JUATIKA
JURNAL AGRONOMI TANAMAN TROPIKA
VOL.
6 NO.
1 January 2024 DOI :https://doi.
org/10.
36378/juatika.
eissn 2656-1727 pissn 2684-785X Hal : 119 Ae 129 Orientation Of Effective Irradiation Dosage In Local Genetic Rice Improvement (Oryza sativa L.
) Kuantan Singingi District Using Induced Mutation Gusti Marlina1,2.
Auzar Syarif1 .
Gustian1.
Yusniwati*1 Universitas Andalas.
Jl.
Limau Manis.
Pauh.
Kota Padang.
Sumatera Barat.
Indonesia 25175 Universitas Islam Kuantan Singingi Jl.
Gatot Subroto KM 7.
Kebun Nenas.
Teluk Kuantan.
Sungai Jering,Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi.
Riau 29511 Indonesia *Email: yusniwati@agr.
ABSTRACT
The staple food of the Indonesian population is rice.
Utilizing mutation induction in rice research can lead to a significant increase in genetic diversity.
This increased genetic diversity in the initial population will streamline the process of selecting desired traits.
The primary objective of this study is to identify the most effective dose for inducing genetic diversity in local rice from Kuantan Singingi.
The research focuses on the Singgam Putih genotype.
Gamma radiation experiments are conducted at the Center for Isotope and Radiation Application (PAIR) BATAN in South Jakarta.
Various radiation doses are administered, ranging from 0 Gy to 350 Gy.
The planting process takes place in the greenhouses of the Dhabit Farm Experimental Garden in Kari Teluk Kuantan.
Data collection includes observations on sprouting percentage, seedling height, number of leaves, and root length.
The LD50 value is calculated based on the regression analysis of sprouting percentage.
The findings indicate that the rate of sprouted seeds decreases as the gamma irradiation dose Additionally, seedling height and root length decrease with higher doses of gamma At the same time, the number of leaves remains unaffected by the radiation dose, which may lead to changes in leaf shape.
The LD50 value for the Singgam Putih genotype is determined to be 313.
63 Gy.
Ultimately, the optimal dose of gamma-ray irradiation is identified as 300 Gy.
Keywords: Induction of mutation.
LD50, irradiation, local rice Marlina et.
Juatika Vol.
6 No.
Copyright A 2024.
The authors.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license .
ttps://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
Marlina et.
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa.
L) is a crucial particularly in Indonesia.
According to the Badan Pusat Statistik .
Indonesia's rice production is projected to reach 63 million tons of GKG.
Despite a decrease from the previous year, the demand for rice continues to rise due to the country's growing population.
In Riau, rice production was only 209.
19 tons of GKG, with Kuantan Singingi Regency 36 tons of GKG.
further boost rice production in Kuantan Singingi, utilizing local genetic seeds that are well-suited for the region is essential, as these seeds offer numerous benefits.
Kuantan Singingi Regency showcases a considerable level of local genetic variability in rice.
The local genetic characteristics of Kuantan Singingi needs, excellent adaptability, appealing taste, resilience to pests and diseases, and the capacity to withstand drought However, a downside of this local genetic diversity is the extended lifespan and the plant's tall stature propensity to collapse easily.
Hence, to accelerate breeding initiatives, mutation techniques should be applied in local rice breeding (Fajar et al.
, 2.
Genetic modifications in the genetic material, affecting base pairs.
DNA fragments, and These alterations lead to changes in phenotype that subsequent generations can inherit (Tagatorop et al.
Physical mutagens, such as gamma-ray irradiation, can induce Research has shown that gamma ray irradiation can also cause seed germination by damaging the seed coat layer (Nurrachmamila et al.
, 2.
According to Nurrachmamila .
, the impact of irradiation ranging from 0300 Gy on germination rate is observed Furthermore, the effective dose of gamma-ray irradiation at 200 Gy has the potential to enhance the growth rate, germination, vigor index, relative growth rate, and uniformity of seed emergence.
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as stated by Untari et al.
However, the required dose of gammaray irradiation may vary depending on the specific rice genotype and location.
