Jurnal Akademika Kimia, 11(1): 56-63, February 2022
ISSN (online) 2477-5185 | ISSN (print) 2302-6030
http://jurnal.fkip.untad.ac.id/index.php/jak/

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1

Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Waste
Compedak Fruit (Artocarpus Champeden) Activated H3PO4 as Adsorbent
of Methylene Blue
Catherina Bijang1, Matheis F. J. D. P. Tanasale1, Dewi Sri1, Tahril2, Laode A. Kadir3 &
*
Thamrin Azis3
1

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Tadulako University Palu Indonesia
3
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
2

Received 26 November 2021, Revised 27 January 2022, Accepted 24 February 2022
doi: 10.22487/j24775185.2022.v11.i1.56-63

Abstract
Synthesis of activated carbon from cempedak peel waste is carried out to utilize biomass waste. This study aimed to
synthesize and characterize activated carbon from cempedak peel waste. The synthesis was carried out by chemical activation
using phosphoric acid with a dry impregnation ratio of 1:4 (g sample:g H3PO4). Samples impregnated for 24 hours were
then heated at 250 ℃—and then calcined at 350 ℃ and 450 ℃. The XRD and FTIR characterization results indicated
that the activated carbon obtained had an amorphous structure and the activated carbon obtained had hydroxyl, carbonyl,
and carboxylic groups. Activated carbon with the highest yield was obtained at a temperature of 350 ℃, namely 43%. The
results of determining the water content of activated carbon obtained are 8.36% at 350 ℃ and 7.1% at 450 ℃. The
value of water content and ash content of activated carbon from the skin of this cempedak fruit has met the Indonesian
National Standard (SNI 06-3730-1995). The best-activated carbon yield was at a calcination temperature of 450, with
the percentage of adsorption efficiency on methylene blue of 98.88%.

Keywords: Activated carbon, cempedak peel, phosphoric acid, methylene blue

economic value of cempedak skin waste is to co.
Introduction
Convert it into activated carbon to be used as an
Some of the biomass waste can be utilized in
adsorbent (Kurniasari et al., 2012; Putri et al.,
the manufacture of activated carbon, such as
2020). Activated charcoal can be activated through
coconut shells (Azevedo et al., 2007; Sawalha et al.,
a physical activation process and a chemical process.
2020 et al., 2020), corn cob waste (Aisiyah, 2016), The physical activation process can be carried out
fruit peels (Prahas et al., 2008; Musa, 2013), fruit by giving water vapor or CO2 gas, while chemically,
seeds (Olivares-Marin et al., 2006), grain skins
it is done by adding certain chemical substances
(Juwita et al., 2017). Activated carbon is usually
(Jamilatun et al., 2015; Sudrajat, 2011; Aryani et
produced from carbon-rich materials such as
al., 2019). Sahara et al. (2017) reported that
organic materials (lignin, wood, and coal). Coal is a activated charcoal produced from the stems of the
natural resource that is difficult to renew. The price
gumitir plant (Tagetes erecta) through chemical
is relatively high, so agricultural residues can be an
activation using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) resulted
alternative material to produce activated carbon
in activated charcoal with a better pore structure and
because they are sourced from renewable and
a carbon content of 81,41%.
cheaper materials (Prahas et al., 2008; Lim et al.,
Not all pigments from dyestuffs will stick;
2020).
there are still residual dyes wasted along with
Cempedak plant (Artocarpus champeden) is a
solvents, which can pollute the aquatic environment
tropical plant that grows in Indonesia. Cempedak is
and be carcinogenic to living things (Muhtar, 2013;
a type of fruit whose yields are pretty abundant, and Teddy et al., 2018). Methylene blue dye is difficult
people only eat the flesh and seeds, while the skin of
to decompose by micro-organisms due to a benzene
the cempedak fruit is a problem for the environment nucleus in its structure (Sunarsih & Dahani, 2018;
(Rahmawati et al., 2021). One way to increase the
Dini & Wardhani, 2014; Darajat et al., 2008).
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
*Correspondence:
Thamrin Aziz
e-mail: thamrinazis06@gmail.com

© 2022 the Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Based on the above background, research was
carried out on the synthesis and characterization of
activated carbon from phosphoric acid activated
cempedak peel waste as an adsorbent for methylene
blue dye. This study aims to obtain an adsorbent
material using cempedak peel waste. The urgency of
the research is to increase the economic value of
cempedak skin waste and to overcome the pollution
of methylene blue dye.

a standard 1000 ppm solution. The methylene blue
dye was then dissolved with 20 mL of distilled
water. The solution was put into a 100 mL
volumetric flask and diluted with distilled water to
the limit mark. Dilutions were carried out to obtain
0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 ppm. Then the
absorbance was measured at max = 665 nm using a
UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and standard curves
were made.

