ISSN 2086-3314
E-ISSN 2503-0450
DOI: 10.
31957/jbp.
http://ejournal.
id/index.
php/JBP JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA Volume 17.
Number 1, pages: 50Ae62 April 2025 The Impact of Environmental Factors on Ecological Balance and the Bioactive Complexity of the Mangrove Avicennia alba in the Youtefa Bay Nature Tourism Area (YBNTA).
Jayapura City DANIEL Z.
WAMBRAUW1,*.
LOLITA TUHUMENA1.
YULINDRA M.
NUMBERI1,
IMAM MISHBACH2.
SUHARNO1.
DIRK Y.
RUNTUBOI1
Department of Biology.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Cenderawasih University.
Jayapura Department of Fisheries Science.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Cenderawasih University.
Jayapura Received: 3 September 2024 Ae Accepted: 20 March 2025 A 2025 Department of Biology.
Cenderawasih University ABSTRACT The natural tourism area of Teluk Youtefa in Jayapura City is known for its mangrove forests, rich in biodiversity, particularly Avicennia alba.
Mangroves serve as coastal buffers, pollutant filters, and habitats for various flora and However, climate change, pollution, and human activities can affect the ecological balance and bioactive compound content of A.
alba, which has long been recognized as a potential source of medicinal and natural antioxidant compounds.
Fluctuations in water quality, invasive species, and land-use changes may disrupt both the ecosystem and the complexity of its bioactive constituents.
Understanding the impact of environmental factors on both aspects is crucial for effective and sustainable conservation.
This study aims to explore the relationship between environmental factors and the production of bioactive compounds in mangroves.
The research investigates how environmental changes influence the ecological balance and bioactive content of A.
alba, and their implications for the sustainability of the Teluk Youtefa mangrove tourism area.
Sampling was conducted using a purposive sampling method, focusing on environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS), along with laboratory analysis of bioactive compounds.
The results show that the site with poor environmental quality (Site .
recorded DO at 3.
mg/L.
BOD at 5.
8 mg/L, and Pb at 0.
07 mg/L.
In contrast, the site with better environmental conditions (Site .
showed DO at 5.
5 mg/L.
BOD at 2.
1 mg/L, and salinity at 32.
4 ppt.
The bioactive compounds identified include WagnerAos alkaloids.
DragendorffAos alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins.
The polluted site (Site .
yielded only three compoundsAiflavonoids, terpenoids, and saponinsAiwhereas the conservation site (Site .
revealed the full set of six bioactive compounds, including alkaloids and tannins.
These findings indicate that environmental quality has a direct influence on the complexity of bioactive compounds and the ecological potential of mangrove ecosystems.
Key words: Avicennia alba.
bioactive compounds.
INTRODUCTION
The Youtefa Bay Nature Tourism Area (YBNTA) in Jayapura City is renowned for its rich * Corresponding author:
Department of Biology.
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Cenderawasih University.
Jayapura.
Indonesia.
Jl.
Kamp Wolker.
Uncen Waena.
Jayapura.
Papua 99352.
E-mail: chouzadrak@gmail.
mangrove forests, particularly the species Avicennia alba (Tuhumena et al.
, 2.
Mangroves play a crucial role as coastal environmental buffers, pollutant filters, and habitats for diverse flora and fauna (Naibaho et al.
, 2.
However, environmental changes such as climate change, pollution, and human activities threaten the ecological balance and bioactive complexity of these mangrove ecosystems (Sehol et al.
, 2.
The WAMBRAUW et al.
The Impact of Environmental Factors ecological stability of A.
alba mangrove forests can be disrupted by fluctuations in water quality, invasive species, and land use changes (Kodhikara et al.
, 2023.
Bhagarathi et al.
, 2.
Meanwhile, the bioactive complexityAireferring to the diversity and potency of bioactive compounds within A.
alba Aimay also be affected, influencing the overall ecosystem value and potential for natural resource utilization (Hussain et al.
, 2.
Therefore, understanding how environmental factors impact these two aspects in Youtefa Bay is essential for effective and sustainable conservation efforts.
Mangrove ecosystems, as unique coastal habitats, present intriguing biological and ecological complexities (Karim et al.
, 2.
Mangroves thrive in tidal zones with high salinity, exhibiting remarkable adaptations to harsh conditions such as elevated temperatures, tidal fluctuations, and muddy soils (SoAoo et al.
, 2.
The mangrove ecosystem in Youtefa Bay offers a distinctive environment for A.
alba (Flassy et al.
