Journal of Information System and Technology Research Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2024

Journal of Information System and Technology Research
journal homepage: https://journal.aira.or.id/index.php/jistr/

Data Security Techniques Using Vigenere Cipher And Steganography
Methods In Inserting Text Messages In Images
1

Vincent Smith , 2 Maximilian Mendoza, 3Insaf Ullah

1

University of Charleston, USA
University College Dublin, Republic Irlandia
3University Of Essex , United Kingdom

2

ARTICLE INFO

ABSTRACT

Article history:

Improving data security has become a top priority in many industries, especially when it comes to
sending and receiving private communications. Embedding text into photos using steganography and
the Vigenere Cipher Method is one method of protecting text messages. In order to maintain the
security of text embedded in images via web-based applications, the main challenge in this research is
how to integrate and apply the Vigenere Cipher algorithm and LSB steganography while still paying
attention to the size of the image message that has been ciphertexted. insertion and what not.
Combining these two techniques aims to increase the level of security when encrypting message text.
The message text is encrypted using the Vigenere Cipher to protect it; Encrypted messages are difficult
to decipher without the right key. Meanwhile, message text may be hidden visually in photos using
steganography. Text messages are efficiently disguised in images and significantly encrypted thanks
to the combination of these two techniques. In this research, steganography and Vigenere Cipher
techniques are used and tested on various types of images. The combined use of these two techniques
effectively improves data security, according to test results. The study also discusses a number of
possible defenses, such as image size and quality, that may arise from combining the two approaches.
The findings of this research can be applied to improve the security of text messages in various
contexts, such as online communications and data storage. Through the integration of steganography
and Vigenere Cipher technology, users can guarantee the confidentiality of their communication texts
and prevent unapproved access.

Received July 1, 2024
Accepted August 28, 2024
Available online Septem 30, 2024
Keywords:
Cryptography
Steganography
Data Security
Vigenere Chipher
Text Message

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by AIRA.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).

.

Corresponding Author:
Vincent Smith
University of Charleston, USA
Email: Vincentsmith@ccu.edu.tw

1.

INTRODUCTION

Current rapid technological advances, especially in the field of communication technology, have resulted in demands
for fast access to information. This trend is clearly visible, especially in the field of electronic media, where the internet plays
an important role in contributing to this phenomenon. Nowadays, people can use portable electronic devices such as
smartphones or tablets or technological gadgets such as PCs (Personal Computers) to connect online[1]. The use of social media
and the internet is increasingly widespread, therefore, the need for communication security is increasing. Hiding data before
transmission is one tactic used. Information systems must follow strict guidelines to protect data privacy and security[2], [3].
As a reaction to the rapid advances in technology and information, some users of security features in information systems have
created new methods. Information owners may experience negative impacts when their information is shared with others[4],
[5], [6], [7].
Several terms known in the field of computer science and mathematics related to message or data security involve the
concepts of Cryptography and Steganography. By applying Converting communications into ciphertext is the goal of

