J-PEN Borneo: Journal of Agricultural Sciences Volume VII.
Number 2.
October 2024
Pages: 22-28
E-ISSN: 2599-2872
P-ISSN: 2549-8150
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL FACTORS ON PARTNERSHIP PATTERNS BETWEEN
GOAT FARMERS AND BULUNGAN MANDIRI FARM: A STRUCTURAL
EQUATION MODELING (SEM) APPROACH
Ferry1*.
Elly Jumiati1.
Abdul Rahim1 1Faculty of Agriculture.
Universitas Borneo Tarakan.
Indonesia * ateng89@gmail.
Submited: 4 June 2024
Accepted: 27 August 2024
ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze the influence of social factors on the partnership patterns between goat farmers and Bulungan Mandiri Farm.
As the livestock sector grows, effective partnership models become crucial in ensuring sustainability, especially in regions with emerging agricultural economies.
Social factors such as trust, communication, social norms, and farmer participation are hypothesized to play a significant role in shaping partnership dynamics.
The research employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships among variables using data collected from selected goat farmers engaged in partnerships with Bulungan Mandiri Farm.
The findings indicate that social factors significantly influence the quality and sustainability of partnerships.
Enhanced social interaction and trust between stakeholders are shown to contribute to more effective and mutually beneficial collaboration.
The study provides insights for policymakers and practitioners to design more inclusive and sustainable livestock partnership frameworks.
Keywords: Goat farming, social factors, partnership model.
Bulungan Mandiri Farm.
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), agricultural collaboration, rural development INTRODUCTION According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (Badan Pusat Statisti.
of Bulungan Regency, the goat population increased from 7,460 in 2020 to 7,686 in 2021.
This growth occurred in four districts: Tanjung Palas.
Tanjung Selor.
Central Tanjung Palas, and North Tanjung Palas.
The highest populations were recorded in Tanjung Selor .
,225 goat.
North Tanjung Palas .
,110 goat.
, and Tanjung Palas .
,360 goat.
Goat farming is one of the prominent livestock commodities developed by the community, aside from cattle, due to its promising economic potential.
This is attributed to the relatively simple farming system in terms of feed, care, and housing, as well as the ease of marketing.
Goats have several advantages and economic potentials: their relatively small size, early maturity, ease of maintenance, and suitability for small-scale farming.
Goat farming requires limited land, low capital investment, and offers fast capital turnover with readily available market opportunities .
In social partnerships, companies are expected to assist and guide farmers as their partners.
Ideally, such partnerships enable large or medium-sized enterprises to support farmers in achieving shared profits and well-being.
A business partnership is essentially a collaborative effort between companies and farmers, built on mutual need and benefit .
Socially, the relationship between partner companies and farmers can improve farmers' capabilities in livestock management through training, mentoring, and extension activities, resulting in better outcomes for both parties.
Although relatively newly established.
Bulungan Mandiri Farm has already partnered with 34 goat farmers across various districts in Bulungan Regency, and the number continues to grow.
These J-PEN Borneo: Journal of Agricultural Sciences Volume VII.
Number 2.
October 2024
Pages: 22-28
E-ISSN: 2599-2872
P-ISSN: 2549-8150
partner farmers were formerly traditional goat breeders using basic facilities and lacking structured feed management.
Common problems in the partnership scheme stem from internal factors such as company consistency, human resource management, and insufficient training and extension External issues include broker .
interference and poor financial management among farmers .
According to .
, social capital consists of obligations, expectations, trust within society, information channels, and effective norms and sanctions.
Social capital is believed to influence the development of human capital in the future.
categorizes social capital into three components: networks, norms, and trust.
Meanwhile, .
defines social capital as informal norms that promote cooperation among individuals within a group.
These norms foster trust and networks within the community.
Social capitalAithrough norms, trust, and social networksAifacilitates reciprocal relationships within social cohesion, categorized as bonding, bridging, and linking .
Bonding and bridging social capital occur within communities, whereas linking social capital involves external networks.
Bonding social capital reinforces group exclusivity and homogeneity, while collective actions based on bonding can be used to establish linking capital with external actors for group benefit .
According to .
, social capital is utilized by individuals or groups within a community to achieve mutual benefits, which can be enjoyed individually or collectively.
Affinity groups, such as livestock assistance recipients, who effectively mobilize social capital, can experience improved welfare outcomes .
This context underpins the present study, which aims to examine the influence of social factors driving farmers to engage in partnerships with Bulungan Mandiri Farm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research sites The research was conducted at 34 locations where the partner goat farmers are located, as well as at the Bulungan Mandiri Farm facility in Apung Village.