, which endures extreme conditions including high temperatures, strong winds, tidal waters, high salinity, and anaerobic muddy soils (Bhagarathi et al.
, 2.
Globally, mangroves cover approximately 181,000 kmA along coastlines in 121 countries and territories, representing nearly 25% of the worldAos coastline and making them a significant focus for ecological balance studies (Sawant, 2.
The diverse mangrove species provide habitats for various flora and fauna and deliver critical ecosystem services to humans, such as coastal protection from erosion and storms (Sihombing et al.
, 2.
Avicennia alba, a vital mangrove species, typically grows in tidal zones with salinity levels ranging from 17 to 36.
6 ppm.
This group includes trees and shrubs belonging to various families, such as Avicenniaceae.
Bombacaceae.
Combretaceae.
Maliaceae.
Myrtaceae.
Myrsinaceae.
Pellicieraceae.
Plumbaginaceae.
Rhizophoraceae.
Rubiaceae, and Sonneratiaceae.
Mangroves are among the most ecologically diverse and productive wetland ecosystems globally, owing to the synthesis of numerous metabolites triggered by environmental stress (Kumar et al.
, 2014.
Kumar & Pola, 2.
Environmental factors like temperature, salinity, and soil quality play pivotal roles in shaping the bioactive complexity of mangroves.
Previous research has shown that varying environmental conditions can lead to differences in the types and concentrations of bioactive compounds produced by mangrove species (Sanyal, 1983.
Patra et al.
, 2.
Hence, environmental variables and bioactive complexity is critical for understanding coastal ecosystem dynamics and optimizing their bioprospecting Recent studies have highlighted the phytoremediation potential of A.
alba in mangrove Juswardi et al.
demonstrated the speciesAo ability to remediate heavy metals like lead (P.
and copper (C.
in JambiAos mangrove areas through phytoremediation mechanisms including Additionally.
Efriyeldi et al.
found significant biomass and carbon storage potential in alba within a mangrove rehabilitation site in Kedaburapat Village.
Riau.
Their research identified a positive correlation between tree biomass/carbon emphasizing the role of A.
alba in climate change mitigation via carbon sequestration in mangrove Furthermore.
Wintah et al.
reported that mangrove species diversity, including A.
alba, is strongly influenced by environmental conditions such as salinity, pH, and soil organic content in Kuala Bubon.
West Aceh.
This underscores the importance of understanding the relationships between environmental factors and mangrove community structure for sustainable coastal ecosystem management.
This study uniquely focuses on A.
alba in Youtefa Bay, a conservation area in Papua that has been underrepresented in scientific research.
The local ecosystemAos distinctiveness and the regionAos specific environmental pressures provide a strong basis for this research to contribute meaningfully to the conservation of endemic mangrove The novelty of this work lies in its integrated approach, combining ecological balance and bioactive complexityAitwo aspects often JU R NA L BIO L O G I PA P U A 17.
: 50Ae62 studied separatelyAiwithin a location-specific This integrated perspective aims to offer new insights into how environmental dynamics influence both the bioprospecting potential and the long-term sustainability of mangrove Moreover, the study is relevant to global challenges such as climate change, bioresource development, aligning with national Consequently, the findings from this research could serve as a scientific foundation for policymaking aimed at protecting coastal ecosystems in eastern Indonesia.
The objective of this research was to understand how A.
responds to environmental changes and to explore its relationship with the complexity of bioactive MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted at the Youtefa Bay Nature Tourism Park in Jayapura City.
The mangrove species A.
alba in this area was selected as the research subject using a purposive sampling Figure 1.
Map of the research location.
Purposive sampling is a selective, judgment-based sampling technique that relies on the researcherAos assessment to choose sampling units (Azzahra et al.
, 2020.
Firmansyah & Dede.
Sampling sites representing the entire study comprehensive coverage.
The study focused on Bioindicator Analysis and Laboratory Analysis, with A.
alba serving as a biological indicator to assess the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem and the impacts of environmental changes (Suriadi et al.
, 2.
Research on the environmental impact on the ecological balance and bioactive compound complexity of A.
alba mangroves can be conducted through several stages:
Field Survey The initial stage involves a field survey that includes direct observation within the A.
mangrove area.
During this phase, data on the distribution and abundance of mangrove populations are collected.
The purpose of the survey is to obtain a general overview of the spatial distribution and population density of mangroves at the study site, which will serve as a WAMBRAUW et al.
The Impact of Environmental Factors foundation for further analysis (Wulandari et al.
