DIRECTIVE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF JAMES CORDENAoS UTTERANCES AuTHE HOSTAy Wulan Angelia Sembiring1 Universitas Putera Batam (UPB).
Batam.
Indonesia pb161210105@upbatam.
Ambalegin.
Ambalegin2 Universitas Putera Batam (UPB).
Batam.
Indonesia Ambalegin@puterabatam.
ABSTRACT
This descriptive qualitative research explored one of speech acts The researchers took directive acts types as the object of this Utterances of directive acts that the host produced were used as the data source.
The directive acts types were analyzed by employing Searle and Vanderveken .
Aos theory regarding types of directive acts.
Observational method was adopted to analyze data and it also used nonparticipatory technique collection.
The data were analyzed through pragmatic identity method and competence in equalizing technique by Sudaryanto .
It discovered that there had 18 utterances of directive acts in James CordenAos utterances.
There were eight of command, six of request, prohibition and question had two data.
The type of permission was not uttered by the host and guests.
The dominant type was command because the host was the host, which means he owned higher degree compared to the guests.
Keywords: directive acts, utterances, the host
INTRODUCTION
Humans are never disconnected from communication in their daily lives.
It is because communication is essential for people's survival and humans are social When people communicate, people should include a partner or listener who can understand and respond to what is being talked.
It is critical when people want communication to flow easily.
While communicating, it is critical to understand how the speech acts .
employ the language we use to talk to others .
Arani and Tefl .
believed that students take different strategies and tools use to do the exploration that is in accordance with their speaking ability, age, and events that create the context of It describes that there is a word choices that a student uses when the student is communication to a teacher there was a word choice used by a student as a speaker to talk to a listener.
When people start to establish a discussion, people can show speech acts.
Speech act is indeed beneficial for speaker and interlocutor in communicating.
(Yule 65 | P a g e as cited in Schneider, 2.
argued that speech acts is action that a speaker shows Speaker something through what she or he says, which is known as an utterance.
The utterance can be used in communication in which there is a speaker and a listener.
This occurs because the primary purpose of the speaking act is the utterance or The meaning of speech acts is a kind of verbal communication and it is a branch of pragmatics.
This study was first discovered by Austin .
, who declared that locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts belong to speech acts Austin .
s cited in Suhardianto, 2.
added that illocutionary act refers to the act that is done by saying All aspects of illocutionary speech act are the phenomena of pragmatics.
Characters' statements in movies, talk shows, and other media reflect the The concentrated on directive acts.
Directives are components of speech acts used by speakers to persuade the listener to accomplish an action (Searle 1.
Furthermore, irective acts focuses on the act that wants someone to carry out an Question Command.
Request.
Permission and Prohibition are the directive acts types (Searle as cited in Della & Sembiring, 2.
The researchers found directive acts in social media specifically Channel News Asia broadcasted on 4th October 2017.
had Anggun C.
Sasmi as the guest of the The phenomenon of directive acts in the interview is as below.
The First host : AuAHow have you seen the music industry change throughout your career?Ay Anggun C.
Sasmi : AuWell, you know all the different platforms like You Tube, and I think now that, there are a lot more competitions as wellAAy Anggun is Indonesian, who has been a famous international artist.
In the interview, she became the guest and she was interviewed by two hosts of the The question that is written in bold has the term of AuaskingAy and it is a direct question.
The host .
asked Anggun as the listener directly and the question asked by the speaker was answered by the hearer.
Directive acts phenomena were also discovered on the Late Late Show Talk This CBS talk program is hosted by James Corden and the most well-known in the United States.
The Late Late Show premiered in America in 2014.
In the conversation below.
James Corden Adella had a talk.
James Corden : AuI mean, what I like is that you are coming to me for this adviceAy.
Adella : AuHa.
Ha.
Ha.
Yeah!!Ay.
James Corden : AuWould you mind if we listen to some music??Ay Adella : AuYeah, of course rightAy.
The utterance above was said by a speaker named James and Adella as the listener in JamesAo car.
They were singing and listening to music from the radio in the car.
The speaker's utterance involves a The intended meaning of the utterance appears after the speaker asked a question.
It has a type of directive acts called as request.
Request is said by a speaker who wants the listener to take or stop from accomplishing something (Searle & Vanderveken, 1.
