg-Rogers et , 2.
Similarly.
CS empowers communities to engage in sustainable water management practices (Pandeya et al.
, 2.
and contribute to the monitoring of endangered species (Lloyd et , 2.
Expanding opportunities for citizen involvement throughout various stages of scientific discovery promises to enhance public scientific literacy (Brandt et al.
, 2.
When meticulously planned, a vibrant CS community can provide holistic insights into the critical challenges confronting our world in the 21st century.
A significant segment of CSP focused on biodiversity aims to map species distribution and quantify their populations.
Data collected through such projects .
, eBird , iNaturalist, iSpo.
informs various studies, enabling researchers to track population trends and map species ranges.
The accelerated pace of global change necessitates a corresponding expansion of CS across various sectors (Haklay et al.
, 2.
Beyond biodiversity.
CS holds significant potential for data collection on a broad spectrum of issues, including ecological monitoring, pollution distribution, and risk factor identification.
The diverse applications of CS across multiple fields serve as a powerful testament to society's immense capacity to contribute meaningfully to scientific Through active community participation.
CS can offer solutions to various challenges and ultimately improve the quality of human life.
This research aims to explore thematic areas and evaluate the implementation of previously executed CSP.
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Research Trend of Citizen Science Themes 2019-2024: Systematic Literature Review
METHODOLOGY
A systematic search was conducted using the ScienceDirect database, which yielded a total of 667 articles and other database 11 articles published between 2019 and 2024.
To ensure comprehensive coverage, a combination of keywords was utilized: "citizen science," "citizen science project", "participatory science," "crowdsourcing," and "participatory community " Additionally, the search was limited to articles within the focus areas of social sciences, agriculture & biological sciences, and environmental science.
The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyse.
framework was adopted to guide the article selection process.
This process involved three key stages such as identification, screening, eligibility,and including.
Relevant keywords were identified by consulting prior research, thesauri, and expert recommendations.
This initial search yielded a total of 393 articles.
Based on established inclusion and exclusion criteria detailed in Table 2, a total of 174 articles were deemed eligible for further review.
These criteria pertained to the type of literature .
, language (Englis.
, and field of study .
gricultural & biological sciences, environmental science, and social Full-text access was obtained for the 174 potentially relevant articles.
Following a rigorous review process informed by inclusion and exclusion criteria, 45 articles were identified as suitable for further in-depth analysis (Table 1.
Table 1.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Criteria Time Language Paper type Fields in ScienceDirect Eligibility Articles published in at least 2019 English Journal article Agricultural, environmental science, social science .
iology education, physics education, chemistry education, science education Exclusion
< 2019
Discuss other than English Proceedings articles, reviews, books, book series Medicine, economics, psychology, energy, art&humanities RESULT AND DISCUSSION This section presents the analysis of the 34 selected articles, focusing on themes, participant characteristics, duration, and project outcomes .
ummarized in Table .
Dominant Theme in CS Projects Environmental pollution and conservation emerged as the dominant themes among the analyzed CSP, accounting for 55% of projects (Figure .
Environmental pollution projects .
%) collect data on various aspects, including: air quality monitoring through lichen observation (Counoy et al.
, 2.
, identification of river pollution caused by agricultural pesticides .
on Gynner et al.
, 2.
, monitoring coastal microplastic pollution (Jones et al.
, 2022.
Then, conservation projects .
%) focus on monitoring diverse species: pollinator bee diversity (Mason & Arathi, 2.
, bats in urban areas (Greving et al.
, 2.
, angel sharks in the Mediterranean Sea (Giovos et al.
, 2.
Additional project themes are ecological observation and education projects represent 11% of the reviewed CSP.
Examples include amphibian monitoring in North America (Estes-Zumpf et al.
, 2.
, reptile and amphibian monitoring in Bhutan (Wangyal et al.
, 2022.
, aquatic vegetation identification in Chesapeake Bay (Webster et al.
, 2.
