Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
11(4): 532-541. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.11.4.532-541
E-ISSN: 2460-5824
http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jpsl

Application of Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) to determine port waste
management strategies for African Swine Fever (ASF) prevention at Tanjung
Priok Port
Novera Nirmalasantia, Hefni Effendib, Ririn Setyowatic
a Natural Resources and Environmental Management Study Program, Graduate School, IPB University, Bogor, 16127, Indonesia

[+62 811979321]
b Environmental Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia

[+62 81319515242]

c Indonesia Agricultural Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, E-Building, Jakarta, Indonesia

[+62 81253790113]

Article Info:
Received: 03 - 11 - 2021
Accepted: 07 - 12 - 2021
Keywords:
African Swine Fever (ASF),
ISM, ships garbage, strategies
Corresponding Author:
Novera Nirmalasanti
Natural Resources and
Environmental Management
Study Program, Graduate
School, IPB University;
Tel. +62811979321
Email:
noveranirmalasanti@apps.ipb.ac.
id

Abstract. African Swine Fever (ASF) is a type of animal disease in pigs caused
by a virus with a high mortality rate and is highly contagious. Disease
transmission occurs directly through contact with infectious animals and
indirectly through feed, virus-contaminated objects, and swill feeding
produced by ships. Tanjung Priok Port has many ships originating or
transiting in countries infected with ASF by lowering their food waste without
further processing. Among those ships, some discharge their garbage and take
over into the final dumping site without any further treatment. There are many
institutions and stakeholders involved in garbage management in the port of
Tanjung Priok. The purpose of this study was to identify the obstacle, actors,
and strategies for ship waste management to prevent the spread of ASF Virus
at Tanjung Priok Port using the Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM)
method. The results showed that the most influential obstacle to ship waste
management to prevent the spread of the ASF virus was the availability of
Standard Operational Procedure (SOP), the actor who played the most role
was PT Pelindo II and the most important strategy is to develop an integrated
SOP for ship waste management.

How to cite (CSE Style 8th Edition):
Nirmalasanti N, Effendi H, Setyowati R. 2021. Application of Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) to determine port waste
management strategies for African Swine Fever (ASF) prevention at Tanjung Priok Port. JPSL 11(4): 532-541.
http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.11.4.532-541.