In the utterance, the speaker requested the listener to accomplish something by saying the utterance above.
The speaker wanted the listener to some music and the listener responded the utterance by accepting to listener.
Some research have investigated directive acts.
Della and Sembiring .
explored the type of directive speech acts in the utterances.
It used the the theory of 66 | P a g e Searle .
to examine the data.
AuSleeping BeautyAy movie was taken as the data source of their research.
The result discovered that question command, permission, request, and prohibition appeared as the directive speech acts types in the movie.
Nisa .
examined the directive acts types and politeness strategies.
took on one of the shows on TV One entitled Satu Jam Lebih Dekat talk show as the data source.
The researcher used the theory by SearleAos directive acts and Brown and LevinsonAos politeness strategy.
The findings found out that to want, to hope, to obligate, to request, to warn, to invite were used by the speakers.
For the politeness strategies, the speakers showed positive and negative politeness, off record, and bald on record.
The politeness of directive acts assisted to make the talk show became effective.
was influenced by several factors such as directive acts types and politeness Previous and present research used the same theory from Searle and Vanderveken .
The theory was employed to analyze directive acts types in the data source.
In reference to the previous research, this present research and the previous research have the difference in data source.
This research used the AuThe late Late Show with James CordenAy talk show as the data source and concerned on the directive acts types.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1 Directive Acts Directive utterance refers to an utterance that is said to have someone to do something.
Searle and Vanderveken .
believed that directive acts is known as a classification of illocutionary acts that an interlocutor should do.
Command, ask, order, request, beg, plead, pray, entreat, invite, permit, and advise belong to verbs that relate to directive (Searle,1979 p.
In brief.
Searle .
s cited in Della & Sembiring, 2.
claimed that there are five directive acts types, namely request, permission, prohibition, command, and question.
1 Types of Directive Acts Commanding This type refers to the utterance made by a speaker to ask an interlocutor to do something in accordance with the speakerAos desire.
In this category, the speaker usually has authority over the hearer, thus the hearer must obey the speaker's command.
Kreidler .
3 p.
agreed that command can be effective in the situation that has a speaker whose degree is higher to control over the The example is as follows.
AuWill! Will! Stop! Stop!Ay (Lailiyah, 2.
Requesting Searle and Vanderveken .
5 p.
claimed that request is a directive acts that is possible for rejections of refusal.
Furthermore.
Yule .
agreed that request is about what a speaker wants the hearer to stop doing or do.
Type of request does not imply that the speaker has power over the person to whom it is One of the example is from Lailiyah .
Au I would like this one, pleaseAy.
Permission Permission appears to be grammatical interrogatives used to request permission to do a certain action.
Permission is performed when a speaker grants permission to a listener.
The utterance that shows permission is as follows.
AuI ask for your permission to go to the battle taking up arms again you, motherAy (Mualimin, 2.
67 | P a g e d.
Prohibition When a speaker prohibits or forbids, it refers to propositional negation of Searle and Vanderveken .
agreed that a speaker uses this type if the speaker forbids or does not let the listener to do a certain action.
It was also agreed by Bach and Harnish .
as the experts said forbidding are beneficial requirement that says the interlocutor is not allowed to do a certain One of the utterances is AuNo Entry!Ay No, smoking You donAot have to come with meAy (Lailiyah, 2.
Question Question is applied when a speaker asks question to a listener.
It mentions that whenever a speaker intends to get an answer of a question, this type is Answer that a listener says is in line with the question asked by a speaker.
One of the utterances of question is as AuDo you know the way to the Palace Hotel?Ay (Searle & Vanderveken, 1985, p.
Another example is from a research examined by Sembiring and Ambalegin .
AuWhat are you waiting for? Go on!Ay RESEARCH METHOD The researchers of this present research employed the descriptive qualitative method.
The qualitative method that the researchers used is in accordance with the phenomena that this research concerned on.
According to Creswell .
, qualitative research is adopted to explore focus groups, observation, document, and interview.
The reason this research used the descriptive because the analysis was done by using words.
Observational method and non-participatory technique by Sudaryanto .
were used to collect The researchers did the data collection by converting the utterances into script, taking utterances that have directive acts phenomena.
