Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
11(4): 578-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.11.4.578-586
E-ISSN: 2460-5824
http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jpsl

Water quality in areas around Galuga Landfill, Bogor Regency, West Java
Yayat Hidayata, Wahyu Purwakusumaa, Sri Malahayati Yusufa, Latief Mahir Rachmana, Enni Dwi Wahjuniea, Dwi
Putro Tejo Baskoroa, Aditia Sapto Utomob, Elianahb
a Lecturer of the Department of Soil Science and Land Resources,

Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Dramaga, Bogor, 16680,
Indonesia [+62 251-629360]
b Alumni of the Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Dramaga, Bogor, 16680,
Indonesia [+62 251-629360]

Article Info:
Received: 27 - 10 - 2021
Accepted: 14 - 12 - 2021
Keywords:
Galuga landfills, leachate, water
quality
Corresponding Author:
Yayat Hidayat
Department of Soil Science and
Land Resources, Faculty of
Agriculture, IPB University;
Tel. +62-251-629360,
Email: yahida@apps.ipb.ac.id

Abstract. The research is aimed to analyze leachate, surface water, and
groundwater characteristics around Galuga landfill site, Bogor District.
Water samples were taken in the dry season of 2014 and the end of the rainy
season of 2015 from several sites in areas around Galuga landfills, including
leachate water, surface water, and groundwater. Leachate, surface water, and
groundwater had temperature and pH in normal ranges; whereas nitrate and
Pb contents were high to very high levels, especially in site adjacent to waste
piles. The concentrations decreased in line with increasing distance from
waste piles. Higher content of nitrate in leachate occurred in dry season, but
in well water, it was found in the rainy season. Meanwhile, Pb content in well
water were high, both in dry and rainy seasons. Concentrations of nitrate and
Pb were higher in leachate water than wastewater quality standard, so that
the leachate water was unsafe to be discharged directly to natural waters. The
high content of nitrate and Pb caused the well water unsuitable to be
consumed without prior water treatment processing.

How to cite (CSE Style 8th Edition):
Hidayat Y, Purwakusuma W, Yusuf SM, Rachman LM, Wahjunie ED, Baskoro DPJ, Utomo AS, Elianah. 2021. Water quality in areas
around Galuga Landfill, Bogor Regency, West Java. JPSL 11(4): 578-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.11.4.578-586.