Methods

Methylene blue dye adsorption with carbon without
activator
As much as 25 mL of methylene blue dye
solution with a concentration of 50 ppm was put
into 3 Erlenmeyer pieces, adding 0.1 grams of
carbon. Shaker for 24 hours to obtain the filtrate
and measure the absorbance at max = 665 nm. The
absorbance value obtained is entered into the
methylene blue calibration curve to determine the
remaining methylene blue concentration.

Equipment and material
The tools in this research are Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Difraktogram X-ray
(XRD), UV-Vis, furnace, and pH meter. The
materials used in this study were Cempedak fruit
skin waste, distilled water, phosphoric acid/H3PO4
(p.a Merck), methylene blue dye (p.a Merck),
nitrogen gas, and Whatman filter paper no.42
Sample preparation
The peel of the cempedak fruit that has been
taken washed with distilled water several times until
clean, then separated from the carpel fibers and cut
into small pieces. Then it was dried for 24 hours in
an oven at 105 °C. The sample was then cooled in a
desiccator. The dried samples were crushed and
sieved using a 100 mesh sieve and stored in a
desiccator (Prahas et al., 2008).

Methylene blue dyestuff adsorption with
temperature activated carbon H3PO4 85%
25 mL of methylene blue dye solution with a
concentration of 50 ppm was put into 3 Erlenmeyer
flasks followed by the addition of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5
gram of activated carbon to every flask and then
shaken for 24 hours to obtain the filtrate and
measure the absorbance at max = 665 nm. The
absorbance value obtained was entered into the
methylene blue calibration curve to determine the
remaining methylene blue concentration.

Impregnation of samples using H3PO4
A dehydrated sample of 20 g was impregnated
into 85% H3PO4 with a ratio of 1:4 for 24 hours.
The suspension was dried in an oven at 60 °C and
carbonized at 250 °C for 30 minutes; calcination
was continued at 350 and 450 °C for 45 minutes.
The sample is cooled in a desiccator. Then the
sample was filtered and rinsed with distilled water
until the pH was neutral and then dried at 105 °C.
Characterization was carried out using XRD and
FTIR (Prahas et al., 2008).

Results and Discussion
Chemical activation with H3PO4
The prepared cempedak powder was activated
by impregnating the sample into H3PO4 85%.
Activation with H3PO4 was carried out to reduce the
formation of tar compounds from lignin in pieces
that could cover the carbon pores, thereby reducing
the absorption of activated carbon (Prahas et al.,
2008). The impregnated carbon with H3PO4 was
calcined at 350 °C and 450 °C. The temperature
variation was carried out to determine its effect on
the thermal stability of the resulting impregnated
carbon structure and on the ability to adsorb
methylene blue dye. Activated carbon was obtained
after filtering, rinsing, and drying processes.

Making carbon from cempedak fruit peel without
activator
A 500 g of the prepared sample was put into a
furnace. Carbonized at 250 °C for 30 minutes, and
calcination was continued at 450 °C for 45 minutes.
The resulting carbonization is cooled in a desiccator.
Then grinded and sieved using a 100 mesh sieve.

Manufacture of cempedak leather carbon without
activator
The carbon from the cempedak peel powder
without adding an activator was made as a visual
comparison with activated carbon with a calcination
temperature of 450 ℃. The prepared sample was
put into a furnace and carbonized at 250 ℃ for 30
minutes, and calcination was continued at 450 ℃
for 45 minutes. Visually seen in Figure 1a,
cempedak peel powder turns black due to the
carbonization process, which hydrates the mineral
components in the sample and leaves carbon.

Characterization by XRD and FTIR
Identification of activated carbon characteristics
Identifying the characteristics of activated
carbon refers to the Indonesian National Standard
(SNI 06-3730-1995) on general requirements and
testing of activated carbon. Identification of factors
carried out is an analysis of yield and determination
of water and ash content.
Methylene blue calibration curve creation
0.1 grams of methylene blue dye were carefully
weighed into a 100 mL beaker to make 100 mL of

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Catherina Bijang et al.

