Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality 2Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality1 Fahrudin JS Pareke1* and Rina Suthia Hayu2 University of Bengkulu.
Bengkulu.
Indonesia Abstract The concept of Five-Factor Model (FFM) of Personality describes the basic dimension of human behavior, thinking, and emotions that related to the job.
The FFM currently getting popular and reach more attention to from the scholars and practitioners as well, particularly in the area of human resource management.
Therefore, the main goal of current research is to compile and to test the dimensions of FFM and its measure empirically.
Eighty-four self report measures distributed to the 238 employees who work both for public and private organizations at the Northern Sumatera Island.
Indonesia.
The respondents are currently completing their graduate programs at the University of Bengkulu.
Twohundred-and-eighteen questionnaires completed and returned by respondents, and analyzed using Factor Analysis with Varimax Approach to extract them in to the several components.
Based on the analyses, research confirmed the 5 dimensions for FFM, which is conscientiousness .
, extraversion-introversion .
, agreeableness .
, openness to experience .
, and emotional stability .
The result strictly recommended that the use of FFP as a means of Human Resource Practices such as selection, promotion, training, and the like.
Keywords: Agreeableness.
Conscientiousness.
Emotional Stability.
Extraversion.
Openness to Experiences.
Personality INTRODUCTION Personality refers to the way someone reacts and interacts with others (Robbins and Judge, 2009: .
Personality is defined as the patterns of behavior, thought, and unique emotion and relatively stable which is shown by someone (Greenberg and Baron, 2009: .
Mount .
concluded that personality refers to traits of characteristics that are stable over time, the reason underlying the oneAos Personality reflects the owner and generally determine oneAos affective style, behavioral, and cognitive.
Definition specifically states that personality is the patterns of thought, emotions, and behaviors that are relatively stable and unchanged for certain period of time and explain human behavior in different situations (Elanain, 2.
Personality differeces between individuals explain someone gives different responses with others in the same situation.
Personality differences also explain * Corresponding author.
Email address: pareke@uni.
Earlier version of the manuscript has been presented in Malaysia Indonesia International Conference on Economics.
Management, and Accounting.
November 10th to 11th, 2014.
Kuala Lumpur.
Malaysia.
Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality why someone tends to show a certain behavior for a particular situation, while others show a different behavior for the same situation.
Basically, classify individuals in a certain personality group is very difficult.
Because it is hardly find 2 individuals who have identical thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, even 2 twin siblings.
But experts in the field of organizational behavior has made great efforts to formulate a personality pattern that is able to gather a few people of a certain personality group.
Associated with it, has appeared various conceptualizations of personality that is quite popular, such as the big 5 of personality (Costa and McCrae, 1.
, possitive and negative affective (Isen and Baron, 1.
, type A and type B behavior (Friedman and Rosenman, 1.
, and morning-evening person (Guthrie et al.
, 1.
Among various personality conceptualizations above, the most popular and get a lot of attention from practitioners, academics, and researchers are personality conceptualization of the big 5 of personality (Five-Factor Model/ FFM).
This concept has been widely accepted as a complete picture of the nature of personality (Saucier and Ostedorf, 1.
In accordance with the table, this concept assumes that oneAos personality can be measured for each of five different dimensions, namely Conscientiousness.
Extraversion-Introversion.
Agreeableness.
Emotional Stability, and Openness to Experience.
Conscientiousness dimension describes the extend how far someone is hardworking, neat, self-contained, and diligent versus lazy, frivolous, and not Extraversion-Introversion dimension describes how far someone who likes to make friends, assertive, and tolerant versus loner, shy, and reserved.
Agreeableness shows how far someone is cooperative, warm, easy to fit versus quarrelsome, cold and not easily matched.
Emotional Stability shows how far someone is someone who is anxious, worried, and depressed versus feel safe, calm and happy.
And Openness to Experience dimension describes how far someone is someone who is creative, curious, and cultured versus practical and has little interest range.