Education sector contributes 13% of CSP, encompassing projects like enhancing computer literacy through facilitator organizations (Smith et al.
, 2.
, investigating classroom environment's impact on Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
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, fostering environmental learning through online communities (Herodotou et al.
, 2.
The agricultural sector represents 4% of projects, focusing on identifying organisms beneficial to agricultural land (Billaud et al.
, 2.
, flower biodiversity assessment (Bedessem et al.
, 2.
While remaining at 2%.
CSPs also cover diverse fields like nanotechnology, hydrology, disaster mitigation, biological invasion, marine, and forestry, demonstrating the broad applicability of CSP.
Article obtained from Sciendirect database .
= .
Article obtained from other database ( n=.
Articles not within 2019-2024 .
=285 ) Screening Records screened .
= 393 ) Reports assessed for eligibility .
= 174 ) Artikel excluded** article is not type original article is not used english article is not theme of agricultural & biological science, environmental science & social scienc.
=219 ) Article excluded is not open acces and not relevant .
Article in review .
= 45 ) Figure 1.
Selection and Extraction of data for SLR Environmental pollution poses a significant threat to our planet, with specific concerns surrounding waste pollution's detrimental impact on aquatic ecosystems and the wider Studies have highlighted the transportation of vast amounts of plastic waste from rivers to the ocean (McCormick & Hoellein, 2016.
Meijer et al.
, 2021.
Vigneswaran et al.
, 2.
contributing to environmental, economic, and social challenges.
Estimates suggest that annually, 8 million tons of plastic waste enter the sea through rivers, highlighting the critical need for effective waste management (Schmidt et al.
, 2.
Recent research further underscores the Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
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October 2024, pp 214-234 Research Trend of Citizen Science Themes 2019-2024: Systematic Literature Review widespread impact of anthropogenic waste on wildlife, such as the consumption of microplastics by freshwater fish (Li et al.
, 2.
and the incorporation of plastic into bird nests (Votier et al.
Additionally, consuming water contaminated with microplastics poses a potential health risk to humans.
Public interest in monitoring water and air pollution is on the rise.
This translates to increased community participation in hydrological studies, encompassing data collection related to both water quantity and quality (Buytaert et al.
, 2014.
Njue et al.
, 2.
The multifaceted objectives of community-based water quality monitoring projects lead to diverse approaches, involving variations in focus, methodologies employed, and sampling frequency.
Similarly, communities are increasingly involved in air quality monitoring, often utilizing bioindicators such as lichens (Counoy et al.
, 2.
Project durations vary, with some campaigns spanning multiple years, while others operate for several months (Jones et al.
, 2022a.
Kiessling et al.
, 2021.
Gynner et al.
, 2023.
Wichmann et al.
, 2.
The methods chosen for collecting water and air quality data depend on several factors like the specific pollutants or characteristics being volunteer availability.
the number of volunteers participating in data collection.
budget and duration, financial resources, and the timeframe allocated to the project.
These factors, in turn, influence the spatial and temporal resolution of the collected data, ultimately impacting its value for various hydrological studies.
For example, one-time sampling events often involve large volunteer groups and utilize cost-effective methods.
While this approach offers broader spatial coverage, the resulting data may have lower precision (McKinley et al.
, 2.
This trade-off between scale and accuracy represents one of the key challenges and limitations inherent in CSP projects.
Figure 2.
Popular theme of CSP CS offers a compelling solution to overcome large-scale conservation challenges by leveraging its inherent broad reach and community involvement.
Community engagement, including students, can be better at helping with decision-making (Gusti et al.
, 2.
This fosters better-informed decision-making on conservation policies and outcomes.
Similar to conventional research.
CS strategies employed for conservation advancements involve acquiring scientific knowledge (McKinley et al.
, 2.
Volunteers play a crucial role in generating valuable scientific information that aids conservation scientists, natural resource and environmental managers, and CS influences decision-making and fuels community engagement in managing and formulating policies related to natural resources and the environment (Hyder et al.