INTRODUCTION
A landfill is a garbage collection site that accommodates waste from various places, which is then
managed so as not to cause pollution in the surrounding areas. The wastes collected in the landfill usually
consist of organic wastes (originated from domestic wastes such as food and drink wastes, vegetables, crop
wastes, and animal wastes) and inorganic wastes originated from industry and household activities like
plastic/glass bottles, fabric waste, household appliance waste, and battery. Naturally, organic waste is quite
easy to be decomposed, whereas inorganic waste, especially plastic waste, is very difficult to decompose
naturally and needs a long period of time. Besides causing an unpleasant odor (Raghab et al., 2013;
Kamaruddin et al., 2015), the pile of garbage in landfill areas has the potential to become site for germ
development, reduce the aesthetic value (creating bad view), and become a pollutant source for the surrounding
areas particularly for water resources (Aziz et al., 2015; Kiayee, 2013).
The main pollutants in landfill area which are originated from the decomposition of organic matter are
methane gas, organic acids (humic and fulvic), metal compounds, and other compounds dissolved and
suspended particles in leachates, depending on weather leachate flow increase in rainy season and decrease in
dry season (Naveen et al., 2014). Methane gas that evaporates into the air could affect the composition of
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Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 11(4): 578-586
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Water leachate that percolates into the soil could affect the groundwater
quality, while water leachate which is carried by surface flow, would affect the quality of surface water, both
in the river and lakes. The risk of groundwater pollution is probably the most severe environmental impact
because several landfills were built without the engineered liner and leachate collection systems (Kjeldsen et
al., 2002). Leachate in soil surface could create pollution in the surrounding areas, both above and below
ground. Surface water which is polluted by leachate with high content of organic substances can undergo a
reduction of availability of dissolved oxygen in the water, which will further affect the number, types, and
diversity of water biota.
Besides containing organic acids and other phenolic compounds, leachate also contains metal and heavy
metal elements originating from organic and inorganic waste that accumulates in landfill. The amount of
leachate produced from the landfill depends on rainfall that infiltrates into the waste piles, surface slope, and
application of ground cover/land cover crops.
Galuga landfill, located in Galuga village, Cibungbulang Sub District, Bogor Regency, was operated since
1986 as a site to collect garbage waste from Bogor City and Bogor Regency. Galuga landfill is equipped with
several supporting facilities such as heavy equipments for compacting the waste, wastewater treatment
installation, and compost factory. The wastewater treatment facilities have not functioned properly since 2011,
and therefore the leachate water is flowed to the nearest swamp and then being flowed to the Cimanggir sewer,
which afterward flows toward the Cianten River. The leachate originated from galuga landfill mixed with
swamp water and potentially causes pollution in the surrounding areas, comprising surface water, soil body,
and groundwater. One of the biggest problems in landfills is leachate discharge (Raghab et al., 2013). This
research aimed to analyze the quality of leachate water, surface water, and well water in areas around Galuga
Landfill to describe environmental quality around Galuga Landfill areas, Bogor Regency.
METHOD
Research Location and Time
Field research was conducted in Galuga Landfill, Galuga village, Cibungbulang Sub District, Bogor
Regency from July-August 2014 (dry season) and March-May 2015 (the end of rainy season). Water quality
analysis was done in the Laboratory of Soil Science and Land Resource Department and PROLINK
Laboratory, IPB.
Data Collecting Method
Water samples were taken from several sites near the Galuga Landfill, where the leachate began to flow
until it mixes with water in Cianten river (Figure 1). In the dry season, water samples were collected at 6 sites
which comprised 4 samples from sewerage and 2 other samples from people's well water. At the end of rainy
season 4 water samples were collected from the ditch where the leachate flowed; two other samples were taken
from rice field, and one sample from well water. Sampling of water was done during sunny days, assuming
that the leachate concentration was at high level, with three replications. In the end of rainy season, soil samples
were also collected from the water sample site using, Belgian soil auger at 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm
depths. Coordinate points of the sample in Figure 1 are presented in Table 1.
Equipments being used in this research were Hg thermometers, 1.5 litter, and 300 ml polyethylene plastic
bottles, cooler box, soil auger, GPS (Global Positioning System), pH-meter, AAS (Atomic Absorbtion
Spectrophotometer), spectrophotometer, vacuum pump, 0.45 µm millipore paper, measuring cups, cup glass,
kjeldahl tubes, incubation bottles, pippetes, and other tools used in laboratory analysis.

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Hidayat et al.
Data Analysis Method
The data resulting from the laboratory were analyzed using quantitative approaches. Descriptive analysis
was done to describe the collected data through their values. Afterward, the data were compared from one
sample site to those of other locations and compared with the government standard, namely Government
regulation No 82-year 2001 (KLHK, 2001), Health Ministry regulation No 492-year 2010 (Permenkes, 2010),
and standard of US Environmental Protection Agency 2005 (USEPA, 2005).

Figure 1 Water and soil sample locations

Location
I-SL1
I-SL2
I-SL3
I-SL4
I-SM1
I-SM2
II-SL1
II-SL2
II-SL3
II-SL4
II-SW1
II-SW2
II-SM1
580

Table 1 Sampling location coordinates
Geographic Coordinate
Field Condition
Leachate water drainage before wastewater treatment
106°38'39.2" E 06°33'48.6" S
facilities
Leachate water drainage after wastewater treatment
106°38'45.0" E 06°33'40.0" S
facilities
106°38'42.1" E 06°33'25.4" S
Leachate water drainage around the settlement area
Meeting point of leachate drainage and Cimanggir
106°38'50.5" E 06°33'15.3" S
drainage
106°38'40.8" E 06°33'26.3" S
People's well
106°38'42.0" E 06°33'23.3" S
People's well
0
0
106 38' 50.0"E 06 33' 55.5"S
Leachate reservoir swamp (hyacinth)
0
0
106 38' 46.3"E 06 33' 51.1"S
100 m leachate water drainage after reservoir
0
0
106 38' 40.1"E 06 33' 49.1"S
Leachate water drainage before reservoir
Leachate water drainage near the wastewater treatment
106038' 39.5"E 06033' 45.7" S
facilities
0
0
106 38' 44.7"E 06 33' 46.6" S
Irrigation water of rice field
0
0
106 38' 48.7"E 06 33' 47.0"S
Irrigation water of rice feld
106038' 53.8"E 06033' 48.8"S
People’s well

Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 11(4): 578-586
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Galuga landfill, located in Galuga village, Cibungbulang Sub District, Bogor Regency has been operating
since 1986 as a site to collect garbage waste from Bogor City and Bogor Regency. In the beginning of the
operation, Galuga Landfill covers an area of 17.0 ha, but currently the total area of Galuga landfill reaches
about 27.8 ha which consist of garbage disposal area, garbage piles area, composting area, road facilities and
drainage channels, sewerage and wastewater treatment plant, office building and supervisory posts, and health
service post. Galuga landfill is found in relatively undulating area and directly adjacent to agricultural and
settlement areas with high rainfall intensity (2 500-3 000 mm/year).
Galuga Landfill accommodates various types of waste which are then stacked on soil surface. The landfill
was categorized as open dumping system so that it had potential to cause environmental pollution such as air
pollution (dust, smell, and greenhouse gases), and water and soil pollution, due to leachate produced from
waste piles. The leachate could spread on the soil surface so that it could contaminate surface water and
groundwater (including well water around the landfill areas). The composition of pollutant in the leachate was
strongly influenced by the waste characteristics (organic-inorganic), ages of waste piles, ease of decomposition
(soluble-insoluble), waste pile characteristics (temperature, pH, humidity), water source characteristics (water
quantity and quality as influenced by climate and hydrogeology), ground cover composition, nutrient
availability, microbes, and the presence of inhibitor. The resulting chemical composition of the leachate and
the concentration of pollutant materials varied for each landfill site (Naveen et al., 2014).
Temperature
Water temperature is strongly influenced by environmental factors, especially the amount of solar
radiation received by the water body. The high temperature of the water causes an increase in a chemical
reaction in water (such as increase in photosynthesis rate) and declining amount of dissolved oxygen. There
was no clear difference in pattern of temperatures between leachate water, surface water, and well water.
Leachate water had temperatures between 27-31˚C (dry season) and 26-31˚C (the end of rainy season), those
of rice field water ranged between 29-33˚C, and well water between 27-28˚C (dry season) and 26-31˚C (the
end of rainy season). The difference more influenced the difference in water temperature in the amount of solar
radiation received by the water bodies due to water sampling time, which was done between 8-11 AM. Air
temperature around the well water site was relatively lower than air temperature in other locations, causing
lower temperature of the well water.
Degree of Acidity (pH)
Value of pH is acidity degree used to express the level of acidity or alkalinity of solution. A low pH value
indicates the dominant hydrogen ions (H+) content, and a higher pH value shows more content of hydroxyl
ions (OH-). The pH value is an important parameter of water quality because of its effect on biological and
chemical processes in water.
The pH of leachate water was classified as quite alkaline. Leaching process by lower amount of rainwater
in the dry season caused leachate water to have a high enough organic acid content, so the pH of leachate water
was lower (pH 7.48-8.40) than pH of leachate water in the end of rainy season (pH 7.98-8.67) (Table 2). Well
water was classified as ranging between slightly acid-neutral (6.06-6.97), while rice field water was
categorized as ranging between neutral-quite alkaline (7.03-8.21). The pH value is still in the normal range,
both for leachate water (Direktorat Penyelidikan Masalah Air, 1981), rice field water and well water (KLHK
No 82-year 2001). Similar results were obtained from Priambodo research (2005) in Galuga landfill that
showed leachate water pH of 6.44-7.58. These values show the leachate water flow from intermediate waste
piles (Bhalla et al., 2012; Zainol et al., 2012). Zakaria and Aziz (2018) show that the pH value of leachate
from landfill Southeast Asia countries were 8.13 (Malaysia), 7.42-7.45 (Indonesia), and 8.00 (Thailand).
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Hidayat et al.
Nitrate