Extraversion relates to the degree how far someone is outgoing and active individual physically and verbally.
Individuals who have high score of extraversion dimension is individual who like adventure, frank, sociable, assertive and like to talk.
Individuals who have low score on this dimension are generally reclusive and look more reserved, shy, cautious, and dislike to Individuals who have an average score for this dimension like mix situation between associate and aloof (Weaven et.
,2.
Agreeableness refers to the altruistic nature, guardian, care, and emotional Consequently, someone who has a high score of this dimension is characterized by the nature of the good-natured, friendly, sympathetic, warm, and like to give.
Otherwise, the low individual score of agreeableness are individuals who like to compete, hostile, indifferent, selfish, vengeful, and jealous (Weaven et al.
, 2.
Conscientiousness relates to the degree how far someone always set high standards, have a good job, and show goal oriented behavior.
Conscientiousness is very strongly associated with achievement and a desire Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality to achieve it.
An individual who has high score of this dimension is described as someone who concentrates on very limited number of goals, which is tried This type of individual is obedient, orderly, competent, responsible and conscientious.
Otherwise, individuals who have low score of this dimension are people who are easily confused, and impulsivity (Weaven et , 2.
Emotional Stability refers to the degree how far someone is associated with Individuals who have high score of this dimension generally is quiet and relaxing person, and very rarely have a mental or physical pressure that is associated with stress.
Individuals who have low score of this dimension generally is a less stable, tend to feel fear, worry, easily influenced, and tend to be fear, depression, mental disorders due to the effect of stress (Weaven et , 2.
Openness to experience is degree how far someone opened to new ideas, interested in the culture/civilization and creative.
Individuals who have high score of this dimension is generally interested in the experiences which related with sensory and cognitive, like anything new, can grow in complicated situations, and very liberal.
Individuals who have low score of this dimension are people who are conventional, conservative, show interested in kinship, and dislike the changes (Weaven et al.
, 2.
Research in the field of personality shows an important role of FFM dimensions in predicting oneAos performance (Salgado, 1997.
Judge et al.
, 1.
Salgado .
concluded that individuals with high scores of conscientiousness and emotional stability dimension has high performance for all types and aspects or the work.
As for other dimensions of FFM, relevant only to certain types of work (Judge et al.
, 1.
Gill and Hodgkinson .
noted that the concept of FFM has been so widely used in the practice of selection and assessment.
Dimensions of FFM implicated as predictors of career success for various types of work, starting from sales force and customer service up to managerial positions and roles of other semi-killed.
FFM, as noted by Salekin et al.
, considered to have gained empirical support in terms of convergent and discriminant validity either self-assessment, peer, or partner.
However according to Gill and Hodgkinson .
, measurement techniques that have been used freely in field have many deficiencies.
Thus become an important task of empirical research to formulate and provide easier empirical evidence to be adopted for the importance of practice in the field.
METHODS
Data collection in this research were divided in three groups of respondents, consisted of experts group, employee group, and samples.
Each of the respondents group use different method and data collection technique, according to the type of data and data collection purposes.
The data came from a team of experts will be collected be the method of in-depth interviews.
These data collection method is used for digging sharper and detailed information about aspects or personality With in-depth interview technique is expected can be identified personality Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality traits of an employee in accordance with the conceptualization.
FGD is used to confirm the data of personality traits which are netted through in-depth interviews, so obtained the measurement items that can then be tested through survey methods, namely the questionnaire.
The number of participants was 12 people, consisting of private employees and civil servents working in various institutions in Bengkulu.
The research sample for the survey was 234 civil servents and private employees in various cities in Bengkulu and surronding areas.
The sample frame was the students who were studying in graduate programs in the Faculty of Economics and Business in University of Bengkulu, namely Master of Management.
Master of Development Planning, and Master of Accounting.
Samples were taken randomly, proportional to the number of students in each of graduate program.
Data collection instrument was a questionnaire which consisted of 84 items of question.