Wijaya & Santojo, 2.
Mangrove sample collection for laboratory This stage involves collecting samples of A.
alba mangrove plants from the survey locations for further laboratory analysis.
The purpose of sampling is to evaluate the quality of the mangrove plants, their bioactive compound content, and other relevant factors through laboratory testing (Poncowati et al.
, 2022.
Akasia et , 2.
Laboratory test Samples collected from the previous stage will be tested for various parameters, including Figure 2.
Sample of A.
Figure 3.
Laboratory testing process.
physicochemical environmental parameters, and bioactive compound assays (Feng et al.
, 2024.
Glevitzky et al.
, 2.
Integration of field survey and laboratory test After collecting data from the field survey and laboratory tests, this stage involves combining and integrating the datasets.
The analysis focuses on the relationship between the distribution and abundance of mangroves and the laboratory results to understand how environmental factors influence the ecological condition and bioactive complexity of the mangrove ecosystem (Segaran et , 2023.
Cid-Alvarado et al.
, 2.
JU R NA L BIO L O G I PA P U A 17.
: 50Ae62 Data Analysis This stage involves the integration of data and identification of patterns from field surveys and laboratory analyses of samples to understand the response of A.
alba to environmental changes.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Environmental characteristics of the mangrove ecosystem in YBNTA Environmental parameter measurements were conducted at three different locations, each representing varying levels of human activity (Table .
Environmental parameters were measured at three distinct sites, selected based on varying degrees of human activity: Site 1 .
djacent to settlements and a harbo.
Site 2 .
transitional zone with moderate activit.
, and Site 3 .
conservation area with no direct human This sampling design aims to assess how differences in environmental quality influence the ecological condition of the A.
mangrove ecosystem.
Temperature Temperature across the three sites remained relatively stable, ranging from 29.
1 - 30.
4AC.
These fluctuations are within the tolerance range for however, the higher temperature observed at Site 1 is likely influenced by domestic wastewater runoff and human activities that contribute to elevated microclimate temperatures.
Increased temperature can also accelerate the decomposition of organic matter, thereby raising the demand for dissolved oxygen (DO) in the Salinity Salinity levels across the study sites ranged 7 ppt at Site 1 to 32.
4 ppt at Site 3.
The lowest salinity at Site 1 suggests dilution of seawater by freshwater inflow or domestic In contrast.
Site 3Ailocated far from human activityAiexhibited a more natural and stable salinity level, ideal for the growth of A.
which requires high salinity conditions maintain normal metabolic functions.
The pH values across all sites varied from 6.
4, remaining within a neutral range.
However.
Site 1 showed a slightly more acidic condition, likely due to the decomposition of organic material from household waste and port-related Lower pH levels can affect the enzymatic activity of mangrove plants and soil Dissolved oxygen (DO) Dissolved oxygen levels varied significantly, with the lowest recorded at Site 1 .
2 mg/L) and the highest at Site 3 .
5 mg/L).
The low DO at Site 1 indicates high organic pollution, which increases In contrast, the higher DO levels at Site 3 provide better support for aquatic life and photosynthetic processes in mangrove ecosystems.
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) The highest BOD level was recorded at Site 1 .
8 mg/L), while the lowest was at Site 3 .
mg/L).
High BOD indicates a large amount of organic matter that requires decomposition by microorganisms, which in turn depletes dissolved oxygen in the water.
This reflects significant pollution pressure at Site 1, likely due to domestic wastewater discharge and maritime activities.
Total suspended solids (TSS) TSS values followed a similar trend to BOD.
Site 1 recorded the highest TSS level .
mg/L), indicating a high load of suspended particles such as silt, organic waste, and detritus.
Elevated TSS levels can reduce light penetration, hinder photosynthesis, and negatively affect mangrove growth and aquatic organisms.
Lead (P.
Heavy metal contamination, particularly lead (P.
, also varied considerably across sites, with the highest concentration at Site 1 .
07 mg/L) and the lowest at Site 3 .
01 mg/L).
The elevated Pb levels WAMBRAUW et al.
The Impact of Environmental Factors at Site 1 suggest contamination from marine transportation and small-scale industrial activities.
Lead is a toxic metal that can impair physiological processes in mangroves and aquatic fauna.
These data indicate that Site 1 has significantly poorer environmental quality compared to Site 3, which serves as a conservation zone.
Pollutants such as BOD.
TSS, and Pb are prevalent in high human-activity areas, while parameters like DO and salinity are more stable and healthier in the conservation zone.