, 2.
Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
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For instance, volunteers can use their acquired knowledge from CSP to comment on proposed government Additionally, their involvement can be indirect, such as sharing information within their communities and inspiring others to engage in conservation efforts, natural resource management, and environmental protection (Ellwood et al.
, 2.
Table 2.
Analysis of Selected Studies Author CSP theme CSP Topics CSP Team Number Duration (Hsu et al.
Conservation Crab Conservation Volunteer .
-30 6 hours (Billaud & Porcher.
Researchers and 7 years Researcher and Volunteer 3 years general public 2 elastics (Meschini et , 2.
(Bedessem et , 2.
(FernyndezyAlvarez & Gutiyrrez Ladryn de Guevara, (Counoy et al.
y Gynner et , 2.
(Giovos et al.
(Colombari & Battisti, 2.
(Wichmann et , 2.
(Greving et , 2.
(Smith et al.
(Toftum & Clausen, (Scaini et al.
(Gell et al.
Agriculture Conservation Identify organisms in agricultural land .
ees, worms.
Coral reef Forestry Observation of forest use general public 2 years air quality Researchers and the general public 3 years monitoring river water quality Researcher and Volunteer 4 months Conservation Identify angel 4 months Biological Invasion Identify the ambrosia beetle 1 month identification of marine waste 4 months Conservation Ecological observations of 5 years Education Computer learning 5 years government and 2 weeks 3 months School Education Disaster Food The influence of the classroom environment on identification of building structures as earthquake disaster mitigation Identify healthy foods at school Researchers and Volunteers (Fishermen.
Divers, fish seller.
Researchers, teachers and Researchers, teachers and Researchers and Volunteers .
octoral students, general publi.
Schools.
Entrepreneurs.
NGOs Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
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(Estes-Zumpf et al.
, 2.
CSP Topics CSP Team Number Duration Hydrology Water Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, local government, local NGOs, and local authorities, local Ecology Ecological monitoring of biologists and 4 months 5 years 1 week 17 months 10 months 1 year 8 months 5 years 5 months researchers and volunteers .
ged 16-24 year.
researchers and volunteers .
ocal 4 months CSP theme (Wangyal et , 2022.
Ecology (Potsikas et , 2.
(Herodotou et , 2.
(Joubert et al.
(Jones et al.
(Mason & Arathi, 2.
(Kiessling et , 2.
(Webster et , 2.
(Redmon et , 2.
(Fogg-rogers et al.
, 2.
(Segev et al.
Conservation Education Nanotechnology Environmental Identify reptiles and amphibians Identify biodiversity in Environmental Survey of knowledge and attitudes towards identification of microplastics on Conservation Monitoring bee pollinator diversity identification of river pollution Ecology Identification of submerged aquatic identification of drinking water survey of involvement in policy making regarding air contamination of drinking water biologist, volunteer (Boy Scout Troop.
Rocky Mountain Youth Corps.
Wyoming Conservation Corps, discovery camp, church students, the general public community .
oung people 11-19 year.
ged 11-87 year.
igh school and university student.
laboratory analysts and volunteers .
tudents and researcher, expert .
iology and water teachers and laboratory analysts Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
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(Abhijith et , 2.
(Clark et al.
(Lloyd et al.
(Harley & Kinsela, 2.
(Maharani et , 2.
(Cabrini et al.
(Shaw et al.
(Pernat et al.
(Loiselle et al.
on Gynner et al.
, 2.
(Garretson et , 2.
(ChitimiaDobler et al.
(Pernat et al.
, 2.
(Muaziyah et , 2.
(Aripin et al.
(Aripin et al.
(Rachmawati et al.
, 2.
