Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical, and Computer Engineering

Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 1 (2) (2021) 71-78
Vol. 1, No. 2, September 2021, 71-78
e-ISSN: 2776-0049

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29103/jreece.v1i2.5236

Research Original Article

The Effect of Distributed Generator Injection with Different Numbers of
Units on Power Quality in the Electric Power System
Robi Kurniawan1, Ardiansyah Nasution2, Arnawan Hasibuan2,7, Muzamir Isa3, Muskan Gard4, Shrikant Vasantrao
Bhunte5,6,
1 Renewable Energy Engineering Master's Program, Malikussaleh University, Bukit Indah, Lhokseumawe, 24351, Indonesia
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Malikussaleh University, Bukit Indah, Lhokseumawe, 24351, Indonesia
3 Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
4 Amity University Rajasthan, India
5 Dr. Sau. Kamaltai Gawai Institute of Engineering and Technology, Darapur, Dist. Amravati, Maharashtra, India, 444814
6 Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India, 444702
7 School of Electrical System Engineering, University of Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia

robikurniawan467@gmail.com; ardiansyah.elekrounimal@gmail.com; arnawan@unimal.ac.id; muzamir@unimap.edu.my;
mgarg@jpr.amity.edu; shrikant_bhunte@rediffmail.com;


Corresponding Author: robikurniawan467@gmail.com | Phone: +6282277453022

Received: September 8, 2021

Revision: September 18, 2021

Accepted: September 30, 2021

Abstract
Distributed Generation (DG) is a small capacity generator located in the electricity distribution system and is usually
placed on buses that are connected directly to the load. Placement of distributed generation is one of the technical
efforts to reduce voltage drop and power losses in the system. In addition, load flow analysis is a study to plan and
determine the amount of power in an electric power system. The results of power losses after adding distributed
generation were the best in the fifth experiment on bus 149, where the system experienced a total loss of active power
(P) previously of 720,822 kW, to 682,939 kW and total loss of reactive power (Q) previously of 530.02 kVar, to 405.835
kVar. From the results of the calculation of the power flow using ETAP software (Electrical Transient Analyzer
Program). So, it can be concluded that the electrical network system can be said to be good. The results obtained are
the more DG (wind turbine generator) that is input into the bus it will reduce the voltage drop that occurs. After
simulating the overall voltage drop, it still meets the standards according to the results of the Text Report on ETAP.
Keywords: distributed generator; load flow; power loss analysis; ETAP

Introduction
Energy problems have a tendency to increase and develop, including in developing countries. Some countries are
endowed with energy resources that will only run out after a few more decades. In addition, technological developments
regarding renewable energy sources combined with the growing public attention to environmental issues, Distributed
Generation (DG) connected to the network has been widely used (Distribusi, 2012).In recent years, the utilization of
abundant energy resources and environmentally friendly operations have been very popular in distribution system
research. Distributed generators are developed in developed countries to support the country's electricity needs.
Distributed generators are generators with small capacities and are widely introduced in today's power distribution
systems(Luthfi et al., 2013)(Musaruddin et al., 2017). Distributed generators are considered as the right solution to
overcome the shortage of energy supply and overcome problems in the electric power distribution system such as power
loss, system balance, and also overcome critical loads that experience voltage drops. The installation of distributed
generating units is usually connected to the customer side of the distribution system(Bawan, 2012)(Artawa et al., 2017).
Before installing DG, it is necessary to study and analyze the impact of DG placement for different buses, this is
done to determine the best location for DG installation. DG placement can be done at substations, distribution networks
and can also be installed on buses that directly supply the load (T. Elektro, 2012)(. et al., 2014). The international
standards used as references are the standards of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The value of voltage, frequency and maximum load are important
parameters in the distribution system. The standard voltage is ± 5% of the nominal voltage, while the standard frequency
is ± 2.5% of the natural frequency (Permana, 2016).

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Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 1 (2) (2021) 71-78

Literature Review
Distributed Generation (DG)
Distributed Generation is defined as power generation on the distribution network or on the customer side of the
network.Distributed Generation (DG) serves as a supply to consumers located far from the central power supply system
through small-scale power plants. In addition, DG can also increase the reliability of power supplied to customers,
reducing losses in transmission and distribution systems(Thong et al., 2005). The maximum rating of DG that can be
connected to the distribution network depends on the capacity of the distribution network, which is correlated with the
level of distributed generation. Usually units rated up to 3-5 MW are most often connected to the internal power supply
network of consumers, and those above - to the external power supply system (Guseynov & Akhundov, n.d.).