In the last, the researchers highlighted utterances that involved the phenomena.
Pragmatic identity method and pragmatic competence- in equalizing by Sudaryanto .
were adopted to analyze data.
The researcher examined the data by equalizing and classifying the data by using the theory.
In analyzing data, the researchers revealed the context of highlighted utterances.
Then, the context was matched to discover the meaning related to the theory that the researchers used.
In the final, the highlighted utterances were analyzed to explore the directive acts type in the data
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1 Result There were 18 utterances of directive acts found in AuThe Late Late Show with James CordenAy.
From 19 utterances, it consists of four types that were command, request, order, and question.
The type of permission was not found in the talk Below is the table that shows the total data of each type.
Table.
1 Directive Acts in AuLate Late Show with James CordenAy Talk Show No Type Frequency Command 8 Request Prohibition 2 Question Total data 18 2 Discussion Data 1 James : Au.
Just have a drive around!! AuHallo?? From the outside.
All right see you in the minuteAy Adella : AuHelloo??Ay James : AuOh yeah.
Thank you for thisAy I appreciated!!! AuItAos going to be funAy .
:01- 0:.
68 | P a g e The speaker named James used the utterance to ask Adella to do an action by commanding her.
Because Adella had not arrived yet.
James was waiting for her in his car.
James called Adella to see where she was waiting for him.
Adela appeared as a guest on the show.
James and Adella were having a phone discussion.
James instructed her to turn around her car.
Then, the listener responded the Therefore, the speaker had degree to control the hearer of the utterance.
Data 2 James : AuItAos more manageableAy Adella : AuYeah!!!Ay James : AuI mean, what I like is that you are coming to me for this adviceAy.
AuDo you mind if we listen to music??Ay Adella : AuOf course, right!!!Ay .
:36-1:.
The speaker produced the utterance to request the listener to listen to music.
The speaker asked the listener to listen to the music.
In terms of request, the speaker's utterance shows directive acts.
The speaker's statement is classified as directive since the speaker's purpose to the listener is to persuade the listener to do an action.
The listener reacted to the speaker's request in the context by saying "of course," and the listener showed the The listener agreed to the speaker's wishes and both of them sang Data 3 James : AuSo you are going to stand behind this glassA!Ay Jenny:
AuOh my Goodness!!!Ay.
*00:00 .
James : AuAt you, your job is to try not to flinch!!!Ay .
:30-0:.
Lisa : AuI think JennyAy.
The speaker used the utterance above to command the listener.
He wanted to the listener to not flinch their eyes during the games.
In the utterance, the speaker instructed the speaker to not blink their eyes because it was her job.
At that time, the hearer answered to the speakerAos command by doing the action.
The speaker desired that the members act out the roles of the game that was being The speaker also had degree over the listenerAos action.
Thus, the speaker categorized directive acts in term of Data 4 James Corden : AuI think it is only fitting that you and Jisso go first!!Ay Jenny : AuOh my GodAy.
James Corden : AuIf you go, take your place first behind the glassAy.
AuGo take your place!!Ay .
:45-0:.
In the speaker's utterance, the phenomenon of directive acts in terms of command appears.
The speaker expressed to the listener his desire to do something.
The speaker instructed the listener to take a seat behind the glass.
In the context, the hearer responded to the speaker's command by demonstrating the action with go stand behind the glass.
In terms of command, the speaker's utterance is classified as are classified as directive acts.
Data 5 James Corden : AuOkey.
Auyou stand over here, all right!!Ay How you feeling girls, goods?Ay Jenny : AuYesAy!!!Ay we feeling goodAy.
Jisso : AuI am goodAy.
James Corden : AuSo.
Okay.
A lemon and an apple are inAAy Jisso and Jenny : AuYeah we got itAy .
:14-1:.
The speaker used the utterance to command the listener because the speaker wanted her to stand behind the Through the utterance, it clearly shows that the speaker performed 69 | P a g e command.
The speaker conveyed his desire for listener to do a particular The speaker command the listener to do something by his utterance and the listener responded by standing behind the Based on the context, the speaker had degree to control over the listener to take the action because he was the host of the talk show.
Data 6 James : Really? Does that make you feel more confident jenny? Jenny : No.