Tanjung Selor District.
Bulungan Regency.
The study was carried out over a period of eight months, from February 2023 to September 2023.
Procedures Sampling Method The sampling of goat farmers employed the total sampling method, based on the entire population of farmers participating in the Bulungan Mandiri Farm partnership program, which consists of 34 partner farmers distributed across several villages.
Total sampling is a technique in which the sample size is equal to the population size.
This method was chosen because the total population was fewer than 100 individuals, thus all members of the population were included as research respondents .
Sample Analysis Method The analysis used in this study was a structural model .
nner mode.
to examine the influence of social factors on farmers participating in the Bulungan Mandiri Farm Boer goat partnership Prior to conducting the analysis, assumption testing was carried out to fulfill the prerequisites of the model.
Table 1.
Variables Used in the Structural Model (Inner Mode.
Variabel Independen Skor Social J-PEN Borneo: Journal of Agricultural Sciences Volume VII.
Number 2.
October 2024 Pages: 22-28 X2.
Farmer Age X2.
Farmer Education X2.
X2.
X2.
Farming Experience Ability to Apply Science and Technology (IPTEK) Labor Availability E-ISSN: 2599-2872
P-ISSN: 2549-8150
Very Influential .
Influential .
Moderately Influential .
Uncertain .
, and Less Influential .
Very Influential .
Influential .
Moderately Influential .
Uncertain .
, and Less Influential .
Very Influential .
Influential .
Moderately Influential .
Uncertain .
, and Less Influential .
Very Good .
Good .
Fair .
Uncertain .
, and Poor .
Very Easy .
Easy .
Moderate .
Uncertain .
, and Difficult .
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this study, a validity test was conducted to assess the accuracy of the instrument in measuring what the researcher intended.
The validity test was performed on 34 respondents, who were farmers in partnership with Bulungan Mandiri Farm.
An instrument is considered valid if the calculated correlation coefficient .
is higher than the critical value of r from the table, with a significance level 05 .
%), where degrees of freedom .
= n-2, with n being the number of respondents .
Thus, df = 34-2 = 32, and the r-table value obtained is 0.
Data analysis for this study was carried out using the SPSS application program (Statistical Program for Social Scienc.
The Social Variable (X.
consists of 5 independent variables: farmer age (X2.
, farmer education (X2.
, farming experience (X2.
, ability to apply science and technology (X2.
, and labor availability (X2.
, with 9 questionnaire items.
The validity test was conducted by comparing the calculated r value with the r-table value, yielding the following results:
Tabel 2.
Results of Validity Test for Social Variable (X.
Question r hitung r tabel X2.
0,476
0,3388
Valid X2.
0,418
0,3388
Valid X2.
0,508
0,3388
Valid X2.
0,572
0,3388
Valid X2.
0,487
0,3388
Valid X2.
0,427
0,3388
Valid X2.
0,187
0,3388
not Valid X2.
0,343
0,3388
Valid X2.
0,615
0,3388
Valid Note: The data presented is primary data that has been processed.
Based on the results of the validity test in Table 2, it can be observed that there is one item question for the social variable that has a calculated r value smaller than the r-table at the 5% significance level for n = 34, namely question X2.
1 regarding the labor requirements in goat farming .
Therefore, this item question is considered invalid.
All other items, except for X2.
1, are valid in explaining the social variable.
Consequently, the variable X2.
1 will not be used in the subsequent analysis.
Before performing the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, it is essential to ensure that the data used follows a normal distribution.
The SEM model using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) assumes that the data are normally distributed, both univariately and multivariately.
To test whether the data are normally distributed, a critical ratio test for Skewness and Kurtosis is The decision rule for determining whether a data distribution is normal is as follows: If the J-PEN Borneo: Journal of Agricultural Sciences Volume VII.
Number 2.
October 2024
Pages: 22-28
E-ISSN: 2599-2872
P-ISSN: 2549-8150
critical value exceeds the range of 2.
58, the distribution is considered non-normal.
If the critical value is within the range of 2.
58, the distribution is considered normal .
To describe the characteristics of a data distribution, the concepts of skewness and kurtosis are used.
Kurtosis refers to the degree of peakness of a distribution, typically relative to the normal distribution, while skewness indicates the asymmetry of the data, and kurtosis represents the sharpness of the distribution.
Skewness reflects the asymmetry of the data, whereas kurtosis refers to the peakedness in comparison to the normal distribution.
Indikator X2.
X2.
X2.
X2.
X2.