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cryptography, which uses encryption methods and secret keys. On the other hand, in Steganography, the message is hidden by
another object[8], [9]. The main goal of steganography and cryptography approaches is to prevent unauthorized parties from
accessing data. The main difference between the two is that, although encryption in cryptography rewrites the message to protect
its contents, the message appears to be written because it is in plain text[10], [11], [12], [13].
One of the techniques that can be used in cryptographic activities is the Vigenere Cipher algorithm. The Vigenere
Cipher method uses various Caesar ciphers based on the letters of several keywords to encrypt alphabetic text. This method
uses a shift mechanism that involves using Vigenere tables to shift plaintext letters by varying amounts. Then, some algorithms
can be implemented using the Vigenere tables suggested by this approach. Steganography, on the other hand, hides messages
in digital materials with the aim of making them invisible [14]. In this research, without changing the visual appearance or
impression of digital data, such as photos, sound or video, hidden information or messages can be hidden using the LSB (Least
Significant Bit) steganography approach. In this way, the message will be inserted into the image. Images that include messages
encoded by one of these two methods—cryptography or steganography—or a combination of both can be difficult to decipher.
The Greek terms "cryptos" (which means "secret") and "graphein" (which means "writing") are the sources of the word
"cryptography". Therefore, the use of secret messages is one way to understand cryptography. The science and art of maintaining
message security is known as cryptography [15]. In the context of terminology, a process referred to as encryption can be used
to change or encode cryptographic information so that challenging or possibly unintelligible material. Through cryptography,
plaintext can be converted into ciphertext and vice vers [16]. Plaintext refers to original data that can still be read and understood.
In contrast, the study of cryptography includes the application of mathematical methods to information security problems,
including data integrity, confidentiality, and authentication. The use of the term "art" in this context refers to the historical fact
that early in the development of cryptography, each individual had a specific approach to maintaining the confidentiality of
messages. Encryption involves the transformation of plaintext into ciphertext, while decryption is the step to return the
ciphertext to its original plaintext form [17].
A classic cryptographic algorithm, the Vigenere cipher first appeared in 1986 in the 16th century. French cryptographer
and diplomat Blaise de Vigenere discovered this procedure and published the formula in his book, but he made several
modifications to it. Giovan Batista Belaso, in 1553, also wrote a book entitled La Cifra del Sig. Giovan Batista Belaso [18].
Vigenere Cipher, a method for encrypting alphabetic text that uses the Caesar cipher sequence depending on keyword letters
[19]. Like Vigenere, this conventional cryptographic technique uses various alphabet substitution techniques. The Vigenere key
is repeated until it reaches the plaintext length to prevent ciphertext fragmentation. However, problems with the ciphertext and
Vigenere algorithms can be overcome by applying the Kasiski frequency analysis method [20].
Steganography is a method that can be used to hide sensitive data by disguising it as regular data. Currently, the term
"steganography" usually refers to the technique of hiding files or data in digital image, audio, or video formats [21]. Important
requirements that must be met by effective steganography, according to [22], include that the storage container does not
experience significant changes after secret data is inserted, the existence of the data remains confidential, the storage container
does not affect the existence and quality of the data, and allows data to be returned to its original state. The steganography
process embedded in the covering media is described schematically below. Additionally, the science and art of encrypting
messages in such a way that people cannot read them is known as steganography [23].
In the past five years, research on cryptography and steganography has continued to advance, focusing on improving
the security, efficiency, and practicality of these techniques in the face of evolving digital threats. Research Bagane [24]explored
the combination of the Vigenere Cipher with modern cryptographic algorithms to enhance the security of encrypted messages.
Their study emphasized the use of hybrid encryption techniques to mitigate the weaknesses of traditional ciphers, such as the
Vigenere Cipher, against contemporary cryptanalytic attacks. They demonstrated that by integrating Vigenere with algorithms
like AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), the overall encryption process could be made more secure without significantly
impacting computational efficiency. According Nagi [25] investigated the application of steganography in digital image
processing, focusing on the LSB (Least Significant Bit) technique. Their research highlighted the effectiveness of LSB
steganography in embedding hidden messages within images while maintaining high levels of imperceptibility. They proposed
an improved LSB method that enhances the robustness of hidden data against steganalysis attacks, ensuring that the embedded
messages remain secure even under security.
According Varghese [26] developed a hybrid cryptography-steganography system aimed at securing multimedia data
transmission. Their work combined the Vigenere Cipher with LSB steganography to create a dual-layer security system. They
conducted experiments to assess the performance of this hybrid approach, showing that it provided a significant improvement
in data security while maintaining the quality of the multimedia content. This system was particularly effective in preventing
unauthorized access to sensitive data transmitted over public networks. According fadil [20]introduced an enhanced version of
the Vigenere Cipher that incorporates dynamic key generation techniques. Their research ad dressed the vulnerability of static
keys in traditional Vigenere encryption by proposing a method that generates keys based on real-time data, making the cipher
more resistant to brute-force attacks. This dynamic key approach was tested in conjunction with LSB steganography, further
increasing the security of hidden messages within digital images. According Mahmod [27] conducted a study on the integration
of machine learning with steganography to improve the detection and prevention of steganalysis attacks. They developed a
machine learning-based framework that could adaptively select the best steganographic technique for a given digital medium,
depending on the characteristics of the data and the potential threats. Their work also explored the use of cryptographic
algorithms, like the Vigenere Cipher, in conjunction with this framework to provide a comprehensive security solution.