Ay AuOh my God!!Ay James : AuLetAos have a look at a replay!!Ay Jenny: AuThat was, that not niceAy.
:422:.
The speaker directed the audience to gaze behind the scenes at Jenny and Jiso.
The highlighted statements of the speaker undoubtedly contain the directive phenomenon that is command.
The speaker expressed his wish for the listener to take action.
By his utterance, the speaker commanded the listeners to do And the listener responded by looking at Jenny and Jiso on the screen.
Since the speaker was the host of the program, he had authority over the listener's action.
Data 7 James : AuWow.
That was a bigAy.
Jenny : AuI mean, we are having a fun conversationAy.
James : AuANext up lissa and Rose.
Augo take your place behind the glass!Ay .
:042:.
The next two players are Lissa and Rose.
In the utterance, the speaker wanted them to take be in the places behind the glass.
By his utterance, the speaker commanded the listener to do The context demonstrates that they responded to the speaker's request by doing action.
Because the speaker had authority to command the listener as the program's host, it indicates that a phenomenon directive acts in terms of command presents in the utterance.
Data 8 Jenny and Rose : AuNo at all.
Ay James : AuReally??? Rose : AuLike L.
A is sunshine and happiness.
(Laughin.
No, fruit smashing in our Ay James : AuWill you be thinking of this.
Ay Rose : AuOh.
I hope.
James : AuLet see a replay!!Ay Oh that was a huge flinchAy .
:30-3:.
The speaker delivered orders to the audience as a hearer, as well as the black pink member who had been watching them from the beginning.
Lisa and Rose did not win this game.
The reason is that they blinked as well.
By his utterance, the speaker wanted the listener to take an The context shows that they responded to the speaker's request by doing action.
As the speaker has the authority to influence the listener, it has a phenomenon directive acts in terms of Data 9 Jenny : AuHave you ever tried this?Ay.
James : AuHave I tried itAy.
AuI may have been behind the glassAy.
Jenny : AuDo you want too?Ay.
James : AuDo I flinch? So, letAos find out girlsAy.
AuYou take the pick of the fruit, just take them hold backAy .
:064:.
The speaker commanded the listener to take the fruit and place it in a box that is near them.
The listener put a lot of fruits in the box because she was still The speaker ordered the listener to accomplish action.
The speaker commanded them for just put the fruits into a box near them.
It is seen by the context that they responded to what the 70 | P a g e speakerAos desire by doing an action.
The speaker had the degree to command the listener because the speaker was the host.
Thus, the directive acts of command appears in the utterance.
Data 10 Jiso : AuMore more more ??Ay.
James : AuNow, make sure it is punished all the way down.
Just push it all the way down to the buttom!! Okay!Ay Jiso : AuYeah, of course.
I can do itAy.
:314:.
The speaker directed the black pink member to ensure that all of the fruits had been put to the box.
By his utterance, the speaker influenced the listener to do an He instructed the listener to ensure that all of the fruits were placed in the box.
It is seen by the context that the hearer did as commanded by doing the In the utterance, the speaker had the degree to command the listener considering the speaker is as host.
short, it shows the phenomenon of Data 11 James : AuDo you mind if we listen to some music?Ay.
:01-0:.
Selena : AuOh okayAAy James : AuLetAos see who we have got hereAy In the utterance, the speaker asked the listener to do an action.
It specifically shows the directive acts of request.
The speaker used the utterance to request the listener to do as requested.
Based on the context, the speaker wanted the listener to listen to music when the speaker and the listener talked.
The speaker uttered the utterance with the aim of making the speaker to do an action.
Then, the speaker reacted to the request by answering the In short, the utterance shows request because the speaker said the utterance to make the listener to do an action for him.
Data 12 James : AuHello? AuCan we get a number?Ay What do you want?Ay Selena : AuNumber sevenAy.
James : AuNumber seven with like a medium fries and a medium cokeAAy Mcd : AuOkay.
IAoll make it firstAy.
James : AuThank you so muchAy .
:35- 5:.
The speaker wanted the listener to give them number seven.
The speakerAos utterance has the directive acts of In the utterance, the speaker did the phenomenon of directive acts seeing that the speaker had the desire to make the listener to do as ordered.
The listener answered the request by accepting and showing an action.