This disparity influences the ecological balance and the production of bioactive compounds in A.
alba, which will be further elaborated in the discussion section.
Mangrove ecosystem of Youtefa Bay Youtefa Bay in Papua hosts an extensive mangrove ecosystem, playing a vital role in maintaining environmental balance.
Mangroves protect shorelines from erosion, serve as habitats for diverse flora and fauna, and provide numerous ecosystem services such as supporting fisheries, supplying raw materials, sequestering carbon, protecting coastlines, purifying water, serving as breeding grounds, and offering nature-based recreation (Qudenhoven et al.
, 2.
However, the mangrove ecosystems in Youtefa Bay are increasingly affected by various environmental stressors, including climate change, human degradation, and land-use changes.
Studies have shown that both the quality and quantity of mangroves in the region have declined over the years (Hamuna et al.
, 2.
Global climate change has significantly Rising temperatures and sea level pose serious threats to their survival.
Sea level rise may lead to saltwater intrusion further inland, potentially harming mangrove species that are sensitive to excessive Human activities such as land clearing, settlement development, and deforestation for fuel or infrastructure often lead to the degradation of mangrove ecosystems.
In Youtefa Bay, the expansion of coastal settlements poses a serious threat to the preservation of mangrove forests.
Pollution from domestic and industrial waste further intensifies the pressure on these Additionally, sedimentation in Youtefa Bay's watersAioften resulting from upstream erosionAican bury mangrove root systems, block water flow, and hinder nutrient and oxygen absorption.
Such conditions diminish the productivity of the ecosystem and reduce Water pollution, caused by both chemical and organic waste, can damage the soil structure around mangroves, impair plant growth, and harm wildlife that depends on this habitat.
The decline in water quality can also result in mass die-offs of mangrove vegetation.
Land-use changes, such as converting mangrove forests into agricultural or aquaculture zones, have further contributed to ecosystem degradation.
Shrinking mangrove areas weaken their ecological functionsAisuch as carbon sequestration, pollutant filtration, and providing shelter for fish and When mangrove ecosystems lose these essential roles, ecological imbalances ariseAifor instance, the loss of spawning grounds disrupts the life cycles of aquatic organisms and diminishes the resources available to humans (Witomo, 2.
In 1994, the mangrove area in Youtefa Bay.
Jayapura, covered approximately 392.
45 hectares.
By 2017, this area had shrunk to 233.
12 hectaresAia reduction of 159.
34 hectares or about 40.
59% over 23 years.
This decline is largely attributed to anthropogenic factors such as logging, conversion of mangrove areas for roads, bridges, and settlements, as well as natural environmental changes (Hamuna et al.
, 2.
The role of A.
alba mangroves in maintaining ecological balance Avicennia alba plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance in coastal areas.
This mangrove species serves not only as a natural barrier against coastal abrasion but also functions as an effective carbon sink.
Its extensive and robust root system stabilizes coastal soils and helps prevent erosion caused by tides and wave action, acting as a natural buffer that protects shorelines from degradation.
JU R NA L BIO L O G I PA P U A 17.
: 50Ae62 Moreover.
alba provides essential habitat for various fauna, including fish, crustaceans, and The ecosystem supports breeding, foraging, and sheltering activities, thereby contributing to high biodiversity.
Among mangrove species.
Avicennia alba is one of the most widespread and is known for its effectiveness in mitigating pollution within mangrove forests (Bana et al.
This species is also recognized for its high Through photosynthesis.
alba reduces atmospheric greenhouse gases, making it a significant player in Additionally, mangroves serve as natural biofilters.
They trap pollutants such as heavy metals and harmful chemicals, particularly through their roots.
The complex root systems of Avicennia alba are capable of absorbing heavy metals, effectively reducing contamination in coastal waters (Rachmawati et al.
, 2.
By trapping sediments and filtering pollutants before they enter marine ecosystems.
alba helps maintain water quality.
Furthermore, its leaf litter contributes to nutrient cycling, supporting the productivity of nearby marine ecosystems.
These nutrients feed primary producers like plankton, which form the base of the marine food web and sustain a wide array of aquatic life.
Bioactive complexity of A.
alba mangrove Mangrove plants thrive in coastal ecosystems and have significant potential across various sectors due to their rich content of bioactive alba, one of the dominant mangrove species, is known for its high bioactive This species is well-adapted to harsh environmental conditions such as high salinity and muddy substrates.
Beyond its ecological importance in maintaining coastal ecosystem balance.
alba has drawn scientific attention due to its diverse bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which have demonstrated antioxidant, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, and anticancer properties.