Nitrate is the main form of nitrogen in water and the main nutrient for plants and algae, resulting from the
complete oxidation process of nitrogen compound in water. The high content of nitrate in aquatic environment
can cause eutrophication. Nitrate is the main contaminant from landfill that leach to soil and ground water.
USEPA (2002) decided that the highest nitrate contaminant in clean water facilities should be no more than 10
mg/liter.
Table 2 pH of leachate water (SL), well water (SM), and rice field water (SW) around Galuga Landfill site
Water pH
Location
1
2
3
Average
Dry Season
I-SL1
7.93
7.69
8.04
7.89
I-SL2
7.72
7.98
7.91
7.87
I-SL3
7.59
7.87
7.95
7.80
I-SL4
7.48
7.70
7.82
7.67
I-SM1
6.08
6.44
6.33
6.28
I-SM2
6.06
6.16
6.21
6.14
End of rainy season
II-SL1
8.08
8.40
8.27
8.25
II-SL2
8.15
8.42
8.29
8.29
II-SL3
8.37
8.67
8.51
8.52
II-SL4
8.17
8.20
7.98
8.12
II-SW1
7.03
8.05
8.21
7.76
II-SW2
7.21
7.81
7.97
7.66
II-SM1
6.63
6.88
6.97
6.83
Nitrate contents were higher in dry season than those at the rainy season's end (Table 3). Besides being
affected by the age of the waste pile, the nitrate contents of leachate water were also influenced by the amount
of rainwater that seeps into waste piles that wash the compound and dissolve organic acid into leachate water
flowing the river stream. The highest nitrate level was obtained from water samples closest to the waste piles
(I-SL1 and II-SL3), and the concentration was getting lower the farther the distance from the waste piles (ISL4). Referring to the wastewater quality standard, nitrate content in leachate water at Galuga landfill exceeded
the threshold value and were classified as very bad levels (>50 mg/L). The high nitrate contents (600-1 750
mg/L) were also found in leachate research in Bantar Gebang Landfill, Bekasi, Jawa Barat, done by
Widyatmoko and Moerdjoko (2002 in Priambodo, 2005).
The position of rice field which was located at lower elevation than that of landfill site, and the absence
of good irrigation/drainage channels, caused surface runoff from Galuga landfill to spread in the rice field
(during rainy day) so that the nitrate contents were high (38.4-81.8 mg/L) and it is classified as class IV water
(KLHK, 2001). The high nitrate content in rice field water was also derived from nitrogen fertilizer being
given to increase the rice crop growth.
Nitrate level in well water varied considerably, ranging between those of dry season (9.3-18.6 mg/L) and
those at the end of rainy season (37.9-47.2 mg/L). The high seepage water of leachate from landfill and rice
field areas into well water (well water adjacent to the rice field) at the end of rainy season causes the nitrate
content of well water to be close to the allowed nitrate threshold value for drinking water of 50 mg/L
(Permenkes, 2010). Based on nitrate content, the well water was classified into class IV (KLHK, 2001), which
means that this water can only be used for watering crops or other uses that are in conformity with this water
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quality. Consuming water that has high nitrate content can cause blood circulatory system disorders in infant
and disruption of human digestive system (Muller, 1991 in Ompusunggu, 2009).
Nitrate level in water has correlation with N-total and C-organic in the soil. Soil at location II-SL3 with
high water nitrate content (104.5 mg/L) had high N-total and C-organic content (Table 4). This shows that
Galuga landfill also affects the characteristics of soils, both in landfill area and in soils around the landfill site,
as well as the water bodies.
Table 3 Nitrate content in leachate water (SL), well water (SM), and rice field water (SW) around Galuga
Landfill site
Nitrate Content (mg/L)
Location
1
2
3
Average
Dry Season
I-SL1
1039.5a)
1200.4a)
897.2a)
1045.7a)
I-SL2
832.2a)
711.6a)
727.0a)
756.9a)
a)
a)
a)
I-SL3
594.0
686.8
776.5
685.8a)
I-SL4
213.5a)
241.3a)
253.7a)
236.2a)
I-SM1
9.3
15.5
12.4a)
I-SM2
18.6
12.4
18.6
16.5a)
End of Rainy Season
a)
II-SL1
68.3
76.0a)
93.1a)
79.1a)
a)
a)
a)
II-SL2
57.2
64.2
43.2
54.9a)
II-SL3
79.5a)
91.6a)
142.4a)
104.5a)
II-SL4
47.9a)
61.3a)
71.1a)
60.1a)
b)
b)
b)
II-SW1
61.7
59.9
95.7
72.4b)
II-SW2
51.0b)
81.8b)
59.4b)
64.1b)
II-SM1
47.2
37.9
38.4
41.2
Notes: a) Does not meet the wastewater quality standard, with reference to DPMA (1981); b) Does not meet
the water quality standard, with reference to KLHK (2001)