It is important to note that beyond 300 Gy, the utilization of increasing doses of gamma-ray irradiation can result in significant physiological damage to seed height, survival percentage in the field, and production, as highlighted by Harding et al.
The application of irradiation to food crops, particularly rice, aims to diminish the undesirable traits and enhance the desirable characteristics of the plant's Consequently, irradiation is mutations and develop improved mutant The primary objective of this study is to employ gamma-ray irradiation methods on indigenous rice varieties in Kuantan Singingi Regency in order to generate mutants with desirable traits.
Viability and vigour assessments were conducted before subjecting the rice seeds from Kuantan Singingi Regency to gamma-ray irradiation.
The findings of these tests revealed that the seeds exhibited a germination capacity of approximately 85%.
Consequently, the process of inducing mutations through gamma-ray irradiation was pursued to determine the optimal dosage for subsequent research endeavors.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In September 2023, the Isotope and Radiation Application Center (PAIR) conducted gamma-ray irradiation under the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN).
This irradiation took place in Pasar Friday.
Jakarta.
Subsequently, in October 2023, the M0 planting was carried out at the Green House of the Dhabit Farm Experimental Garden located in Kari Teluk Kuantan.
For this research, the materials utilized were the local rice genotypes from the Kuantan Singingi Regency, specifically the Singgam Putih genotype.
Topsoil, sawdust, and burnt cow manure were also employed.
The tools used in this study included a ruler or meter.
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camera, scissors, permanent marker, pen, seedbed, and labels.
Implementing the Research The seeds are put into 6 plastic bags weighing 250 grams each to be irradiated with gamma rays at the following R0 : 0 Gy .
ontrol/no irradiation R1 : 150 Gy.
R2 : 200 Gy.
R3: 250 Gy.
R4: 300 Gy, and R5: 350 Gy.
Irradiation exposure is measured in Gray (G.
, where 1 Gy equals 0.
01 krad or Jenegri/kg irradiated mass.
The irradiation treatment is by seedling in rows of 1000 seeds.
In each seedbed, there are 200 seeds.
The seeds are sown in a seedbed containing media that is A 5 cm the size of the seedbed is 50cm x 30 cm x 13 cm.
The plant media used are topsoil, compost and sawdust in a ratio of 1:1:1.
This research used a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD).
Where is the Singgam Putih (SP) genotype which is local rice from Kuantan Singingi Regency which is treated with gamma ray irradiation at R0 : 0 Gy (Control/no radiation dos.
R1 :
150 Gy.
R2: 200 Gy.
R3 : 250 Gy.
R4 :
300 Gy and R5 : 350 Gy.
Each Seed Viability and Vigor Test At the Seed Technology Laboratory.
Faculty of Agriculture.
Andalas University Conducting Gamma Irradiation Obtaining Seeds with high viability and vigor .
to 350 Gy.
Interval 50 G.
Determining Effective Dosage M0 Objective: to obtain information on effective doses in increasing genetic diversity in seedling LD 50 Observation Percentage of sprouts (%) Seedling height .
Number of Leaves .
Root Length .
Figure 1.
Orientation of Effective Irradiation Doses in Genetic Improvement of Local Kuantan Singingi Rice (Oryza sativa L.
) Using Induced Mutations The observed parameters in this experimentation are:
Percentage of Sprouts (%) Germination percentage (%) is a parameter often used to measure seed vigor.
Germination percentage is the number of regular seeds on the last day of the germination test and is associated with normal seed potential under field conditions.
The observed 11 and 21 days after sowing (HSS).
According to ISTA .
, germination capacity is calculated using the formula:
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Number of Germinating seeds % Sprouts :
Number of Germinated seeds Seedling Height .
Seedling height is usually used as an indicator of genotypic response to mutagens.
The effect of irradiation on seedling height in this study was observed at 21 DAP.
Root Length .
Root length was observed by measuring the base to the tip of the root at the age of 21 DAP.
Lethal Dose Value 50 (LD.