Capacity DG
Micro
Small
Intermediate
Big

Table 1. DG capacity and rating data
Installed Power (MW)
1 Watt < 5 kW
5 kW < 5 MW
5 MW < 50 MW
50 < 300 MW

Power flow analysis in an electric power system is an analysis that reveals the performance of an electric power
system and the flow of power (real and reactive) for certain conditions when the system is working. The main result of
the power flow is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage on each line (bus), the real power and reactive power
present in each line. The results of the power flow analysis can be used to determine the amount of losses (power and
voltage losses), reactive power allocation and the ability of the system to meet load growth(J. T. Elektro et al., 2015).The
main purpose of the study of the electric power system is to determine the magnitude of the voltage, the angle/vector of
the voltage, the flow of active and reactive power in the line, and the power losses that occur in an electric power system.
So on each bus there are four quantities, namely P, Q, and V. In the study of power flow, two of the four quantities are
known and the other two need to be found. Based on this, buses are divided into three types, namely load buses,
generator buses (gen buses), and swing buses (slack buses)(Timur et al., 2018).
Based on SPLN No.72 of 1987, the value of the power loss is required to determine the reliability of the system,
namely the value of power loss and voltage drop should not exceed the allowable standard of 5% for voltage loss and
10% for power loss. If it exceeds the allowable standard, it will cause losses for consumers and electricity
suppliers(Albaroka et al., 1987).Power loss formula:
∆𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
∆𝑄 = 𝐼2 𝑥

𝐿3

(1)

3
𝐿3

(2)

3

Information :P = Active Power (Watts)
Q = Reactive Power (VAR)
Voltage drop in general is the voltage applied to the load. The voltage drop V in the conductor is greater if the
current I in the conductor is greater and if the resistance of the conductor RL is also greater. The stress can be calculated
using the relationship approach formula as follows:
(3)

(∆𝑉) = √3 𝐼 𝐿 ( 𝑅 . cos 𝜑 + 𝑋 . sin 𝜑 )

Results and Discussion
Description of Research Results
From the data generated at the Titi Kuning PLTD, it can be simulated using the Etap 12.6 software, which consists of
1 Generator, 6 Power Grids, 40 Loads, 120 Branches, 122 Buses. Below is an image generated from the Etap software.

Figure 1. Single Line Diagram of PLTD Titi Kuning
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Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 1 (2) (2021) 71-78

The picture above is a single line diagram before the DG injection was spread, where on the PLTD titi kuning line to
the GI KIM there were several buses that experienced disturbances.
Injectable DG Capacity
Distributed Generation (DG) which will be injected in this experiment is a wind turbine generator with an assumed
capacity according to the wind shear profile around the area. With the initial data obtained the average wind speed of
2.3 m/s with a height of 10 m. Then developed with the following formula.
𝑍

𝑍

𝑍𝑜

𝑍𝑜

𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝑛 ( ) / 𝐼𝑛 ( )

(4)

By using the assumption of roughnes length of 0.03. Then the results obtained in the table as follows.
Table 2. Wind Shear Profil
Wind speed above ground level (m/s)
0.789702
2.754645
3.20929
3.47524
3.663935
3.810298
3.929885
4.030994
4.118579
4.195835
4.264942
4.327458
4.38453
4.437031
4.485639
4.530893

Height (m)
1
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300

H
ei
g
ht

35
0
30
0
25
0
20
0
15
0
10
05
00

Altitude and wind speed

0

1

2

Speed Wind

3

4

5

Figure 2. Chart Wind Shear Profil
From the graph above, it can be assumed that the turbine height that can be used is 120 m with a turbine radius of
40. Then the power generated can be calculated according to the following formula.
P =

1
2

(5)

ρ. A. 𝑣 3

It is assumed that the power that can be generated by the turbine is 84 kW. Then it will be injected with the amount
of 10 in the ETAP software.
Load Flow Analysis And Voltage Drop
Power network analysis is a process of observing several electrical quantities such as bus voltage profiles, real
power flow, and reactive power on lines in the electric power system, while voltage drop is the amount of voltage lost on
the line/conductor. The simulation results of the power flow values and power losses on the bus before the DG injection
is carried out can be seen in the following table.

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Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 1 (2) (2021) 71-78

Bus ID
Bus1
Bus2
Bus4
Bus5
Bus6
Bus8
Bus9
Bus11
Bus12
Bus13
Bus59
Bus89
Bus92
Bus97
Bus139
Bus144
Bus 145
Bus148
Bus149
Bus154
Bus155
Bus174
Bus178
Bus182
Bus184
Bus185
GH Doloksanggul
Information :

Table 3. Power Flow and Voltage Drop Analysis
Nominal (kV)
Voltage (%)
150
100
20
103,28
21
101,06
20
102,6
21
100,62
20
102,52
20
102,49
20
102,53
150
100
20
99,82
6
100
21
98,3
21
100,45
21
100,26
21
89,68
21
92,1
21
93,01
21
93
21
89,79
20
102,06
150
100
21
93,01
21
93,01
150
100
150
100
150
100
20
102,49

= Critical limit (%)

= Marginal limit (%)