INTRODUCTION
The ASF virus outbreak first occurred in Southeast Asia, namely in China, and then spread to Mongolia,
Vietnam, North Korea, Cambodia, Hong Kong, the Philippines, South Korea, and Timor Leste (OIE, 2019).
Epidemiological studies of 68 ASF outbreaks in China show that there are three leading causes of the spread
of ASF virus, namely 46% from vehicles and workers without disinfection, 34% from swill feeding, and 19%
from the transportation of live pigs and their products between regions (FAO, 2019). Swill feeding is the
provision of food waste to livestock.
Indonesia has a reasonably significant potential for pig farming, namely 8 922 654 heads (BPS, 2019) that
need to be maintained and close to the outbreak country. In 2018 Indonesia exported 271 000 pigs to Singapore
with an economic value of one trillion rupiahs (BPS, 2019). Tanjung Priok Port is the busiest port of import
traffic in Indonesia. There were 204 ships from epidemic countries that berthed at Tanjung Priok out of 742
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Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 11(4): 532-541
ships berthing in May-December 2019 (Pelindo, 2020). The Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the
Republic of Indonesia No. 820/KPTS/PK.320M/12/2019 stated that ASF infection occurred in North Sumatra,
and it is still necessary to prevent the entry and spread of ASF carrier media from infected areas. At the regional
meeting of the Ministry of Agriculture with Office International des Epizooties (OIE) it was stated that the
incidence of ASF outbreaks in Indonesia also occurred in Riau in November, Padang and Bali in December
2019, East Nusa Tenggara in January, Palembang in May, Lampung in June and Central Java in August 2020.
According to Law No. 18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management, waste is the remainder of daily human
activities and or natural processes in solid form. The garbage from the ship there is unloaded and not unloaded
for ship waste that is not unloaded in accordance with Marine Pollution 73/78 (MARPOL 73/78) concerning
Prevention of Pollution from Ships. Disposal of food waste into the sea can be permitted if it has passed a
crusher or chopper located on the bridge fixed or floating placed >12 nautical miles from the mainland and all
other ships while sailing or at a distance of 500 m from the bridge. Garbage unloaded from ships refers to the
Regulation of the State Minister of the Environment No. 05 of 2009 concerning Waste Management in Ports
article 3 paragraph (1) that ship owners or ship operators can submit waste originating from routine ship
operational activities to the manager.
Food waste of animal origin originating from the arrival of foreign ships can pose a risk of disease entry
into Indonesia and cause economic and industrial losses, including foot and mouth disease, African Swine
Fever (ASF), Hog Cholera, and African Horse Sickness. The government will spend significant funds to handle
ASF cases, and there is a ban on exporting pigs and their products abroad. Tanjung Priok Port needs to have
the right strategy in international waste management, especially ship food waste, to break the chain of ASF
distribution. This study aims to identify constraints, actors, and strategies in ship waste management to prevent
the spread of ASF.
METHOD
Research Location and Time
The research was carried out at Tanjung Priok Port in collaboration with the Tanjung Priok Agricultural
Quarantine. This research took place from January-May 2021.
Method of Collecting Data
Data collection was obtained through Focus Group Discussion (FGD), field observations and in-depth
interviews, expert opinions from animal quarantine, environment, livestock socio-economics, port operational
management, port authorities, business actors, and libraries and reports, documents from authorized agencies.
Data Analysis Method
This study uses the Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) method to see a complex problem that occurs
in a system and is designed using graphics and sentences (Eriyatno, 1996). ISM is also used to assess the causes
and strategies for anticipating conversions (Santoso et al., 2017). The final results of the ISM technique are
key elements, structure diagrams, and Driver Power-Dependence (DP-D) matrices that describe the
classification of sub-elements, namely:
1. Weak driver-weak dependent variables (Autonomous), sub-elements unrelated to the system, have a slight
but strong relationship (Sector I).
2. Weak driver-strongly dependent variables (Dependent), variables are not independent and are affected by
other sector programs (Sector II).
3. Strong driver-strongly dependent variables (Linkage), the variables are studied carefully because the
relationship between variables is not stable. Each action on variable impacts the others, and feedback can
amplify the effect (Sector III).
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Nirmalasanti N, Effendi H, Setyowati R
4. Strong drive-weak dependent variables (Independent) have a significant driving force on the program's
success but are slightly dependent on the program (Sector IV).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Ship Traffic and Ship Garbage

NUMBER OF SHIP

Ship that berth at Tanjung Priok come from all over the world, in January-May 2021 there were 1 328
ships as shown in Figure 1 (Pelindo, 2019). In five months, there were 419 ships originating and/or transiting
from ASF outbreak countries (31.56%). The ASF outbreak countries are China, the Philippines, Vietnam,
South Korea, North Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan (OIE, 2019). It can be seen from Figure 2 that the largest
number of ships berthed from and/or transited in China (298 ships), as it is known that China was the country
where ASF outbreak occurred for the first time (OIE, 2019). There is a very large potential for the spread of
ASF through ships originating from or transiting from an outbreak country to Tanjung Priok Port.

400
300

301
246

252

Jan

Feb

282

247

200
100
0
Mar
MONTH

April

Mei

Figure 1 Number of ship berth in january-may 2021

Cat H;
3,205; 0%

CINA
7

10
PHILIPINA

24

8

VIETNAM

33

KOREA
SELATAN

39

298

KOREA
UTARA

Cat I;
48,0981;
2%

Cat F;
293,417;
12%

Cat J; 21,3;
1%

Cat E;
48,442;