The LD50 value of gamma rays for the Singgam Putih genotype was calculated based on the percentage of sprouts obtained.
The data from the latest observations were analyzed using variance analysis using the F test.
If the calculated F of the treatment was greater than the F table of 5%, then it was continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) using STAR (Statistical Tool Agricultural Researc.
software, while the Lethal Dose value was 50 (LD.
was analyzed using SPSS.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
At the seedling phase, the study gamma-ray irradiation was administered at various doses ranging from 0 Gy to 350 Gy.
The effects of radiation on height, number of leaves, and root length were then compared using Table The findings of this study reveal the diverse biological responses of rice plants to oxidative stress caused by both acute and chronic irradiation, as well as the survival mechanisms employed by these plants to overcome such stress.
Percentage of Sprouts (%) The Singgam Putih seedlings germination in generation M0 was monitored 21 hours after The control group exhibited the highest germination percentage at 50% (Table .
The 0-300 Gy irradiation treatment showed a significant difference from the highest dose treatment of 350 Gy.
This difference can be attributed to the increased cell damage at higher doses, leading to a decrease in germination percentage.
Table 1: Germination and Seedling Growth Responses to Various Gamma Irradiation Dose Treatments at the M1 Stage Irradiation Dose (G.
Growing Seed
Number of Root
LD50
Heig Leaves Height (C.
(Pieces (C.
Equation Y= -1.
1668 x 20 ab 60 bc 08 ab 46 ab 60 cd 02 ab 20 cd 52 bc LD50 = 313.
90, b Note: Numbers in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly different in the 5% DMRT Test growth, which is why this dosage is Gamma-ray exposure leads to employed for sterilization purposes.
various outcomes across different Conversely, the lowest dosage is dosage levels, as highlighted by Jaipo et commonly utilized to promote and .
The most substantial effects enhance plant germination, whereas the are typically observed at the highest ideal dosage is frequently applied for dosage, resulting in primarily inhibited Marlina et.
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mutation induction through breeding The research findings indicated a notable reduction in germination percentage for the white lion genotype at a dosage of 350 Gy.
According to Tatar et al.
, the study suggests that mutations occurring in irradiated seed cells at a dosage of 350 Gy create favorable conditions for earlier germination and seedling development compared to other dosages.
Conversely.
Sari et al.
found that the germination percentage of the Madang Pulau and Banang Kuniang genotypes significantly decreased at a dosage of 400 Gy, unlike the Putiah Papanai The research also indicates that 100, 200, and 300 Gy dosages increased sprouting percentages .
%, 95%, and 90%, respectivel.
compared to the control group .
%).
However, at dosages of 400, 500, and 600 Gy, there was a notable decrease in the percentage of sprouts.
Jaipo et al.
suggested that applying low doses of gamma-ray radiation can enhance enzyme activity, promote the growth of young embryos, and stimulate cell division, which proves advantageous for plant growth during the vegetative phase.
Damage induced by mutagens can significantly impact the M0 generation, as evidenced by alterations in seed germination rates.
Furthermore, gamma ray irradiation has been shown to escalate the frequency of damage, particularly at the chromosomal level, as the dosage of irradiation increases.
This phenomenon is attributed to the ionization of molecules or atoms, leading to modifications in the DNA of the irradiated material.
According to VIENNA .
, chimaeras' emergence after the irradiation of multicellular meristems hinders the reproductive process in plants (%) Percentage of Sprouts Gamma Ray Dosage (G.
Figure 2.
Effect of irradiation on germination percentage in local varieties of Kuantan Singingi Regency generation M0 Seedling Height (C.
Seedling height serves as an indicator to assess the genetic response to mutagens.
In this particular study, the impact of gamma-ray irradiation on seedling height was examined when the seedlings reached 21 days after planting (DAP).
Among all the gamma-ray seedlings were observed in the control group, which received no treatment and had a height of 13.
40 cm.
Following that, the treatment with a dose of 150 Gy resulted in seedlings with a height of 01 cm.
The seed height for the 200 Gy treatment was measured at 11.
cm, while the 250 Gy treatment yielded Marlina et.