In other words, the listener accepted the speakerAos desired and the listener made their order.
Data 13 James : AuIAom very, very well.
IAom in the car with selena gomez Mcd : Au.
oh my god.
Oh my god, is that really selena gomez ?? James : Auyes of course, thank you so Is that a normal reaction?Ay Selena : Auyeah, of course.
I think so.
:57-06:.
The speaker requested the audience to assist him in getting to work.
The phenomenon of directive acts that is question was used by the speaker.
The speaker asked the audience to do an action that was considered would provide a reaction to the speaker.
It was seen by the hearer's response "of course," and the listener replied to the speaker's desire by saying the answer in context.
As a result, the speaker's utterances are classified as sorts of directive "question.
Data 14 James : AuThank you so much for helping me gets to work todayAAy Petter : I got you man.
71 | P a g e James : AuDo you mind if we listen to some of music? LetAos see what we have gotAy Petter : AuSinging James!! Singing James!!Ay .
:01-0:.
The speaker said the utterance with the aim of persuading the listener.
The speaker wanted the listener to listen to some music.
In making the listener to do the action, the speaker said by requesting the listener to listen to the music.
Based on the context, it shows that the speaker showed the phenomenon of request.
The reason is that the speaker intended to have the listener to do as desired by the The listener responded the desire by showing an action to show that the listener accepted to listen to some music and he wanted to have the speaker to sing as well.
Data 15 James : Listen, can you help me to get to work? Sia : of course .
I would love IAo am really good at directions.
:0000:.
The speaker requested the audience to assist him in getting to work.
The phenomenon of directive acts that is question appears in the speaker's The speaker asked the audience to do an action that was considered could provide a reaction to the It was seen by the listenerAos response and the hearer replied to the speaker's desire by displaying the answer in context.
Therefore, the utterance that was uttered by the speaker shows the phenomenon of question.
Data 16 James : all right.
I am right in the car.
No.
it is not the direction.
No .
no, turn around!!.
Wait there! I will come and get you in.
Oh my God.
Sia : Auokay okayAy James : AuAre you okay? Hang on! Sia : AuYeah great.
Ay The speaker order Sia to turn her body around.
Seeing that the listener closed her eyes by covering it with her hair, she was unable to see the road The speaker order the listener to carry out an action.
The speaker instructed the listener to ensure the listener to follow the speakerAos intention.
The listener then waited until the speaker approached her.
For this reason, it is clear that command was used because the speaker commanded the listener.
Data 17 James : AuThanks for thisAy.
Sia : Aulisten anytimeAy James: AuSuch a really I saw youAy Sia : Auyaya .
I got you coveredAy.
James : AuDo you mind if we listen to some music??Ay Sia : AuSounds great James!Ay.
:09-01:.
The speaker asked the listener to listen to the music.
In the utterance, it shows that the speaker used request.
The speaker's utterance is classified as directive since the speaker aimed at persuading the listener.
The hearer reacted to the speaker's request in the context by saying and the hearer demonstrated the action.
The listener agreed to the speaker's wishes and they began singing together.
Data 18 James : AuThe traffic today was Ay Lady gaga : AuYeah.
I know.
Ay James : AuDo you mind if we listen to some music?Ay Lady Gaga : AuNowAy.
LetAos join!Ay James : Auwill that be okay? Shall we see?Ay Lady Gaga : AuyeahAy .
:32- 0:.
72 | P a g e The speaker wanted the listener to listen to music and it makes the utterance shows the type of request.
In the utterance, the speaker had the intention to get the listener to listen.
Then, the listener answered by saying AunowAy, which means she wanted to do as requested.
The utterance that the speaker was used to make the listener to listener music and the speaker wanted them to sing
CONCLUSION
This research explored directive acts in AuThe Late Late ShowAy talk show.
The researchers found that the directive acts as one in which the speaker desired the listeners to carry out the actions through their utterances.
As a result.
James .
he speake.
mostly employed command It was influenced by his occupation as the host of the program.
James also had the degree to control over the guests in the talk show.
It was found that four types of directive were found in James Corden's utterances on AuThe Late Late ShowAy.
These were command, question, request, and prohibition.
There had no types of permission was not found because the speaker did not have any intentions to ask for permission.
REFERENCES