Cat A;
1114,965;
45%

Cat D;
34,692; 2%

HONGKONG
TAIWAN

Figure 2 Ship traffic from asf outbreak countries
for january-may 2021

534

Cat G;
2,83; 0%

Cat C;
840,278;
34%

Cat B;
58,928; 2%

Cat A

Cat B

Cat C

Cat D

Cat E

Cat F

Cat G

Cat H

Cat I

Cat J

Figure 3 Amount and types of shipwreck unloaded
january-may 2021

Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 11(4): 532-541
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) defines food waste as perishable food or non-perishable
parts of food, including fruits, vegetables, dairy products, poultry, meat products, and food waste produced
onboard ships. Food waste is generated from vessels originating from kitchens and/or restaurants (EMSA,
2017). Based on waste certificate data, for the period January-May 2021, the total amount of ship waste that
was unloaded at Tanjung Priok Port was 2 466.16 m3 with the types of waste in the form of plastic (Cat A),
food waste (Cat B), household waste (Cat C), cooking oil (Cat D), incinerator ash (Cat E), operational waste
(Cat F), cargo residue (Cat G), animal carcasses (Cat H) and fishing gear (Cat I) (MARPOL 73/78) (Figure 3).
Food waste that can contain ASF genetics is recorded at 58 928 m3, meaning an average of 0.04
m3/ship/day that is unloaded from the ship. According to EMSA (2017) food waste generated by international
cargo ship crews is 0.01-0.016 m3/person/day or 0.3 kg/person/day. The number of cargo ship crews consists
of 20-30 people per ship. The volume of food waste that was lowered was not too much, but given that indirect
transmission occurs through feed or other objects contaminated with the ASF virus (fomites) such as clothing,
shoes, vehicles, knives, equipment, and contaminated people (CFSPH, 2019).
Ship Waste Management
The flow of ship waste management at Tanjung Priok Port is that every ship that will dock must report
the type and amount of waste on board no later than 48 hours before arriving through the Inaportnet Port Waste
Management System (PWMS). After verification by the Main Harbormaster, the port business entity carries
out ship waste collection activities (PT Balong Mas Utama and CV Harapan Kita). The unloaded waste is put
in black plastic bags, collected in a transport truck, and headed to the Temporary Shelter (TPS) in Rawa Badak
and Cilincing. Waste at the TPS will be sorted according to the waste category, namely inorganic waste that is
still economically valuable and organic/food waste and then disposed of to the Integrated Waste Management
Site (TPST) in Bantar Gebang, Bekasi to be used as compost, plastic waste is used as raw material for a plastic
cement factory or burned.
Ship's Waste Management Obstacle
There are many obstacles faced by managers in the context of preventing the spread of ASF, according to
ship waste management flow. With the ISM stages, (Figures 4, 5, 6) show that the availability of ship waste
management SOPs and the availability of PRF are in the independent sector (Strong Drive-Weak Dependent
Variables) meaning that both as key sub elements have a large driving force for the success of ship waste
management but are slightly dependent on the program (Figure 7 and 8). SOP is a guideline in carrying out
tasks according to the function and as a tool for assessing the performance of government and non-government
agencies (Atmoko, 2011). PRF are all fixed, floating, or mobile facilities capable of receiving marine pollutant
waste/garbage from ships (KemenLH, 2009). Currently, the available SOPs and PRFs are only for hazardous
and toxic waste (B3 waste). Food waste is allowed to be sent to a port waste collection facility or PRF if
disposal at sea is not permitted due to regulations or because the ship does not have a commuter/garbage
shredder. The existence of this provision requires ports to develop plans and provide adequate waste
management facilities and equipment for receiving waste (IMO, 2006).
Incinerator is a combustion furnace to treat solid waste, which converts solid material (garbage) into the
gaseous matter, and ash (bottom ash and fly ash) (Defra, 2007). This method is very appropriate for handling
waste containing certain viruses from a disease so that the virus can be ascertained to be dead and will not be
contagious (Alcrudo et al., 2019). The presence of an incinerator depends on the ship's route, duration of
voyage, onboard waste storage capacity and/or the ship's overall waste management policy (EMSA, 2017).
Given the nature of the ASF virus persisting in blood stored at 4 oC for 18 months, in decomposing blood
for 15 weeks (EFSA, 2014), it is highly likely that contamination will occur in other types of shipwreck.
Arimurti et al. (2021) said that 8.69% (2/23) of food waste samples were taken from international ships
535

Nirmalasanti N, Effendi H, Setyowati R
originating or transiting from ASF-infected countries that were unloaded at Tanjung Priok Port were positive
for the ASF virus. The positive samples came from Chinese and Philippine ships.