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seedlings with a height of 10.
41 cm.
The lowest seed height was recorded in the 350 Gy treatment, with a value of 6.
cm (Table .
Figure 3 visually demonstrates the decline in seedling growth as the doses of gamma irradiation increase in the Singgam Putih The tolerance levels indicate the response to the reduction in rice growth.
Seedling Height .
Gamma Ray Dosage Figure 3.
Plant Height for All Treatments determined that the gamma-ray dose Seedling height decreases as the treatment did not impact the quantity of gamma-ray irradiation increases, as leaves on rice seedlings.
However, it did Ramchander et al.
and Tabasum have an effect on the shape of the et al.
Other studies have The shape of the leaves of the shown that gamma ray treatment leads rice seedlings observed on the 21st day to a gradual reduction in plant height of growth did not align with the across all treatments compared to the development of the seedlings, indicating control group.
However, the relationship that the increase in leaf longevity did not between the treatments and plant height correspond with higher doses of gammais not linear, and there is no significant ray irradiation.
Rohaeni et al.
difference in plant height between the suggested that phenotypic diversity control group and all treatments except reflects genotypic diversity, which is for the highest dose of 500 Gy, as Elinfluenced by environmental diversity and Dgwy .
Sari et al.
escalating doses.
The average number of that the seedling height of the Madang leaves during the seedling phase was Pulau.
Putiah Papanai, and Banang observed to be 4 leaves for all Kuniang M0 generation genotypes The most effective treatment decreased with increasing irradiation was observed in the 0 Gy treatment with 80 strands, followed by the 200 Gy Another perspective, presented by treatment with 4.
08 strands 150 Gy with Shu et al.
, suggests that 06 strands, while the 250 Gy treatment measuring seed height is widely used as 02 strands.
The lowest leaf count an indicator to determine the biological was recorded in the 350 Gy treatment effects on the M0 generation caused by 90 leaves, which was not various physical mutagens, which can significantly different from the 300 Gy impact the plant's embryonic level.
treatment with 3.
98 leaves.
According to Number of Leaves (Piece.
research (Suspidayanti et al.
, 2.
, the Based on the study's findings, it was identification of rice growth phases.
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number of sprout leaves Gamma Ray Dosage Figure 5.
Effect of irradiation on the number of sprout leaves in the local variety Kuantan Singingi Regency generation M0 (Gowthami et al.
, 2.
According to the Root Length .
viewpoint presented by JankowicsAccording to the study's findings.
Cieslak et al.
, the development of an increase in the dosage of gamma-ray plant roots is hindered due to the radiation leads to a gradual decrease in presence of reactive oxygen species, the length of the roots.
Gamma-ray which can negatively impact the radiation can affect The development of transcriptional regulation of the gene roots, causing them to grow less responsible for encoding the amylase optimally compared to those without Amylase, an enzyme, plays a radiation exposure.
The measurement of crucial role as a catalyst in the hydrolysis root length was conducted on the 21st of sodium into maltose and glucose.
day after planting.
The highest recorded During the phase of root formation, the root length was observed in the energy requirements are fulfilled by using treatment without radiation exposure .
maltose and glucose, which the plant G.
, measuring 6.
06 cm.
This was extensively utilizes.
followed by the 150 Gy treatment with a Lethal Dose 50 (LD.
Value for root length of 5.
32 cm and the 200 Gy Local Rice in Kuantan Singingi Regency treatment with a root length of 4.
46 cm.
The root length in the 0 Gy treatment Different genotypes exhibit varying significantly differed from the 150 Gy, responses to gamma radiation based on 250 Gy, 300 Gy, and 350 Gy treatments.
their radiosensitivity, reflecting the The treatment with the lowest root sensitivity level to radiation dose.
One length value was the 350 Gy treatment, method to assess radiation sensitivity is 00 cm (Figure .
A study by determining the LD50 value.
conducted by Gowthami et al.
Establishing the LD50 value in the M0 supports these findings, stating that an generation is crucial for identifying the increase in the dosage of gamma optimal dose to induce significant radiation can lead to a decrease in the diversity in the desired trait.