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These recent studies illustrate the ongoing innovation in the fields of cryptography and steganography, with a particular
focus on integrating traditional methods like the Vigenere Cipher with modern techniques and technologies. The research from
the last five years has significantly contributed to enhancing the security of data in digital communications, making it
increasingly difficult for unauthorized parties to access or decipher sensitive information.
Technically an image or picture is a two-dimensional (dwimatra) plane image. From a mathematical point of view, the
image can be thought of as a continuous function of light intensity when viewed from one side of the dual matrix viewpoint.
The objects in the image are partially reflected from the light source that illuminates them. Both the human eye and electronic
instruments, such as cameras, capture this reflected light, while other tools such as scanners are used to record images of an
object and are referred to as images [28]. As stated in the journal by [29], grouping pixels that can be processed by a computer
produces digital images.

2.

RESEARCH METHOD

Explaining research chronological, including research design, research procedure (in the form of algorithms,
Pseudocode or other), how to test and data acquisition.

Figure 1. Research Stages
1). Literature Review
Objective: Conduct a comprehensive review of existing research on cryptography and steganography, with a specific focus on
the Vigenere Cipher and LSB (Least Significant Bit) steganography methods.
Activities:
Collect and review academic papers, books, and articles related to cryptography, steganography, and their applications in data
security.
Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of existing techniques.
Identify gaps in the current research that the study aims to address.
2). Problem Definition and Research Objectives
Objective: Clearly define the problem the research intends to solve and establish specific research objectives.
Activities:
Articulate the need for combining the Vigenere Cipher and steganography for text message security.

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Define the research questions and hypotheses.
Outline the goals of the research, such as improving data security or enhancing the robustness of existing methods.
3). System Design and Methodology
Objective: Design the system that will implement the Vigenere Cipher and steganography for securing text messages within
images.
Activities:
Develop a system architecture that integrates the Vigenere Cipher for encryption and LSB steganography for embedding
encrypted text into images.
Design algorithms for the encryption, embedding, and extraction processes.
Specify the tools and programming languages to be used for system development.
Outline the methodology for testing and evaluating the system.
4). System Implementation
Objective: Implement the designed system, integrating the Vigenere Cipher and steganography techniques.
Activities:
Write and compile the code for encrypting text using the Vigenere Cipher.
Implement the LSB steganography method to hide encrypted text in digital images.
Develop the extraction and decryption modules to retrieve and decode the hidden messages.
Ensure the system functions correctly through initial debugging and refinement.
5). Testing and Validation
Objective: Test the system to ensure its reliability, effectiveness, and security.
Activities:
Perform functional testing to verify that the system correctly encrypts, embeds, extracts, and decrypts messages.
Evaluate the system’s security by testing its resistance to cryptanalysis and steganalysis attacks.
Assess the impact of steganography on image quality using metrics such as PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio).
Conduct comparative analysis with existing methods to validate improvements.
6). Results Analysis and Discussion
Objective: Analyze the test results and discuss the findings in the context of the research objectives.
Activities:
Compile and interpret the data collected during testing.
Discuss the effectiveness of the combined Vigenere Cipher and steganography approach in securing data.
Compare the results with those of previous studies to highlight the contributions of the research.
Identify any limitations or areas for further improvement.
7). Conclusion and Recommendations
Objective: Conclude the research by summarizing the findings and proposing recommendations for future work.
Activities:
Summarize the key outcomes of the research, emphasizing the contributions to the field of data security.
Suggest possible improvements to the system or alternative approaches that could be explored.
Provide recommendations for future research based on the limitations encountered and new questions raised during the study.
8). Documentation and Reporting
Objective: Prepare a comprehensive report that documents the entire research process, findings, and conclusions.
Activities:
Compile all research activities, methodologies, results, and discussions into a structured report.
Prepare visual aids (graphs, charts, diagrams) to support the findings.
Write the final research paper, ensuring it meets academic standards and guidelines.
Review and revise the paper based on feedback from peers or advisors.
9). Presentation and Defense
Objective: Present the research findings to an academic audience and defend the methodology and results.
Activities:
Prepare a presentation that summarizes the research objectives, methodology, results, and conclusions.
Address questions and feedback from the audience or review panel.
Finalize any revisions to the research paper based on the defense outcomes.

3.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Requirements for Minimum Hardware and Software Specifications
Researchers will provide an explanation of the system's functions and results in this chapter. Data input is the first step
in implementing the Vigenere cipher and Least Significant Bit steganography. Additionally, each feature will be tested by
researchers to determine whether it produces the expected results.
The following equipment and software were used during the entire testing procedure:

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a.
1)
2)
b.
1)
2)
3)

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Hardware. The following are the hardware specification requirements needed to create a system for the program being
developed:
Laptop with Intel Core i3 processor, 4GB RAM and 500GB hard disk.
Mouse
Software. The following are prerequisite software specifications for building a system in the program:
Google Chrome as a browser to run the web on the program.
Visual Studio or Sublime Text as a text editor.
Xampp as support for running program scripts.