A1

A2

A3

A4

A1

1

1

1

1

A2

0

1

1

1

A3

0

0

1

0

A4

0

0

1

1

A1

A2

A3

A4

V

V

V

V

V

A1
A2
A3

A

A4

Figure 4 Self Structural Interaction Matrix (SSIM) of
obstacle elements

A2

A3

A4

DP

R

A1

1

1

1

1

4

1

A2

0

1

1

1

3

2

A3

0

0

1

0

1

4

A4

0

0

1

1

2

3

DP

1

2

4

3

L

4

Obstacle
5

Drive Power

A1

Figure 5 Reachability matrix of obstacle
elements

A1
A2

2,5

A4

A3
0
0

2,5

3

1

2

Figure 6 Final matrix of obstacle elements

Level 4

Figure 7 Driver Power-Dependence (DP-D)
matrix of obstacle

A3. Availability of incinerators on board

A4. Availability of waste sorter
Level 3

Level 2

A2. Availability of
Port Reception Facilities (PRF)

Level 1

A1. Availability of ship waste management SOP

Figure 8 Hierarchy of shipwreck management obstacle

536

5

Dependence

Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 11(4): 532-541
Ship Waste Management Actors
The implementation of ship waste management and supervision also involves many actors, creating an
imbalance of duties and responsibilities in the system and the field. ISM solves the problem of
interrelationships and elements that are directly and indirectly related to complex organizational issues
(Warfield, 2005). The ISM analysis obtained a structural interaction matrix, as shown in Figure 9-11. Figure
12 shows that Indonesia Port Corporation II and the Port Authority are included in the independent sector
(Strong drive-weak dependent variables). Indonesia Port Corporation II is the actor who plays the
most/dominant role because it is the operational executor in waste and waste management (Figure 13). The
Port Authority, with the main tasks and functions in accordance with Law 18 of 2008 is to provide land and
waters, provide and maintain shipping navigational aids, guarantee and maintain environmental sustainability
in ports. Business entities/waste managers, DKI Jakarta Environmental Agency, Agricultural Quarantine, and
Main Harbormasters are in quadrant II, and these actors are Weak driver variables-strongly dependent
variables. The three actors have the same role in ship waste management to prevent the spread of ASF in
Tanjung Priok Port. Agricultural Quarantine carries out duties in accordance with Indonesian Government
Law Number 21 of 2019, in waste management, being responsible for monitoring quarantine waste at airports
or seaports.

B1
B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

A

V

V

V

V

A

V

V

V

V

V

V

A

V

A

V

V

V

V

V

B2
B3
B4
B5
B6

A

B7

B3

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

B5

0

B6
B7
DP
L

B1

0

B4

B3
B4
B5
B6

0
0

1
0

0
0

1
0

1
1

1
0

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

3

1

5

4

4

7

4

4

5

2

3

3

1

3

DP

R

5

2

7

1

3

4

4

3

4

3

1

5

4

3

Figure 11 Final reachability matrix of actors
elements

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

Figure 10 Reachability matrix of actors elements
Actor
7

Drive power

B2

B2

B7

Figure 9 Self Structural Interaction Matrix (SSIM)
of actors elements

B1

B1

B1

B1
B2

3,5

B7

B5

B4

B6
B3
0
0

3,5

7

Dependence

Figure 12 Driver Power-Dependence (DP-D)
matrix of actor element

537

Nirmalasanti N, Effendi H, Setyowati R

Level 5

B7. Indonesian National
Shipowner’s Association
(INSA)