Questionnaires were given directly to the respondents.
234 questionnaires distributed, only 218 respondents who fill out completely and return to the researcher.
Of the 218 respondents who participated in this research, 63% were male and 69% of respondents worked in government agencies.
In term of age, 54.
59% of respondents aged less than 26 to 35 years old.
Based on the period of employment, 62.
39% of respondents had worked for their current organization in the span of less than 10 years.
55% of the respondents were employess of public agency, and 49.
54% were staff or not having the structural position in the organization where they worked.
Analysis technique is the triangulation analysis, combining qualitative and quantitative technique.
Qualitative technique is used to analyze the data from the results of depth-interviews and FGD.
Qualitative analysis is conducted to identify the indicators and measurement items FFM constructs.
Qualitative analysis uses an interactive model approach developed by Milles and Hubberman .
Four stages of analysis interact with each other to form a cycle of analysis, which consists of data collection, data presentation, data filtering, and inference data.
Quantitative analysis is applied by using analysis factor with the help of an application program, that is Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS).
Analysis factor helps reduce the number of variables .
very much .
ll the questions that form the desired variables in a questionnair.
to be a series of significant factors, can be interpreted, and handled.
Principal component analysis is applied to transform all items into a series of variables group that are not correlated with each other (Sekaran, 2000: .
Linear combination of these variables are called factors, which calculates the variance contained in the data as a whole.
The best combination to form the first principal component is the first The second principal component is defined as a linear combination of the best variable to explain unaccounted variance through the first factor, and continued to the third factor, the fourth, and so on (Cooper and Schindler, 2001:
RESULTS
The results of factor analysis of 84 items of FFM question with Varimax rotation method, producing 5 factors or components with loading factor score was Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality more than 0.
As shown in table 1, the first factor has 18 items of question, the second factor also has 18 items of question, the third factor has 12 items of question, the fourth factor has 14 items of question, and the fifth factor has 12 items of question.
Table 1 The Number of Explained Data Variance No.
Factor Number of % Explained Explained Eligible Items Variance Variance Cumulative First Second Third Fourth Fifth These factors or components of FFM were able to explain 42% of the total of data variance.
The first factor is a collection of items that ask personal type characterized by the indicators: diligent, organized, neat, well-planned, thorough, passionate, reliable, responsible, and cautious.
In accordance with the identification of theoretical that is proposed by the authors and previous researchers (Ferguson.
Burke and Witt, 2004.
Gill and Hodgkinson, 2007.
Salgado, 1997.
Judge et , 1998.
Judge and Erez, 2007.
Furnham et al.
, 2.
, this factor is called conscientiousness dimension.
This factor was able to explain 10.
47% of the data The second factor is a collection of items that ask personal type characterized by the indicators: adaptive, likes to be the center of attention, talkactive, sociable, friendly, smart break the ice, cheerleaders, open, and assertive.
In accordance with the definition of theoretical that is proposed by the authors and previous researchers (Judge and Erez, 2007.
Gill and Hodgkinson, 2007.
Salgado, 1997.
Judge et al.
Furnham et al.
, 2.
, this factor is named Extraversion-Introversion This factor was able to explain 10.
7% of the data variance.
The third factor consists of items that ask personal type characterized by the indicators: what it is, care, sensitive, tolerant, positive thinking, forgiving, seldom complain, and make friends easily.
In accordance with the definition of theoretical that is proposed by the authors and previous researchers (Juhasz et al.
, 2009.
Burke and Witt, 2004.
Weaven et al.
, 2009.
Judge and Erez, 2007.
Furnham et al.
, 2.
this factor is named Agreeableness dimension name.
This factor was able to explain 18% of the data variance.
The fourth factor consists of items asking personal type characterized by the indicators: like abstract ideas, imaginative, complex, rich vocabulary, often using difficult words, like trying new things, like art, always curious, and willing to take In accordance with the definition of theoretical that is proposed by the authors and previous researchers (Weaven et al.