The table in red is the bus that experienced a voltage drop of > 5% before the DG injection was spread, namely bus
139, bus 144, bus 145, bus 148, bus 149, bus 174, bus 178. Where is the maximum voltage drop limit generated on the bus.
by 5%. So that the voltage drop generated by the bus above has exceeded the applicable IEE 141 standard. Then a
simulation of DG injection will be carried out on several buses that experience the highest voltage drop. So that it can be
produced with power losses reaching 891.3 kW.
1. Distributed Generation (DG) is installed on the 139 bus

Figure 3. DG mount on 139 bus
From the simulation results after DG injection on bus 139, the voltage drop that was previously 89.62% becomes
92.44%. So that the voltage drop increases by 3.18% from before, so that after the DG wind turbine generator is inserted
or added to bus 139 it can affect the voltage value on other buses.
2. Distributed Generation (DG) is installed on the 144 bus

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Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 1 (2) (2021) 71-78

Figure 4. DG mount on 144 bus
From the simulation results after the DG injection is spread, the resulting value for the previous voltage drop is
92.1% to 94.31%. The voltage drop increased by 2.21% from before.In addition, after the scattered DG injection was
carried out, the previously injected bus on bus 139 also experienced a voltage drop change of 1%.
3. Distributed Generation (DG) is installed on the 145 bus

Figure 5. DG mount on 145 bus
From the simulation results of DG injection spread on bus 145, the power factor increased where previously it was
93.01% and after DG injection it became 95.14%, and after the DG injection there were several buses whose power factor
increased or affected bus 139, and bus 144.
4. Distributed Generation (DG) is installed on the 149 bus

Figure 6. DG mount on 149 bus
From the simulation results after DG injection, there are several buses whose power factor increases, namely bus
139, bus 144, bus 145, bus 178, bus 174. The increase in power factor occurs because the DG supplies active power (P) to
the bus point that has been injected. from 89.79% to 90.06%. Bus139 from 89.62% to 94.33%, bus 144 from 92.1% to
95.29%, bus 145 from 93.01% to 95.14%, bus 178 from 93.01% to 95.56% .
5. Distributed Generation (DG) is installed on the 174 bus

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Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 1 (2) (2021) 71-78

Figure 7. DG mount on 174 bus
From the simulation results after DG injection on bus 174 there are several buses whose power factor increased,
namely bus 139, bus 144, bus 145, and bus 178. Where the power factor increased significantly from 93.01% to 95.56%,
bus 139 from 89.62% to 94.33%, bus 144 from 92.1% to 95.29%, bus 145 from 93.01% to 95.14%, and bus 178 from 93.01%
to 95.56 %.
After installing the DG wind turbine generator on the network, it can help meet the increasing power needs in the
distribution network, although the use of the DG wind turbine generator only reduces the voltage drop that occurs by 23%.
The impact of DG injection is spread
After being injected with DG and simulated in the form of ETAP 12.6 software, at the point of the bus experiencing a
voltage drop, the results of the power flow are shown below:

Figure 8. DG Injection Chart Before And After
From the graphic above, the scattered DG injection that is carried out can affect the power flow in the network,
where after the installation of the DG wind turbine generator is carried out to each specified bus whose voltage drop
exceeds the IEE standard by 5% and the value specified yield of 4% even though there are two buses that are still
experiencing voltage drops, namely, bus 139 and bus 149, where the power factor supplied from the addition of the DG
wind turbine generator is still lacking, so it does not reach the 95% standard.

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Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical, and Computer Engineering, 1 (2) (2021) 71-78
Power Loss in the Electric Distribution System

Power Loss
1000

500

0
kW
kVar
Sebelum di injeksi
DG ditambah pada bus 139
DG ditambah pada bus 144
DG ditambah pada bus 145
DG ditambah pada bus 174
DG ditambah pada bus 149
Figure 9. Graph of Losses After Distributed DG Injection
This graph shows the difference in the value of power losses, before DG injection is done, DG is added to bus 139,
bus 144, bus 145, bus 174, bus 149. The more DG is added, the smaller the losses that occur when the power is active. (P)
and reactive power (Q).
DG Injection on Bus
Without DG
Bus 139
Bus 144
Bus145
Bus149
Bus 179

Table 4. Comparison of Total Power Loss
Total active power losses (kW)
Total reactive power losses (kVar)
891.3
809.5
768.3
644.7
721.3
561.6
721.2
536.1
720.8
530.02
682.9
405.8

Conclusions
From the results of the analysis and discussion carried out, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The impact of scattered generator injection is to increase the voltage profile on all buses and reduce power losses
that occur in the feeder by 2 to 3%.
2. The best results on the DG (wind turbine generator) injection were carried out in the 5th experiment on bus 149,
where some buses experienced a voltage drop below the IEEE standard of ± 5%, after being injected with
Distributed Generation the value on the bus rose.
3. The overall power losses before and after DG injection are the active power (P) previously 891.3 kW, to 682.9 kW,
reactive power (Q) previously 809.5 kVar, to 405.8 kVar.

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