Figure 1. a). Carbonization sample 250 ℃, b) Carbon without H3PO4, calcination
450 ℃; and c) activated charcoal with H3PO4, calcination 450 ℃
According to Pari (2011) & Kumar & Tyagi
(2018), carbonization (Figure 1) occurs in the
arrangement of carbon elements to form aromatic
carbon and becomes more intensive with increasing
temperature. Hemicellulose is the first compound
that undergoes decomposition changes in chemical
components because the hemicellulose structure is
branched and amorphous. The calcined sample at
450 (Figure 1b) shows that some of the carbon has
already formed ash. It shows that the ash content of
the carbon produced from the cempedak shell
without adding an activator before calcination
increases with increasing temperature. Activated
carbon (Figure 1c) visually does not look like ash
because, as an activating agent, H3PO4 can absorb
mineral content in the material used as activated

carbon to prevent the formation of ash on activated
carbon (Sangi et al., 2012).
Characterization using X-ray diffractogram (XRD)
X-ray diffraction characterization on prepared
carbon with a scan angle range (2θ = 20°–80°) using
a Cu radiation source with a wavelength (λ) of 1.54
Å. This analysis aims to determine the changes in
the structure of the cempedak fruit peel powder
after being impregnated and calcined at high
temperatures. To determine the crystalline phase of
carbon formed from carbon without an activator
with a calcination temperature of 25 and activated
carbon with a calcination temperature variation of
350 ℃. Characterization results using XRD are
shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. XRD diffractogram of carbon without activator calcining temperature 250 ℃, activated carbon
calcination temperature 350 ℃, and (c) activated carbon calcining temperature 450 ℃.
The X-ray diffraction results showed carbon
with an amorphous structure pattern, so it was
impossible to determine the crystalline phase of the
carbon formed. According to Prabu & Raghu

(2017), carbon with an amorphous compound
structure has a turbostratic structure originating
from a graphite layer with a microcrystalline
network. The calcination process with temperature

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variations without impregnation and with H3PO4
impregnation showed a change in the diffraction
pattern of a shift in the value of 2θ that appeared at
the peak of the carbon diffractogram after the
calcination process. Carbon with a calcination
temperature of 250 oC has a characteristic peak for
the (110) plane, which corresponds to the graphite
structure where the diffraction peaks are seen at an
angle of 2θ approx. 21°–22°. These results are the
same as those Aisiyah (2016) obtained in the study
of activated carbon from corn cobs waste
(2θ=21.36°. At calcination temperatures between
350 and 450 oC, the peaks become wider, indicating
a characteristic for the (002) plane, which
corresponds to the graphite structure seen at an
angle of 2 around 25°. The same result was reported
by Prabu & Raghu (2017) is 2θ=25°. According to
Darmawan et al. (2015) & Perdani et al. (2021), in
the study of the structure of activated carbon from
wood, diffraction results were obtained which
characterize the characteristics of graphite peaks

with a combination of diffractogram patterns
formed at peaks with angles of about 10°–30° and
25°–26° which are indicated as carbon markers with
turbostratic properties.
Characterization using the fourier transform
infrared (FTIR)
The utilization of activated carbon in the
industrial sector in terms of application as an
adsorbent is more focused on its adsorption
properties. In this case, it is related to the functional
groups produced by activated carbon, such as
hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxylic groups, which
can give amphoteric properties to carbon, so that
activated carbon can act as an acid or a base
(Saputro, 2010; Eletta et al., 2020). In this study,
sample characterization by FTIR was conducted to
determine the functional groups formed on the
carbon of the prepared cempedak peel. Carbon IR
spectra can be seen in Figure 3.

Figure 3. FTIR spectrum, a) carbon without activator calcination temperature 250 °C, b) activated carbon
calcination temperature 350 °C, and c). 450 °C
The analysis results using an IR
spectrophotometer showed a shift in the
wavenumber and a change in the intensity of the
resulting carbon. However, the transition is not too
significant, so there are still characteristic vibrations
from the absorption pattern with the type of bond OH, -CH, -C=C, and -C-O on the carbon
functional group, which is also found in the primary

material (cempedak peel powder). The same result
was also stated by Prahas et al. (2008) &
Nagalakshmi et al. (2019) that there are still the
same functional groups between the jackfruit peel
samples and the activated carbon functional groups
produced. The functional groups on the synthesized
carbon can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Synthesized carbon functional groups
Functional
Groups
-OH
-C=C
-C-O
-C-H

Activated Carbon theorists
3700–3000
1700–1600
1300–1000
3000–2700

Activated carbon (°C)
250
3417.86
1627.92
1058.92
2924.09

59

350
3444.87
1635.64
1170.79
2922.16

450
3442.94
1637.56
1168.86
2779.42

Catherina Bijang et al.