, 2009.
Gill and Hodgkinson, 2007.
Salgado, 1997.
Judge et al.
, 1998.
Judge and Erez, 2007.
Furnham et al.
, 2.
this factor is named Openness to Experience dimension.
This factor was able to 80% of the data variance.
The fifth factor consists of items that ask personal type characterized by the indicators: relaxed, calm, able to control the feeling, feeling happy, rational.
Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality patient, and feel safe.
In accordance with the definition of theoretical that is proposed by the authors and previous researchers (Marcus et al.
, 2007.
Ferguson.
Weaven et al.
, 2009.
Gill and Hodgkinson, 2007.
Judge and Erez, 2.
, this factor was named Emotional Stability dimension.
This factor is able to explain 80% of data variance.
Conscientiousness Dimension Based on the results shown in table 2, 18 items of question that are expected to form conscientiousness dimension has loading factor C.
Nine items that use reverse score .
everse score symbolized by the mark A) also has good loading factor, which the value is more than .
The items of question that were given reverse score reflect the personality type that is reverse from the main concept.
Table 2 Loading Factor Value of Conscientiousness Dimension (Rotated Component Matri.
No.
Statements Component I always pursue what I am doing I am the type of regularly person I am the type of neat individual I have a good plan for every thing I am a careful person I am always enthusiastic in doing every I always reliable for a lot of things I am the type of responsible individual for what I do I am always careful in every my jobs I would rather give up and do other things when faced with difficulties I am the type of person who tends to fall apart I prefer to finish my job before the time than spend the time to make it more presentable I am the type of person who flows .
ot bound I tend to be reckless in doing my job I am the type of lazy person I am not person who can be relied Better I avoid or grant mistakes to others than sacrificing my self I have felt to neglect many things in my life Extraversion-Introversion Dimension As shown in table 3, 18 items of question were estimated to form the Extraversion-Intraversion dimension has loading factor C.
9 items of question that use reverse score .
everse score symbolized by the mark A) also has good loading factor, which the value is more than .
The items of question that were given reverse score reflect the personality type that is reverse from the main Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality Table 3 Loading Factor Value of Extraversion Dimension (Rotated Component Matri.
No.
Statements Component I am individual who is easy to adjust I like to be the center of attention I am the type of person who likes to converse I am the type of person who likes to hang out In many situations I always start a conversation with others I often dilute the atmosphere of conversation that is stiff and tense I am a person who likes to be merry I am easy to tell what I feel to others I am a assertive person I am the type of rigid person I am the type of shy person I am the type of reticent person I am the type of person who prefers to be I often speak in angry tone I often get carried away by the atmosphere around me I am the type of morose person I feel that I am a closed person I prefer to harbor feelings .
uch as angry, love, et.
than express spontaneously Agreeableness Dimension Based on the results shown in table 4, twelve of 16 items of question that are expected to form Agreeableness dimension has loading factor C.
Six of 8 items of question that use reverse score .
everse score symbolized by the mark A) also has good loading factor, which the value is more than .
The items of question were given reverse score reflect the personality type that is reverse from the main Table 4 Loading Factor value of Agreeableness (Rotated Component Matri.
Component/Factor No.
Questions I always look what it is I am the type of person who cares about other peopleAos problems I am easily to feel what experienced by other I am always tolerant of other peopleAos mistakes on me I always take the possitives from other peopleAos actions I am a person who easily forgive I do not like to complain discomfort that I feel Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality No.
Questions Component/Factor I easily make friends with anybody I always try to cover my weakness I am the type of indifferent person I am the type of person who is not responsive I am the type of selfish person I often prejudiced I always remember the bad action of others to me, and if there is a chance I will avenge I often complain that the problems I face become lighter I do not easily make friends with new people I know and people who I believe have not been Openness to Experience Dimension Based on the results shown in table 5, fifteen of 18 items of question that are expected to form Openness to Experience dimension has loading factor C.