3.2. Manual calculation of vigenere cipher and LSB steganography
Sample case:
M E E T I N G O N M O N D A Y A T
M E E T I N G M E E T I N G M E E

T
T

H
I

G
G
20
0
20
U

O
M
0
15
15
P

E
N

O
G

F
M

F
E

I
E

C
T

I
I

N
N

meeting on Monday at the office
Encryption process:
The Vigenere Cipher encryption formula is:
Ci = (Pi + Ki) mod 26
Or Ci = (Pi + Ki) if the sum of Pi and Ki exceeds 26.
Table 1 Encryption Process
Plaintexs
Key
Plaintext value
Key Value
Results
Ciphertext

M
M
15
17
32
G

E
E
4
0
4
E

E
E
17
15
32
G

T
T
19
0
19
T

I
I
4
19
23
X

N
N
12
17
29
D

N
E
13
0
13
N

Table 2 Encryption Process
Plaintexs
Key
Plaintext value
Key Value
Results
Ciphertext

M
T
17
19
36
K

E
R
0
17
17
R

E
A
15
0
15
P

T
P
0
15
15
P

I
A
19
0
19
T

Plaintexs
Key
Plaintext value
Key Value
Results
Ciphertext

M
T
15
19
34
I

O
R
0
17
17
R

N
A
3
0
3
D

D
P
0
15
15
P

Plaintexs
Key
Plaintext value
Key Value
Results
Ciphertext

A
A
7
0
7
H

T
T
0
19
19
T

T
R
17
17
34
I

H
A
8
0
8
I

Plaintexs
Key
Plaintext value
Key Value
Results
Ciphertext

O
P
18
15
33
H

F
A
4
0
4
E

F
T
13
19
32
G

I
R
8
17
25
Z

C
A
13
0
13
N

So the ciphertext for encrypting the message “MEETINGONMONDAYATTHEOFFICE” is “GEGTXDUPN KRPPT
IRDP HTII HEGZN”
The process of inserting a message into an image:
c. Convert Color Components to Binary:
R (Red) = 25 converted to binary to 11001
G (Green) = 67 converted to binary to 1000011
B (Blue) = 65 converted to binary to 1000001
d. Binary Message "GEGTXDUPN KRPPT IRDP HTII HEGZN":

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f.

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G: 1000111 E: 1000101 G: 1000111 T: 1010100 X: 1011000
D: 1000100 U: 1010101 P: 1010000 N: 1001110
K: 1001011 R: 1010010 P: 1010000 P: 1010000 T: 1010100
I: 1001001 R: 1010010 D: 1000100 P: 1010000
H: 1001000 T: 1010100 I: 1001001 I: 1001001
H: 1001000 E: 1000101 G: 1000111 Z: 1011010 N: 1001110
Embed Message Bits into LSB Bits:
Replace the LSB bits of each color component with the message bits sequentially. For example, for starting pixels
(25,67,65)
R: 0010010 G: 1000011 B: 1000001
Substitute the last bit:
R: 0010011 (G) G: 1000010 (E) B: 1000000 (G)
Pixel Results After Embedding:
(27,66,64)

Step Description:
The formula for the Vigenere Cipher description is:
Pi = (Ci - Ki) mod 26
Or Pi = (Ci - Ki) + 26 if the result of subtracting Ci and Ki produces a negative value.
Ciphertext
Key
Ciphertext value
Key Value
Results
Plaintexs