The results of this FTIR spectrum indicate that
the carbon from the cempedak shell has functional
group suitability with the standard structure of the
theoretically activated carbon (-OH, C=C, -CH,
and -CO), where each wavenumber of the resulting
peak is in the range activated carbon wave
(Lewoyehu, 2021). The resulting activated carbon
has an absorption pattern with the type of bond –
OH, C=C, C-H, and C-O and can then be used as
an adsorbent for solutions and gases.
The activation process with the H3PO4
activator on cempedak peel powder causes a shift in
IR absorption and the formation of new absorption
in a particular wavenumber region. In research,
Nurhasni et al. (2018) reported that activated
carbon experienced a decrease in intensity and a

shift in the wavenumber of the –OH functional
group after activation with acid, followed by a
change in the wavenumber of other functional
groups. The –OH active group undergoes
protonation after being activated with acid,
resulting in a decrease in vibration, which causes a
shift in wavenumber and a reduction in the intensity
of –OH.
Physical characteristics of activated carbon from
cempedak fruit peel
The cempedak peel carbon tested physical
properties included yield, moisture content, and ash
content. The impregnation treatment with H3PO4
and temperature variations in the sample resulted in
different carbon characteristics, as listed in Table 2.

Table 2. Physical properties of activated carbon from cempedak leather
Sample

Rendement
(%)

Water Content
(100)

Ash Content
(%)

Activated Carbon (SNI)

-

Max 15

Max 10

Carbon without activator
Carbon Actevated 350 oC

37.38

10.15

8.3

43.22

8.36

7.2

Carbon Actevated 450 oC

41.72

7.1

4.8

water content in Table 3, it can be seen that the
value of the water content of activated carbon
H3PO4 (8.36% and 7.1%) is smaller than carbon
without activator (10.15%). It is because H3PO4 is
a potent hydrating agent so that it can bind water
molecules contained in carbon. Furthermore, the
higher temperature in the manufacture of activated
carbon also further increases the dehydration
process. The water in activated carbon will
evaporate more, and the water content will be lower.
These results are by the determination of the carbon
moisture content of coconut shells for treatment at
temperatures of 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C by
Jamilatun et al. (2015), with the result that the
water content decreases with each increase in the
temperature treatment of each carbon, namely 5.7,
5.6%, 4.2, and 4.0%.
Activated carbon made from natural
ingredients contains carbon compounds and
mineral content such as metals. Determination of
ash content aims to determine the scope of metal
oxides in carbon because excessive ash can cause
blockage of the pores on the carbon so that the
carbon surface area is reduced (Pari, 2011;
Ramayana et al., 2017). Results of the
characterization of the ash content of carbon
without an activator at a temperature of 250 °C
(8.3%) according to Table 3 show that the
increasing carbonization temperature causes the
amount of ash content to increase, while for
activated carbon H3PO4 at temperatures of 350 °C
and 450 °C in this study. It has a lower total ash

According to Prahas et al. (2008), jackfruit skin
is a complex composite material made from natural
polymers (cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose). In
the activation process at high temperature, the
polymer structure decomposes and releases noncarbon elements, mainly hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen, in the form of liquid (tar) and gas, then
forms a carbon skeleton in aromatic sheets.
The
calcination
process
encourages
depolymerization, dehydration, and aliphatic
conversion with aromatic compounds, thereby
increasing the yield of activated carbon (Prahas et
al., 2008). As for the result of activated carbon at
temperatures of 350 and 450 °C, it seems to be
decreasing (from 43.22% to 41.72%). It indicates
that activated carbon's activation temperature is
inversely proportional to the yield. The increase in
the calcination temperature at the time of activation
causes the reduction of volatile substances to be
more significant, affecting the weight of the
obtained results. These results follow the research
results on activated carbon from jackfruit skin with
an H3PO4 activator that has been done previously by
Prahas et al. (2008), namely, the yield of raw
materials is 36%, while the result of carbon with
H3PO4 is around 42.15%.
The determination of the water content of
carbon is carried out to determine the hygroscopic
properties of carbon. The excellent water content of
carbon must have a small value because a significant
moisture content can reduce the adsorption capacity
of carbon. Based on the results of determining the