CSP theme Conservation Marine Conservation Conservation Conservation Conservation Education Education Conservation Education Number Duration 4 months 1 year 8 researchers and 8 months researchers and 7 months 3 years researchers and researchers and researchers and 1 year 6 month researchers and 2 month researchers and researchers and 3 years CSP Topics CSP Team air pollution Identify plastic waste in rivers shoreline changes Amphibian researchers and volunteers .
ged 24-38 year.
researchers and researchers and Air pollution Identify metaloid substance from Monitoring plant Monitoring of water pollution in Monitoring of water pollution in Insecta Monitoring of Hyalomma Weather Conservation in Biology learning Indentify of Mango insecta Biodiversity researchers and teachers, students ,lecturer, students ,lecturer, students researchrs ,lecturer, 3 years 6 month 4 month CSP can be implemented in the field of education to involve both students and educators.
The implementation of this project is related to the demands of learning (Damayanti et al.
, 2.
Aripin et al.
implemented a CSP on insect biodiversity using research guidelines to ensure a systematic learning process.
Susbiyanto et al.
developed instruments for ecology education based on CS.
Citizen participation contributes to the achievement of science learning goals, including interest in science and the environment, self-efficacy, motivation to learn science, and knowledge of nature .
cience proces.
and the environment (Aripin et al.
, 2021a, 2.
However, many students do not yet understand the meaning of CSP (Gusti et al.
, 2.
In the face of large-scale and complex environmental challenges.
CSP presents powerful solutions for the fields of conservation biology, natural resource management, and environmental The rapidly changing nature of our planet's biological and physical systems, driven by expanding human activities, poses significant threats (Didenko et al.
, 2017.
Kummer & Turner.
Environmental damage caused by factors like urbanization, deforestation, and land-use Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
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CSP plays a pivotal role in environmental improvement by contributing to building scientific knowledge.
Providing valuable input for policy formulation.
and inspiring community action By harnessing the collective power of CSP, communities can actively participate in addressing the critical conservation challenges we face today.
Distribution of CSP locations in the last five years CS has witnessed rapid growth across various nations worldwide, fueled by a confluence of factors: technological advancements, heightened public awareness, and a growing need for data (Follett & Strezov, 2015.
Newman et al.
, 2.
The internet and other communication technologies have facilitated public participation in scientific research, while the public itself demonstrates an increasing desire to contribute to scientific endeavors.
Additionally, scientists require more data to address complex issues, and CS offers a valuable avenue for data collection.
Beyond data collection.
CS allows for the refinement of research questions.
Project participants, immersed in their local environments and natural resources, can contribute valuable insights that enhance the relevance and local applicability of research questions, ultimately benefitting both scientists and local communities (Herodotou et al.
, 2.
Recent years have seen a burgeoning of CSP initiatives across multiple countries.
Notably, conservation efforts have been at the forefront of these projects.
Prominent examples include large-scale initiatives in the United States .
ttps://participatorysciences.
Europe .
ttps://w.
ngo ), and Australia .
ttps://citizenscience.
au ).
This growth is driven by the recognition of the potential that CS holds by government agencies, universities, and national/international organizations.
Consequently, new organizations dedicated to CS-based research, often with conservation goals, have emerged (Ellwood et , 2.
Countries Percentage Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
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United States Germany United Kingdom
Indonesia
Italy Australia
Greece Austria
France Taiwan Portugal Spain
Ecuador
Bhutan
Denmark
Libya
Cyprus
Belgium
Mexiko
Egypt
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CSP distribution across countries 2019-2024 Figure 3 provides a snapshot of CSP distribution across various countries.
While the United States and Germany remains the largest contributor with 15%, significant participation is also observed in several European nations: United Kingdom .
%).
Indonesia .
%).
Italy .
%).
Australia.
Greece.
Austria and France also demonstrates notable engagement .
%).
While CSP in Asia and Africa remains less prevalent, with recent projects identified in Taiwan and Bhutan .
%), and Egypt.
Libya .
%), the spread of this collaborative approach has demonstrably reached these continents.
While parallels are often drawn between early scientific endeavors and today's public involvement , the scale and depth of modern engagement surpass previous forms of This holds even in areas like astronomy and ecological observation, where changes in participant skill sets and knowledge are evident (Haklay, 2.