G
R
6
17
15
M

E
A
4
0
30
E

G
P
6
15
17
E

T
A
19
0
45
T

X
T
23
19
30
I

D
R
3
17
12
N

U
A
20
0
46
G

Ciphertext
Key
Ciphertext value
Key Value
Results
Plaintexs

K
T
10
19
17
M

R
R
17
17
26
O

P
A
15
0
41
N

P
P
15
15
26
D

T
A
19
0
45
A

Ciphertext
Key
Ciphertext value
Key Value
Results
Plaintexs

I
T
8
19
15
Y

R
R
17
17
26
A

D
A
3
0
29
T

P
P
15
15
26
T

Ciphertext
Key
Ciphertext value
Key Value
Results
Plaintexs

H
A
7
0
33
H

T
T
19
19
26
E

I
R
8
17
17
O

I
A
8
0
34
F

Ciphertext
Key
Ciphertext value
Key Value
Results
Plaintexs

H
P
7
15
18
O

E
A
4
0
30
F

G
T
6
19
13
F

Z
R
25
17
34
I

P
P
15
15
26
O

N
A
13
0
39
N

N
A
13
0
39
C

So the result of the description of the message "GEGTXDUPN KRPPT IRDP HTII HEGZN" is “MEETING ON
MONDAY AT THE OFFICE”.
Message extraction process in images:
a. Convert Color Components to Binary:
R (Red) = 25 converted to binary to 11001
G (Green) = 67 converted to binary to 1000011
B (Blue) = 65 converted to binary to 1000001
b. Take the last bit of each color component:
R: 1 G: 0 B: 0
c. Group the bits into each message character in binary form:
G: 1 E: 0 G: 0 T: 1 X: 0

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D: 1 U: 0 P: 0 N: 0
K: 1 R: 0 P: 0 P: 0 T: 1
I: 1 R: 0 D: 1 P: 0
H: 1 T: 0 I: 1 I: 1
H: 1 E: 0 G: 0 Z: 1 N: 0
Convert binary to ASCII value:
G: 71 E: 69 G: 71 T: 84 X: 88
D: 68 U: 85 P: 80 N: 78
K: 75 R: 82 P: 80 P: 80 T: 84
I: 73 R: 82 D: 68 P: 80
H: 72 T: 84 I: 73 I: 73
H: 72 E: 69 G: 71 Z: 90 N: 78

Thus, the message extracted from the image is "GEGTXDUPN KRPPT IRDP HTII HEGZN".
3.3. System Display Results
The following is a display of the system that has been successfully created by researchers.
a. Main page display
This display is the main interface of the application, where users are given the option to choose whether they want to carry
out the encryption or decryption process.
b. Encryption page display
The visible display is the interface for the encryption process. In it, the user is asked to enter an image file that will be used
as a message container, create the plaintext or original data to be conveyed, and include a key. After these steps are carried
out, the system will generate a ciphertext from the original data.
c. The display selects the image file you want to encrypt
The display that is visible is the interface for selecting the image file that will be used as a place to insert the message. After
the user clicks on this option, the system will direct him to the directory of the device being used.\
d. Encryption results page
The display that is visible is an interface that displays the results of the message encryption process that has been inserted
into the image file. To generate ciphertext and insert a message in an image file, the user needs to enter the message to be
conveyed and a key in the system interface. After these steps have been successfully carried out, the user only needs to
"submit", and the image file and key will be automatically downloaded to the user's device.
Analyzes the effectiveness of combining two security techniques to enhance data confidentiality and concealment. The
Vigenere Cipher, a classical encryption method, encrypts the text, which is then hidden within an image using Least Significant
Bit (LSB) steganography. This dual-layer approach significantly increases the difficulty for unauthorized parties to detect and
decipher the message, making it particularly useful in scenarios requiring both security and stealth. However, the research
highlights that the effectiveness of this method depends on careful implementation, including the choice of a strong keyword
for the cipher and an appropriate image for steganography. While this combination offers robust protection, it is also vulnerable
to advanced cryptanalysis and steganalysis techniques, suggesting the need for further research to improve its resistance and
explore alternative cryptographic methods.
4.

CONCLUSION

After investigating the implementation of data security using LSB steganography and Vigenere Cipher encryption, the
conclusion is that the use of the Vigenere Cipher method and steganography in combination is able to provide a layer of security
for messages embedded in images. This makes the message scrambled and can be returned to its original form without changes
to the message text. The test results show that the file size after the message insertion process increases compared to the original
file size, and this increase in size depends on the number of messages inserted. This research is able to measure the extent to
which text messages can be inserted into images without sacrificing the visual quality of the image. Even though the image size
is larger than the original file, the visual quality of the image is still maintained. Future work could focus on developing more
sophisticated methods to choose keywords dynamically, improving the resistance of the Vigenere Cipher to cryptanalysis, and
enhancing the robustness of LSB steganography against steganalysis attacks. Additionally, exploring the use of alternative
cryptographic algorithms in conjunction with steganography could further improve security.

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