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content than carbon without activator, 7.2%, and
4.8%, respectively. The effect of temperature on
carbon ash content was proposed by Lestari et al.
(2017) in the manufacture of carbon from coconut
shells at 225, 250, 275, 300, and 325 °C. Then
obtained less ash content on carbon at a temperature
of 325 °C with the result of 0 – 2.04%, that the
higher the temperature for the manufacture of
activated carbon, the greater the number of volatile
substances that are oxidized so that it will affect the
surface area of the activated carbon and cause a
decrease in ash content. Meanwhile, the effect of
phosphoric acid on carbon ash content was stated
by Sahara et al. (2017) that phosphoric acid can
cause corrosion of metals so that based on this,
metals contained in carbon will corrode when
activation using phosphoric acid causes the ash
content of activated carbon to be lower than that of
unactivated carbon

measurement of the standard solution of methylene
blue dye was first measured. Measurements were
carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a
wavelength of 665 nm. The adsorption of
methylene blue in this study was carried out with
various treatments to know the effect of treatment
variations and determine the percentage of
adsorption from each treatment. Variations of
treatment given include adsorption with carbon
without the addition of an activator with a
calcination temperature of 250 oC as much as (A)
0.1 grams, (B) 0.3 grams, (C) 0.5 grams, activated
carbon with a calcination temperature of 350 oC as
much as (D) 0.1 grams, (E) 0.3 grams; (F), 0.5
grams, and activated carbon with a calcination
temperature of 450 oC as much as (G) 0.1 grams,
(H) 0.3 grams, (I) 0.5 grams.
The adsorption process is carried out by
stirring the suspension using a shaker for 24 hours.
Stirring is carried out to achieve adsorption
equilibrium between methylene blue dye and the
carbon surface. The results of the adsorption of
methylene blue with each treatment can be seen in
Table 3.

Methylene blue dye adsorption with activated
carbon
Before determining the percentage of
adsorption of methylene blue dye, the absorbance

Table 3. Results of measurement of absorption of methylene blue dyes on a variation of temperature and
absorbent mass treatment
Treatment
Type
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

Temperature
(0C)
250
250
250
350
350
350
450
450
450

M (g)

abs

0.1
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.5

0.105
0.357
0.521
0.069
0.056
0.077
0.049
0.044
0.066

Co
(ppm)
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50

Ce (ppm)
1.2234
3.9835
5.7798
0.8921
0.6867
0.9167
0.6100
0.5553
0.7962

Co-Ce
(ppm)
48.7766
46.0165
44.2202
49.1709
49.3133
49.0840
49.3900
49.4447
49.2038

q (mg/g)

E (%)

12.1819
3.8347
2.2110
12.2804
4.1094
2.4542
12.3351
4.1203
2.4601

97.55
92.03
88.44
98.34
98.62
98.16
98.78
98.88
98.62

Information:
in the process of making activated carbon are factors
m
= mass of adsorbent
that can affect the absorption of activated carbon in
Co
= concentration of methylene blue before the adsorption of dyes—methylene blue.
adsorption process
An optimum amount of adsorbent at 350 and
Ce
= concentration of methylene blue before the 450 °C on the absorption of methylene blue dye with
adsorption process
an adsorbent amount of 0.3 g resulted in a higher
q
= adsorption capacity
adsorption efficiency than the amount of adsorbent
E
= percentage of adsorption efficiency
0.1 and 0.5 g, each of which was 98.62% and
98.88%. An adsorbent with chemical activation
The adsorption efficiency in treatment C treatment using H3PO4 has a higher adsorption
showed the lowest results because, in this treatment, efficiency than an adsorbent without an activator.
the adsorption process of methylene blue dye only Chemical activation using H3PO4 was carried out to
depended on the ability of carbon, without adding an increase the negative charge on the adsorbent's
activator with a calcination temperature of 250 °C. surface to increase the adsorbent's ability to adsorb
The addition of the H3PO4 activator and increased methylene blue, a cationic dye (positively charged).
calcination temperature in the activated carbon Based type of treatment, increasing the activation
production process showed a significant increase in temperature adsorbent to the kind of treatment at a
the adsorption efficiency results. It can be seen from temperature of 450 °C had a better adsorption
the percentage of adsorption efficiency for treatments efficiency than the adsorbent with the type of
D to I, which is in the range of 98%, so it can be seen treatment at a temperature of 350 °C. It shows that
that the addition of an H3PO4 activator and increasing the activation temperature can increase the
treatment of increasing the calcination temperature ability of the adsorbent to adsorb dye with the