Europe stands out as a global leader in CS development, driven by factors common to other regions, alongside unique strengths like Government support.
High-quality human resources, and Diverse environmental Wagenknecht et al.
, highlight the role of government funding in fostering CS Haklay .
emphasizes the importance of a skilled workforce for successful CS Cardoso et al.
point out the unique environmental issues.
Europe faces, which necessitate citizen involvement.
Several European nations, including Germany.
England, and the Netherlands, exemplify this leadership by providing financial and infrastructural support for CS Notably.
Europe has a strong tradition of scientific research, which fosters collaboration between academia and society.
The global expansion of higher education is another significant factor influencing CS Developed countries, for instance, have witnessed a dramatic increase in tertiary education attainment (Haklay, 2.
The UK saw a rise from 1.
6% of the population holding a tertiary degree in 1950 to 21.
7% in 2010.
This trend, observed across developed nations, suggests a growing societal orientation towards scientific thinking, creating a fertile ground for CS CSP remains underutilized as a tool for sustainable development, particularly in Asia and Africa (Cardoso et al.
, 2.
However, emerging projects showcase the possibilities.
In Taiwan.
A collaborative effort by regional educational and park authorities launched a CS project in 2017 focused on land crab protection (Hsu et al.
, 2.
The project involves assisting crab migration during breeding season, monitoring species populations, collecting ecological data, and promoting environmental education.
In Bhutan.
Wangyal et al.
highlight the exceptional opportunity for CSP to reveal amphibian and reptile distribution in Bhutan.
This opportunity stems from the country's high forest cover, low human population density, and minimal environmental degradation compared to neighboring regions.
Therefore.
CSP holds significant potential for both biodiversity exploration and potential species discovery.
Aripin et al.
demonstrate the application of CSP within the context of Indonesian mango plantations.
These examples demonstrate the growing potential and diverse applications of CSP in Asia and Africa.
As CS continues to evolve, it holds immense promise for advancing scientific research, promoting environmental stewardship, and fostering collaborative solutions to global challenges across all continents.
Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
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Popular data collection methods in CS research CS empowers the community to collaboratively collect valuable data through various This data and the resulting information become valuable resources for scientists, decision-makers, and the public alike.
One key method of public contribution is crowdsourcing, where a large number of individuals participate in data processing and analysis.
CSP can utilize diverse data collection instruments, including questionnaires, observation sheets, interviews, and secondary data collection.
These structured surveys gather quantitative data from participants, as exemplified by Hsu et al.
who measured environmental literacy levels.
These standardized forms record specific observations, allowing for standardized data collection across participants.
In-depth interviews gather qualitative data and deeper insights, as seen in Colombari & Battisti's .
study measuring participant understanding of biological threats.
Existing data from databases can be repurposed for CSP enriching the overall data pool.
Data collection methods in CSP facilitate public participation and empower citizens to contribute to research.
The predominant approach is utilizing questionnaires .
%) to gauge participant understanding, perceptions, and attitudes (Rameshbhai Patel & Joseph, 2.
These structured surveys gather quantitative data through written questions designed to elicit specific information and opinions.
Observation methods also play a significant role, with field observation .
%) and data observation from project databases .
%) being common examples.
eBird .
ttps://eBird .
org/hom.
, launched in 2002, exemplifies this approach.
This program, a collaboration between the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and the National Audubon Society, engages a vast network of citizen scientists who report bird sightings using standardized eBird aims to leverage the collective power of everyday birdwatchers to gain a deeper understanding of bird distribution and abundance across diverse spatial and temporal scales (Rameshbhai Patel & Joseph, 2.
Similarly, the French CSP Farmland Biodiversity Observatorium (FBO), launched in 2011, involves 1,216 farmers monitoring biodiversity on their farms (Billaud et al.
, 2.
This project ensures a comprehensive representation of agricultural practices and crop distribution across France.