The bioactive compounds of A.
alba have been evaluated through laboratory testing.
These tests aim to assess the plantAos biochemical potential and its ecological responses to environmental stress in the mangrove ecosystem of Youtefa Bay.
The results of the laboratory analysis of A.
bioactive compounds are presented in Table 2.
Bioactive compound testing on A.
alba leaves The bioactive compound analysis of A.
leaves collected from three different sites revealed significant variation among locations, particularly in alkaloid content.
This suggests that environmental quality strongly influences the plantAos ability to synthesize secondary metabolites.
Alkaloids (Wagner and Dragendorff Test.
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds known for their broad biological activities, including antimicrobial and anticancer The test results showed that both Wagner and Dragendorff-type alkaloids were detected only at Site 3 .
he conservation zon.
, while no alkaloids were found at Site 1 or Site 2.
The presence of these alkaloids at the site with the best environmental quality suggests that stable, low-pollution conditions support the biosynthesis of complex secondary compounds.
This finding aligns with environmental parameters at Site 3, such as higher dissolved oxygen .
5 mg/L) and lower lead levels .
mg/L), which are more favorable for physiological processes and secondary metabolite production.
contrast, the absence of alkaloids at Sites 1 and 2 likely reflects metabolic inhibition caused by environmental stressors, including elevated biological oxygen demand .
8 mg/L) and lead contamination .
07 mg/L), which may interfere with enzymatic pathways involved in alkaloid Flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins Flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins were detected across all sampling locations, including areas impacted by human activity and the conservation zone.
This suggests that these compounds are relatively common secondary WAMBRAUW et al.
The Impact of Environmental Factors Table 1.
Characteristics of Environmental Parameters at YBNTA in Jayapura City.
Papua Parameters Point 1 (Near Point 2 (Tourist Point 3 Quality Standards Settlemen.
(Conservation (PP No.
22/2.
Temperature (AC) 28Ae32 Salinity .
28Ae34 5Ae8.
DO .
g/L) Ou5 BOD .
g/L) O2 TSS .
g/L) O 30 Pb .
g/L) O 0.
Description: Site 1: reflects a more polluted environment, with BOD and Pb levels exceeding environmental quality standards.
Site 3 demonstrates the best water quality, meeting standard thresholds.
Table 2.
Test results for the content of bioactive compounds in A.
No.
Senyawa bioaktif Point 1 Alkaloids Wagner None Point 2 None Point 3 Available None Ada None Present Present Present Available Present None Present Present Present Alkaloids Dragendroff Flavonoid Steroids Terpenoids Saponins Tannins metabolites and that A.
alba can still produce them even in suboptimal environments.
C Flavonoids are known for their strong antioxidant activity.
Their consistent presence across all sites indicates that the plant maintains its defense against oxidative stress, regardless of varying environmental pressures.
C Terpenoids, volatile compounds involved in defense against pathogens and environmental adaptation, were also found at all sites, supporting their role in basic plant resilience.
C Saponins and tannins function as natural defenses against microbes and herbivores.
Their widespread presence suggests that A.
alba maintains essential protective systems across different environmental conditions.
However, it is likely that the complexity and concentration of these compounds are higher at Site 3 .
he conservation zon.
, and further None Ada None Present Present Present chromatographic or spectrometric analyses could confirm this.
Steroids Interestingly, steroid compounds were not detected at any site.
This absence may be due to the limitations of the detection method or the naturally low levels of steroids under current environmental conditions.
Steroid production is often associated with specific tissues or environmental triggers that may not be present at the sampling sites.
These results highlight that environmental quality affects the presence of certain bioactive compounds, especially alkaloids.
More complex and pharmacologically valuable compounds like alkaloids appear to be optimally produced only in stable, low-pollution environments.
Therefore, maintaining environmental quality in Teluk Youtefa is vital not only for preserving mangrove JU R NA L BIO L O G I PA P U A 17.
: 50Ae62 ecosystems but also for sustaining their bioactive potential as a resource for pharmaceuticals and local bioeconomy development.
Based on Table 2, it is evident that A.
alba in Teluk Youtefa contains several bioactive Site 3, the conservation area with better environmental conditions, exhibited a wider variety of bioactive compounds, including Wagner and Dragendorff alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins.
Only steroids were absent across all samples.
Similar findings have been reported by Das .
, who noted the presence of diterpenes, triterpenes, sterols, saponins, and carbohydrates in A.
alba, though lacking glycosides, proteins, and reducing sugars.