61

Catherina Bijang et al.
assumption that there is an increase in the surface area Aryani, F., Mardiana, F., & Wartomo. (2019.
Aplikasi metode aktivitas fisika dan aktivitas
of the adsorbent so that the adsorption efficiency is
kimia pada pembuatan arang aktif dari
also better. These results are under the results
tempurung kelapa (cocos nucifera l). Indonesian
obtained in the study of carbon from jackfruit skin
Journal of Laboratory, 1(2), 16-20.
by (Prahas et al., 2008).
Carbon adsorption capacity is also affected by Azevedo, D. C. S., Araújo, J. C. S., Bastos-Neto, M.,
active groups on the carbon surface. The existence of
Torres, A. E. B., Jaguaribe, E. F., & Cavalcante,
each functional group has different adsorption
C. L. (2007). Microporous activated carbon
capabilities, thus enabling the adsorption process to
prepared from coconut shells using chemical
occur with several interaction mechanisms. Two
activation with zinc chloride. Microporous and
Mesoporous Materials, 100(1), 361–364.
possible interaction mechanisms can occur between
the active site on the surface of the adsorbent and the Darajat, S., Aziz, H., & Alif, A. (2008). Seng oksida
adsorbate, namely chemical adsorption (covalent
(ZnO) sebagai fotokatalis pada proses degradasi
bonds) and physical adsorption (van der Waals
senyawa biru metilen. Jurnal Riset Kimia, 1(2),
electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, and -π
interactions. The covalent bond is more vital than Darmawan, S., Syafii, W., Wistara, N. J., Maddu, A.,
& Pari, G. (2015). Kajian struktur arangphysical adsorption. The relatively weak physical
pirolisis, arang-hidro dan karbon aktif dari kayu
interaction will form a mayer layer determination of
acacia mangium willd menggunakan difraksi
the adsorption mechanism on activated carbon from
sinar-X. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 33(2),
cempedak fruit peel. Refers to research on activated
81–92.
carbon from jackfruit peel by Prahas et al. (2008) and
activated carbon from salak peel by Angela et al. Dini, E. W. P., & Wardhani, S. (2014). Degradasi
(2015), which shows activated carbon adsorption on
metilen biru menggunakan fotokatalis ZnOmethylene blue dye obtained occurs physically.
Zeolit. Chemistry Progress, 7(1), 29-33.
Eletta, O. A. A., Tijani, I. O., & Ighalo, J. O. (2020).
Conclusions
Adsorption of Pb(II) and phenol from
Cempedak fruit peel can be synthesized into
wastewater using silver nitrate modified activated
activated carbon through chemical activation using
carbon from groundnut (arachis hypogaea l.)
an 85% H3PO4 activator at 350 and 450 °C with a
shells. The West Indian Journal of Engineering,
yield of 41–43%. The determination of the water
43(1), 26-35.
content and ash content has met the Indonesian
National
Standard
(SNI
06-3730-1995). Jamilatun, S., Salamah, S., & Isparulita, I. D. (2015).
Karakteristik arang aktif dari tempurung kelapa
Characterization using XRD and FTIR showed that
dengan pengaktivasi H2SO4 variasi suhu dan
the synthetic activated carbon obtained was an
waktu. Chemica: Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 2(1), 13amorphous compound with hydroxyl, carbonyl, and
19.
carboxylic groups. The best-activated carbon
adsorption results were at a calcination temperature Juwita, A. I., Mustafa, A., & Tamrin, R. (2017).
of 450 °C with an adsorption efficiency percentage of
Studi pemanfaatan kulit kopi arabika (coffee
98.88% for methylene blue dye.
arabica l.) sebagai mikro organisme lokal (mol).
Agrointek, 11(1), 1-8.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank fellow Kumar, V., & Tyagi, P. K. (2018). Potential
application
of
multi-walled
carbon
researchers who helped and gave directions to
nanotubes/activated
carbon/bamboo
charcoal
complete the research using Cempedak (Artocarpus
for efficient alcohol sensing. Journal of Alloys and
champeden) leather waste as an adsorbent for
Compounds, 767(October), 215-222.
methylene blue dye
Kurniasari, L., Riwayati, I., & Suwardiyono. (2012).
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