X2.
X2.
X2.
X2.
Mean
3,294
3,235
4,147
4,235
4,176
4,088
2,412
3,676
3,765
Table 3: Normality Test for Social Indicator Data (X.
Median Nilai Min Nilai Maks Std.
Dev Kurtosis Skewness 1,295 -0,587 -0,584 1,456 -1,141 -0,432 0,733 -1,101 -0,248 0,689 -0,834 -0,360 0,785 -1,328 -0,336 0,818 -0,450 -0,509 1,003 0,891 0,894 0,830 1,717 -0,597 0,644 -0,617 0,277 Jml Obsv Note: The data presented is primary data that has been processed.
The Critical Ratio (CR) values for kurtosis and skewness observed in Table 3 range from -1.
328 to Considering that the CR values for kurtosis .
and skewness .
lie 58 and 2.
, this indicates that the data meets the criteria for normality testing.
In structural model testing, several tests are conducted to evaluate the relationships between latent One such test is the R-Square for endogenous constructs .
The R-Square value represents the coefficient of determination for the endogenous constructs.
According to .
RSquare values are interpreted as follows: 0.
, 0.
, and 0.
Table 4: R-Square and Adjusted R-Square Analysis Results R Square Adjusted R Square Matrix X2.
4 Application of Science and Technology Skills X2.
5 Availability of Labor X2.
3 Experience in Livestock Farming X2.
1 Age of the Farmer X2.
2 Education Level of the Farmer
0,778
0,609
0,349
0,137
0,125
0,771
0,596
0,329
0,110
0,098
Note: The data presented is primary data that has been processed.
The R Square value for the variable X2.
1 (Age of the Farme.
in relation to Y (Partnershi.
with an Adjusted R Square of 0.
This means that the influence of the age of the farmer on the partnership is weak, accounting for only 13.
7%, since the R Square is below 19%.
This suggests that age does not significantly affect the partnership, and there are no age restrictions for becoming a partner in Bulungan Mandiri Farm.
For the variable X2.
2 (Education Level of the Farme.
, the R Square value is 0.
125, with an Adjusted R Square of 0.
This indicates that the influence of education level on the partnership is also weak, 5%, as the R Square is below 19%.
The farm considers farming experience to be more influential than the level of formal education when it comes to determining the partnership.
J-PEN Borneo: Journal of Agricultural Sciences Volume VII.
Number 2.
October 2024
Pages: 22-28
E-ISSN: 2599-2872
P-ISSN: 2549-8150
The R Square value for the variable X2.
3 (Experience in Livestock Farmin.
in relation to Y (Partnershi.
349, with an Adjusted R Square of 0.
This shows that the influence of farming experience on the partnership is moderate, accounting for 34.
9%, since the R Square is between 33% and 67%.
Experience in livestock farming is a crucial factor for success in the farming business, and those with more experience tend to have higher skills and better knowledge in farm management.
For the variable X2.
4 (Application of Science and Technology Skill.
, the R Square value is 0.
with an Adjusted R Square of 0.
This suggests that the influence of science and technology application skills on the partnership is strong, at 77.
8%, as the R Square is above 67%.
The adoption of technology in farming is greatly influenced by the characteristics of the farmer, such as experience, education, and other factors.
Lastly, the R Square value for the variable X2.
5 (Availability of Labo.
in relation to Y (Partnershi.
609, with an Adjusted R Square of 0.
This indicates that the influence of labor availability on the partnership is moderate, accounting for 60.
9%, as the R Square is between 33% and 67%.
The use of female and child labor is significant in livestock farming as it allows the head of the household to engage in other activities.
Although this labor is not paid, it reduces production costs and helps increase the farm's household income.
CONCLUSION
Faktor sosial dari 5 variabel independen yaitu X2.
mur peterna.
berpengaruh lemah.
X2.
(Pendidikan peterna.
berpengaruh lemah.
X2.
engalaman budidaya terna.
berpengaruh moderat.
X2.
emampuan penerapan ipte.
berpengaruh kuat dan X2.
etersediaan tenaga kerj.
berpengaruh moderat.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I Would Like To Express My Deepest Gratitude To The Provincial Government Of North Kalimantan (Kaltar.
For Their Invaluable Support Throughout The Course Of This Research.
Their Contribution Has Been Crucial In Providing The Necessary Resources And Opportunities For This Study To Be Successfully Carried Out.
I Am Particularly Grateful For The Cooperation And Assistance Extended By Various Departments And Officials.
Which Has Greatly Facilitated The Progress Of This Work.
REFERENCES