Location
II-SL1
II-SL2
II-SL3
II-SL4
II-SW1
II-SW2
II-SM1

Table 4 Nitrate content in water, N-total and C-organic in the soil
Nitrate in Water
N-total Soil (%)
C-organic Soil (%)
(mg/L)
0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 40-60 cm
79.1
0.33
0.26
0.14
3.06
1.94
0.58
54.9
0.20
0.13
0.09
2.53
1.20
0.83
104.5
0.28
0.28
0.23
3.41
2.80
2.21
60.1
0.15
0.13
0.12
2.09
2.09
1.23
72.4
0.22
0.14
0.08
1.70
0.89
0.27
64.1
0.16
0.13
0.11
2.23
1.32
0.68
41.2
0.13
0.08
0.07
1.94
0.86
0.82

Phosphate
The phosphate content in leachate water was derived from the decomposition process of organic waste
(that have been processed aerobically by a microorganism) from domestic disposal and industrial waste that
use phosphate-based detergent, namely textile industry, commercial washing services, staining, cosmetic
industry, metal industry, and so on. The function of phosphate in detergent is to act as a filler to prevent resticking (re-attachment) of impurities to the material being washed. The use of this detergent will eventually
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Hidayat et al.
accelerate the increase in phosphate concentration in water bodies, triggering algal growth (Paytan and
McLaughlin, 2007 in Kusumawardani and Saefumillah, 2013). The abundant algae can form a layer on the
water surface that will inhibit the penetration of oxygen and sunlight so that it is less favorable for aquatic
ecosystem.
Phosphate content in leachate water had exceeded the threshold value of water quality standard (Table 5)
and was categorized into class IV (KLHK, 2001). Phosphate concentration decreased with the increasing
distance from the landfill site and the increasing amount of surface water entering into the sewerage/drainage
channel. In SL1, phosphate concentration was 4.45 mg/L, and it decreased in SL2 (4.13 mg/L), in SL3 (4.19
mg/L), and in SL4 (1.96 mg/L). Phosphate content in SL3 (4.19 mg/L) was slightly higher than phosphate
level in SL2 (4.13 mg/L) because of people activity (bathing, washing, toilet use) that produced detergent
waste. The significant decrease in phosphate content in SL4 was caused by phosphate dilution as a result of
increasing surface runoff from Cimanggir sewer that merges with the sewer/drainage channel to the Cianten
River. Phosphate content in well water (SM1 and SM2) was significantly lower than phosphate level in
leachate water and was categorized as class I (raw water for drinking water or other uses that meet the water
quality standard). The high phosphate content in leachate water of 88.37 mg/L and 45.35 mg/L was also
reported by Arbain et al. (2008), who measured the phosphate content in leachate water Suwung Landfill,
Pedungan village, Denpasar city, Bali Province. Aziz et al. (2015), in their research in Malaysia, show the
phosphate level in leachate from several landfills were 8-140.8 mg/L (Kulim Landfill), 10-56.6 mg/L (Pulau
Burung Landfill), and 24.4-61.8 mg/L (Kuala Sepetang Landfill).