Eight of 9 items of question that use reverse score .
everse score symbolized by the mark A) also has good loading factor, which the value is more than .
However, one item of reverse score remains disposed despite having loading factor 0.
This item was discarded because it is a negative question of item that has loading factor of less than 0.
Table 5 Loading Factor Value of Openness to Experiences Dimension (Rotated Component Matri.
Component/Factor No.
Questions I like abstract ideas and not be too predictable I dream of many things in my life I like complicated things I always use different words so that my explanations are understandable I often use new new vocabulary that is rarely I like trying new thing I really like the art I am the type of person who always wants to I am the type of person who likes to take risks I tend to like things that are obvious and not I am the type of realistic person I prefer practical things I always repeat my words when explaining a problem to others I am always straighforward in explaining I am a person who prefer routine job than fluctuate job Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality No.
Questions Component/Factor I do not occupy a specific hobby I am the type of person who is not interested in things outside my job I am the type of person who tries to avoid risky things Emotional Stability Dimension As shown in table 6, twelve of 14 items of question that are expected to form Openness to Experience dimension has loading factor C.
one of 7 items of question that use reverse score .
everse score symbolized by the mark A) also has good loading factor, which the value is more than .
Table 6 Loading Factor Value of Emotional Stability Dimension (Rotated Component Matri.
Component/Factor No.
Questions I am a laid person I am the type of person who is always calm I am always able to control my feelings I always feel happy with my self and my I am type of rationally person I am always patient for othersAo attitudes, words, and actions to me I feel safe from othersAo threats and harassment I am the type of person who rushes I am the type of person who easily gets nervous I am the type of person who is easily offended I feel that I am a unlucky person I tend to follow my heart I am the type of person who is easily angry I worry many things Reliability and Descriptive Statistics Means, standard deviation, and CronbachAos Coefficient Alpha of FFM dimension shown in table 7.
With number of the same item for each variable of Conscientiousness and Extraversion dimension, the comparison between dimensions be much easier.
Mean value for the Conscientiousness dimension is 85 .
ith standard deviation is 12.
is higher than mean of Extraversion dimension .
ith standard deviasion is 12.
Mean value for Agreeableness dimension is 44.
ith standard deviasion is 8.
higher than mean of Emotional Stability dimension namely 39.
ith standard deviation is 8.
These three dimensions are the best overall score.
It means, overall, mean of respondents for dimensions of FFM in this research had relatively high Conscientiousness scores.
Similary, for Emotional Stability and Openness to Experience dimension, is in ithe range of high-to-very high.
Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality Table 7 Means.
Standard Deviations, and CronbachAos Alpha of Five-Factor Dimension Number Standard CronbachAos No.
Dimensions Means of Item Deviations Aplha Conscintiousness Extraversion-Intraversion Agreeableness Openess to Experience Emotional Stability Table 7 also shows CronbachAos Coefficient Alpha.
All dimensions which were produced FFM variable in this research have good level of reliability.
This meant that level of inconsistency or unfamiliarity of respondents to the items of question tend low or included in acceptable category.
So the items of question were tested in this research was very feasible in measuring FFM dimension, in accordance with the original concept discussed and proven in pervious empirical researchs (Weaven et al.
, 2009.
Gill dan Hodgkinson, 2007.
Salgado, 1997.
Judge et al.
, 1998.
Fergusen, 2004.
Judge dan Erez, 2007.
Furnham et al.
, 2005.
Foldes et al.
, 2008.
Marcus et al.
, 2.
DISCUSSION
There were 9 of 84 items of predictabel question capable of measuring the dimensions of FFM, did not produce required loading factor value.
9 these items of question are 4 items for Agreeableness dimension, 3 items of question for Openness to Experience dimension, and 2 items for Emotional Stability dimension.
In addition to 9 items above, there is one item of question for Openness to Experience dimension which also rejected despite having loading factor more than The rejection was based on consideration that score of couple item for these items were less than 0.