Level 4

B3. Main Legacy

B6. Business
Entity/ Waste
Management

Level 3

B5.
Agricultural
Quarantine

B4. DKI Jakarta
Environment Agency

Level 2

B1. Port Authority

Level 1

B2. Indonesia Port Corporation II

Figure 13 Hierarchy of ship waste management actors
Kesyahbandaran Utama supervises the unloading of waste from ships and provides recommendations for
sanctions for those who commit violations. Another actor, namely INSA, is in Weak driver-weak dependent
variables (autonomous). Sub elements are not related to the system and have a little relationship but can be
strong in the program. INSA based on the Decree of the Minister of Maritime Affairs No. DP.10/7/9 dated 6
September 1967 is an organization as a forum for shipping entrepreneurs who, in this case, are business actors.
Ship Waste Management Strategy
The right strategy is needed and implemented in preventing the spread of ASF in Tanjung Priok Port.
From the ISM results obtained a structural interaction matrix (Figures 14-16). In Figure 17, it can be seen that
compiling SOPs and providing PRF is in quadrant IV, which is a Strong drive-weak dependent variable
(Independent), i.e. the variable has a significant driving force on the success of the program but is slightly
dependent on the program. Even though they are in the same quadrant, compiling SOPs is at level one in the
hierarchy (Figure 18). The most important strategy in ship waste management to prevent the spread of ASF is
to prepare SOPs, then by providing Port Reception Facilities (PRF). In line with Vaneeckhaute and Fazli
(2020), that waste that is usually disposed of at sea can be given pre-treatment on board the ship or at the PRF.
It is hoped that the PRF will also be equipped with other facilities, namely waste sorting and treatment areas
such as the provision of disinfectants and incinerators, so that the waste that comes out does not contain ASF
genetic material.
C1
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

A

A

V

A

A

C1

1

0

0

1

0

0

V

V

V

V

C2

1

1

1

1

1

1

V

A

A

C3

1

0

1

1

0

0

A

A

C4

0

0

0

1

0

0

A

C5

1

0

1

1

1

0

C6

1

0

1

1

1

1

C6

Figure 14 Self Structural Interaction Matrix
(SSIM) of strategy elements

538

Figure 15 Reachability matrix elements of strategy elements

Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 11(4): 532-541
C
2
0

C
3
0

C
4
1

C
5
0

C
6
0

D
P
2

R

C1

C
1
1

C2

1

1

1

1

1

1

6

1

C3

1

0

1

1

0

0

3

4

C4

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

6

C5

1

0

1

1

1

0

4

3

C6

1

0

1

1

1

1

5

2

D
P
L

5

1

4

6

3

2

Strategy

6

Drive Power

5

C2
C6

C5
3

C3
C1
C41

0

0

3

6

Dependence
2

6

3

1

4

5

Figure 16 Final reachability matrix
elements of strategy elements

Figure 17 Driver Power-Dependence (DP-D) matrix of
strategy elements

Level 6

C4. Prohibit swill feeding

Level 5

C1. Socializing ASF

Level 4

C3. Joint inspection between actors

Level 3

C5. Destroying food waste

Level 2

C6. Provide
Port Reception Facilities (PRF)

Level 1

C2. Develop SOP for ship waste management

Figure 18 Hierarchy of ship waste management strategies
Strategies to destroy food waste can use ordinary manual combustion or use an incinerator. An incinerator
eliminates organic waste through combustion in a controlled and isolated system from the surrounding
environment (Sjoerd, 2007). Food waste suspected of containing ASF genetic material is considered infectious
waste so that it can be destroyed with an infectious incinerator. The high heating temperature in the incinerator
can be inactive the ASF virus properties. Pork can be inactivated by heating at a minimum temperature of 70°C
for a minimum of 30 minutes (Alcrudo et al., 2019), while in the product Pigs by heating commercially
sterilized at 121°C for 3 minutes, minimum steam pressure of 2 psi, the swill can be inactivated by heating at
90°C for a minimum of 60 minutes with continuous stirring or by heating commercial sterilizers at 121°C for
a minimum of 10 minutes, pressure 3 bar (OIE, 2019)
Inspection between actors is included in the Strong driver-strongly dependent variables (Linkage); each
action on variable impacts the other, and feedback can magnify the effect. Inspection is a thorough, direct
examination of the implementation of regulations, duties, and so on (KBBI, 2019). The following strategy is
to socialize ASF and prohibit swill feeding. Socialization is a process that helps members of society learn and
adapt to the way of life, the way of thinking of the group so that they can play a role and function in the group
(Buhler, 1980). ASF transmission can be through swill feeding produced by aircraft and ships sailing between
539

Nirmalasanti N, Effendi H, Setyowati R
countries or regions (Alcrudo et al., 2019). Food waste is widely used as animal feed because the price is low
or even unpaid. It is known that in the Bantar Gebang TPST, there are no pig farms in the vicinity.
CONCLUSION
In the management of ship samples to prevent the spread of ASF, the most influencing constraint is the
availability of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), the actor who plays the most role is Indonesia Port
Corporation II, and the most important strategy is to develop an integrated SOP for ship waste management.
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