A local rice root length of rice seedlings.
variety from Kuantan Singingi Regency.
Applying mutagenic treatment in rice characterized by the Singgam Putih plants leads to the inhibition of root length genotype, underwent irradiation ranging This is primarily caused by from 0 to 350 Gy with a 50 Gy interval suppressing cell mitotic activity in the using Cobalt 60 (C.
gamma rays.
The meristematic tissue, especially when LD50 value, representing the radiation exposed to high treatment doses dose causing 50% plant mortality in the Marlina et.
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Root Heigt Singgam Putih genotype, is calculated through a linear regression equation.
Gamma Ray Dosage (G.
Figure 6.
Effect of irradiation on germination percentage in local varieties of Kuantan Singingi Regency generation M0 Figure 7.
Root length of the Singgam Putih genotype Based on the analysis of germination 313.
63 Gy.
According to Ramchander et percentage, it was found that the LD50 al.
, the LD50 values for India's value for the white lion genotype was White Ponni and BPT 5204 genotypes 63 Gy.
It is important to note that the were 354.
80 Gy and 288.
40 Gy, highest growth ability does not exceed respectively.
The White Ponni variety was This implies that if the dose is further found to be more susceptible to increased, the seeds cannot germinate.
mutagens compared to BPT 5204.
Gamma-ray irradiation can affect each Another perspective provided by Warman genotype differently, resulting in varying et al.
suggests that the LD50 sensitivity levels.
This process of inducing value for local West Sumatra black rice mutations can lead to a significant increase ranges from 300-340 Gy, determined in genetic diversity for the selected traits.
through seedling height and root length However, it is crucial to maintain the analysis.
Suliartini et al.
reported original characteristics of the plant.
The LD50 values based on the number of success in enhancing genetic diversity seeds grown in four rice genotypes: G10 within a population depends on the .
G16 .
Baas Selem .
, and Inpago Unram-1 .
radiosensitivity of the irradiated genotype.
The Singgam Putih genotype In a separate study by Sari et al.
exhibited a considerable level of the LD50 values for the Madang Pulau, sensitivity, as indicated by its LD50 of Putiah Papanai, and Banang Kuniang Marlina et.
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genotypes were determined as 333.
Gy, 377.
62 Gy, and 291.
14 Gy.
Germination Power LD50 White Singgam genotype y = -1.
RA = 0.
Gamma Ray Dosage (G.
Figure 8.
LD50 Value of Gamma Radiation in Three Local Rice Genotypes in Kuantan Singingi Regency CONCLUSION The control treatment .
percentage at 85.
50%, followed by the 150 Gy treatment at 81.
20%, 200 Gy at 60%, 250 Gy at 64.
60%, 300 Gy at 20%, and 350 Gy at 48.
notable decrease in sprout percentage was observed for the Singgam Putih The tallest seedlings were observed in the control treatment .
40 cm, while the shortest was in the 350 Gy treatment at 6.
56 cm.
The height of seedlings in the M0 generation of the Singgam Putih genotype decreased as the irradiation dose increased.
The Singgam Putih genotype displayed irregular leaf shapes with increasing irradiation doses but no significant impact on the number of leaves.
The heightened gamma radiation dose negatively affected root development, resulting in suboptimal growth compared to controls.
The most extended root length was recorded at the control dose .
06 cm, which was not significantly different from the 150 Gy and 200 Gy doses but significantly different from the 250 Gy, 300 Gy, and 350 Gy doses.
The shortest root length was observed at the 350 Gy The LD50 value for the Singgam Putih genotype was determined to be 63 Gy based on germination The growth potential of the local Kuantan Singingi rice mutant was found to be relatively high.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author extends enormous gratitude to the Central Laboratory for Isotope and Radiation Applications of the National Nuclear Energy Agency (PAIRBATAN) for their valuable assistance in successfully implementing Gamma Ray Irradiation.
Gratitude is also expressed to the owner of Dhabit Farm for their support in conducting the germination test in the greenhouse.
REFERENCE