4, so it was rejected.
Ten items were rejected because it did not meet the desired requirements were presentd in table 8.
For Agreeableness dimension, deleted items of question were: AuI am always tolerant of other peopleAos mistakes on me.
I always take the possitives from other peopleAos actions.
I am the type of selfish person.
I often prejudicedAy.
4 these questions represented two personality traits, namely toleran-selfish and postivenegative.
Two these characteristics was originally thought to be most representative of this dimension, but it did not meet the requested loading factor The explanation that could be given for the rejection to the first nature is that the items of question may be considered unrealistic for now.
Excessive tolerant nature may be considered to reflect weakness while the selfish nature tends to be not favored.
The second nature, the positive-negative thinking did not meet requesite of loading factor may be due to this nature was considered too directly on the issue.
Respondents were hesitant to admit that he/she was a tolerant or selfish and positive or negative thinking.
At the fourth factor/component, namely Openness to Experience dimension, deleted items of question are: AuI like abstract ideas and not be too predictable.
I am the type of person who likes to take risks.
I tend to like things that are obvious and Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality not abstract.
I am the type of person who tries to avoid risky thingsAy.
4 these items reflected the views and interest of a person to something abstract and risky.
Two these natures were originally considered to represent this dimension, but it did not meet the requested loading factor requirement.
The explanation that can be given for the rejection of the first nature is that the items of question may be considered to be a personality trait which tend to be negative and is something unusual.
Background of the community which this research was conducted may be assumed that someone who is not abstract precisely got a good place because it was not considered manipulative, dishonest, and not like the preamble.
The rejection of nature that relate with the risk may be caused by the attitude of AumiddleAy which is preferred by the public, including this researchAos respondents.
In indonesia, the nature which is too take the risk regarded as speculative, while attitude which is too avoid the risk regarded impossible.
Table 8 Items of question that do not meet the requirements of Factor Loading value Component/Factor No.
Questions I am always tolerant of other peopleAos mistakes on me I always take the possitives from other peopleAos actions I am the type of selfish person I often prejudiced I like abstract ideas and not be too I am the type of person who likes to take I tend to like things that are obvious and not abstract I am the type of person who tries to avoid risky things I am always able to control my feelings I am the type of person who is easily Two question items of Emotional Stability dimension, which the fifth factor/component was rejected because it had insufficient loading factor value.
Two items of question that were expected to help forming these dimensions did not meet the requirements of desired loading factor value, namely question: I am always able to control my feelings and I am the type of person who is easily Two items of this question essentially measures a personAos ability and inability to control the feelings.
The nature based on respondentsAo response in this research are not included in Emotional Stability dimension, while conceptually assumed be a major item for this dimension.
A possible explanation is given for this result is that the respondents felt very hesitant to identify themselves on the side of feeling control or not control the feelings.
The respondents generally felt Empirical Investigation of Five-Factor Model of Personality that they were in some situations or for some things can control their feelings well, but for some others were not.
CONCLUSION
This research concluded that the conceptualization of FFM which consist of five main dimensions of personality, has met the requirements of construct validity.
The test results of factor analysis produced five dimension of personality, in a row based on the percentage of data variance which was capable explained:
, extraversion-introversion .
, agreeableness .
, openness to experience .
, and emotional stability .
In addition, this five dimensions of FFM also have good level of reliability.
This research provides the strong support for the conceptualization of the dimensions of FFM, so that the items of measurement can be considered more workable to be used in practical purposes such as employee selection, training and development, promotion, and other practices of Human Resources Management (HRM).
The practitioner of organizations, particularly HRM practitioners are advised to use the conceptualization and measurements that have been empirically proven to improve the fit among employees with job/profession that they run.
Future research also needs to clarify the influence of the FFM dimension on the performance of employees, especially in Indonesia.
Therefore, should be conducted a research involving respondents from various professions to infer between the personality dimension score with job/profession that they run.
References