Location
I-SL1
I-SL2
I-SL3
I-SL4
I-SM1
I-SM2

Table 5 Phosphate content (as P) of leachate water and well water (SM)
P Content (mg/L) in water, day1
2
3
Average
4.31
4.46
4.57
4.45
3.96
4.08
4.36
4.13
3.99
4.27
4.31
4.19
2.16
2.16
1.57
1.96
0.15
0.19
0.16
0.17
0.13
0.10
0.13
0.12

Lead (Pb)
Lead is one of the heavy metals that is usually found in landfill wastes that are derived from the battery,
printing materials, and food wastes. Generally, heavy metal concentration in leachate water of landfill is
relatively low (Christensen and Kjeldsen, 2001) but higher concentration is usually found in the beginning
period of waste pile accumulation, due to metal solubility, which is high at low pH as a result organic acid
production (Kulikowska and Klimiuk, 2008). As a result of increase in pH at the end period of waste piles,
metal solubility decrease linearly and causes significant decrease in heavy metal, except Pb (Pb forms a
complex compund with humic acid) (Harmsen, 1983). Pb content in leachate water of landfill site ranged
between 0.09-1.02 mg/L (Rowe, 1995).
The Pb content in leachate water of Galuga landfill in the dry season (0.012-0.199 mg/L) was not far
different from the Pb level in the end of rainy season (<0.005-0.180 mg/L) and were classified into wastewater
class I (good) and class II (medium) (Table 6). High levels of Pb in leachate water of 0.3 mg/L was shown by
Naveen et al. (2014) in their research at Mavallipura Landfill, north Bangalore, India. The high Pb level (0.0050.140 mg/L) in rice field water did not meet the wastewater quality standard (KLHK, 2001), so that the water
was classified into class IV. Well water also contained high Pb level so that this water did not meet the drinking
water quality standard, in reference with government regulation (Permenkes No 492, 2010). The source of Pb

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in well water was allegedly derived from leachate seepage of Galuga landfill that entered into groundwater
and accumulated in well water, and from poorly managed household waste around the residential environment.
The highest Pb content being allowed for drinking water is 0.01 mg/L. In human, Pb can result in urinary
tract cancer and influence metabolism function of protein. In addition, it can also cause death of fish and other
organisms at concentration higher than 0.05 mg/L (Hutagalung, 1984 in Diansyah, 2004).
Table 6 Pb content in leachate water (SL), rice field water (SW), and well water (SM)
Pb Content (mg/L)
Location
1
2
3
Average
Dry Season
a)
a)
I-SL1
0.098
0.194
0.030a)
0.107a)
I-SL2
0.011a)
0.071a)
0.199aa)
0.094a)
I-SL3
0.108a)
0.088a)
0.036a)
0.077a)
a)
a)
a)
I-SL4
0.067
0.012
0.092
0.057a)
I-SM1
0.070c)
0.098c)
0.040c)
0.069c)
I-SM2
0.043c)
0.124c)
0.105c)
0.091c)
End of Rainy Season
II-SL1
<0.005
0.058a)
0.058a)
0.040a)
II-SL2
<0.005
0.058a)
0.058a)
0.040a)
II-SL3
<0.005
0.140a)
0.180aa)
0.108a)
II-SL4
<0.005
0.140a)
0.180aa)
0.108a)
b)
b)
II-SW1
<0.005
0.058
0.140
0.068b)
II-SW2
<0.005
0.099b)
0.099b)
0.068b)
II-SM1
<0.005
0.099c)
0.140c)
0.081c)
Notes: a) Meet the wastewater quality standard class I (good) (DPMA, 1981); aa) Meet the wastewater quality
standard class II (medium) (DPMA, 1981); b) Does not meet clean water quality standard (KLHK, 2001); c)
Does not meet drinking water quality standard (Permenkes, 2010)
CONCLUSION
Leachate water from galuga landfill is not safe to be discharged into water body because of high level of
phosphate and very high nitrate content, although the leachate water has temperature, acidity degree (pH), and
lead (Pb) content in normal range. The well water has very high nitrate and lead (Pb) contents so that it did not
meet the drinking water quality standard and was not suitable for drinking water without prior treatment.
REFERENCES
[Permenkes] Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2010. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia Nomor 492/MENKES/PER/IV /2010 Tentang Persyaratan Kualitas Air Minum. Jakarta (ID):
Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
[KLHK] Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia. 2001. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 82 Tahun
2001 tentang Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Jakarta (ID): Kementerian Lingkungan
Hidup Republik Indonesia.
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