The late 20th and early 21st centuries witnessed a technological revolution that significantly impacted data collection in CSP.
This revolution enabled the capture of diverse data Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
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, 2.
Technological advancements have also fostered the development of networks that enable data sharing through the Internet, creating globally accessible datasets (Aristeidou & Herodotou, 2.
For effective CSP, technological tools must be accessible, usable, and useful.
Fortunately, recent advancements have addressed these aspects:
accessibility, usability, and usefulness.
Hardware costs have gradually decreased, improving access to technology for wider participation.
Advancements in design and sensors have led to more user-friendly and intuitive tools.
Modern sensors, like digital cameras, audio recorders.
GPS devices, drones, and eDNA sampling kits, empower volunteers to collect vast amounts of data in the field.
Mobile phones have emerged as powerful tools for CSP, driven by their widespread adoption and ability to capture and transmit data efficiently (Aristeidou et al.
, 2021.
Longo et al.
This technology facilitates local participatory monitoring, such as the EpiCollect platform (Dunbar-Wallis et al.
, 2.
, and global CS initiatives, exemplified by eBird (Sullivan et al.
, 2.
However, unequal access to mobile technology presents a challenge.
Studies like Beza et al.
highlight this disparity.
while over 90% of surveyed farmers across India.
Honduras, and Ethiopia owned phones, less than 60% had consistent network connectivity and even fewer (<10%) used mobile internet.
This disparity extends to smartphone ownership, which varies significantly between developed and developing countries (Silver, 2.
While developed nations like South Korea boast high ownership rates .
%), others like India.
Kenya, and Nigeria .
A%).
These disparities are further exacerbated by variations within countries based on factors like network access, income, education, and location .
ural vs.
Despite these challenges, the untapped potential exists in regions like Bhutan, where most individuals carry internetconnected phones with cameras and actively share wildlife photos on social media (Wangyal et , 2022.
This highlights the potential of CS in generating data for understudied taxonomic groups like reptiles and amphibians.
Technological advancement plays a crucial role in enhancing community participation by providing accessible online tools.
The information technology revolution, with the rise of the internet and mobile technology equipped with location features, cameras, and sensors, has significantly expanded the capabilities and impact of CS (Toerpe, 2.
Platforms like social media .
Facebook.
Twitte.
serve as valuable tools for organizing, monitoring support, and facilitating knowledge sharing among participants.
For instance, the Garden Bioblitz in England .
ttps://w.
org/events/mount-tamalpais/fungi-and-friends-bioblit.
utilizes social media to establish new projects and foster collaboration.
This ability to access, store, manage, analyze, and share data on a large scale underlines the potential of technology to further enhance CSP endeavors.
CONCLUSION
CSP is experiencing a surge in interest, with environmental pollution and conservation emerging as prominent research themes.
Within the pollution domain, water and air quality monitoring appear to be the most popular topics.
Conservation efforts often prioritize animal Quantitative data collection techniques are currently predominant in CS projects.
However, a gap exists in integrating CSP into formal education and actively engaging local communities, particularly traditional stakeholders.
CSP can be incorporated into higher education Journal of Natural Science and Integration.
Vol.
No.
October 2024, pp 214-234 Research Trend of Citizen Science Themes 2019-2024: Systematic Literature Review curricula, fostering student engagement in scientific inquiry and environmental issues.
Collaboration with local traditional leaders can promote the inclusion of local knowledge and perspectives in CSP, leading to more holistic and culturally sensitive research strategies.
bridging these gaps.
CSP can become a powerful tool for environmental stewardship, fostering scientific literacy, and empowering local communities to actively participate in shaping sustainable solutions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to express their gratitude to .
the Ministry of Education.
Culture, and Technology (KEMDIKBUDRISTEK) grant number .
/E5/PG.
PL/2.
and grant number .
6 /UN40.
LP/PT.
03/2.
Institute for Research and Community Service [LPPM] Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
REFERENCES