Mitra et .
also confirmed that the phytochemicals in A.
alba serve vital physiological and stressrelated functions, carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and phenolic compounds.
These environmental and medicinal benefits.
secondary metabolites, they help plants adapt and survive in stressful environments.
Alkaloids act as toxins against insects and herbivores, regulate plant growth, and serve as nitrogen reserves (Wink, 2.
Flavonoids function as antioxidants and protect plants from environmental damage and pathogens while contributing to color, taste, and aroma (Mierziak et al.
, 2.
Terpenoids support defense against herbivores and microbes, attract pollinators, and promote symbiosis with soil microbes.
They also act as phytoalexinsAi antimicrobial compounds produced in response to stress (Singh & Sharma, 2015.
Li et al.
, 2.
Saponins have diverse industrial uses: in aquaculture .
s shrimp pest contro.
, textiles .
s eco-friendly detergent.
, and cosmetics .
s foaming agents in shampoo.
(Putri et al.
, 2.
Tannins, widespread in the plant kingdom, help protect against predation and regulate growth (Das et al.
, 2.
In the health sector, alkaloids have effects on the nervous system, blood pressure, and antimicrobial resistance (Widi & Indriati, 2.
Flavonoids prevent lipid peroxidation, protect tissues from oxidative damage, and inhibit harmful enzymes (Latifah, 2.
Terpenoids disrupt bacterial nutrient channels, hindering growth or causing cell death (Suhendar & Fathurrahman, 2.
Saponins demonstrate potential against leukemia, paralysis, asthma, inflammation, and rheumatism (Purnobasuki.
Tannins possess astringent, antibacterial, (Malangngi, 2.
Extracts from A.
alba leaves, stems, and roots have been tested against various pathogens.
This species is traditionally used to treat serious health issues (Mitra et al.
, 2.
, including HIV, cancer, hepatitis, diarrhea, diabetes, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
Its resin has applications in childbirth, abscess treatment, skin disease, and tumor management (Pambudi & Haryanto, 2.
Impact of human activities on the mangrove environment in Teluk Youtefa Human activities in Teluk Youtefa have had a significant impact on the mangrove ecosystem.
Rapid infrastructure developmentAiincluding roads, bridges, and settlementsAihas led to the conversion of mangrove areas into built-up zones.
This land-use change has reduced the extent of mangrove forests, which play a crucial role in coastal protection and serve as vital habitats for various species.
Unsustainable activities such as mining and overfishing have also contributed to ecosystem degradation by damaging mangrove root systems and increasing sedimentation, which inhibits mangrove growth.
In Teluk Youtefa, approximately 984 hectares of mangrove forests have experienced escalating degradation each year.
The primary drivers of this damage include the conversion of mangrove forests into shrimp ponds, industrial zones, and coastal settlementsAiparticularly in the Entrop This land degradation is further exacerbated by pollution from residential areas in Jayapura City, which drains into nearby rivers including the Ampera River.
Entrop River, and Acay Stream (Paulangan, 2.
The mangrove ecosystem within the TYNTA, which is located near urban areas, is directly WAMBRAUW et al.
The Impact of Environmental Factors affected by various anthropogenic activities.
The exploitation of mangrove wood for fuel, construction materials, and other uses has led to a decline in ecosystem quality.
Additionally, land reclamation for aquaculture, housing, and industryAialong with rising pollution and sedimentation from urban runoffAihas further stressed the ecosystem.
Waste from domestic and industrial sources discharged into mangrove waters contributes to environmental pollution, reducing water quality and negatively affecting mangrove health.
These impacts have resulted in decreased biodiversity and ecosystem productivity, thereby disrupting ecological balance in the area.
Conservation efforts and sustainable management practices are urgently needed to protect and restore this critical ecosystem.
Mangroves in Teluk Youtefa are not only ecologically important but also provide substantial economic benefits to local However, ongoing environmental degradation has led to a notable decline in community income, from IDR 5.
65 billion to IDR 61 billion per yearAia reduction of IDR 2.
Overall, the degradation of Teluk YoutefaAos mangrove ecosystem could have been prevented through better development planning and a stronger understanding of the ecological and economic functions of mangroves by all stakeholders (Handono et al.
, 2.
Strategies for conservation and management of mangroves in the TYNTA Conserving mangroves in the Teluk Youtefa Nature Tourism Area requires a holistic approach involving multiple stakeholders, including local governments, conservation organizations, and the surrounding communities.
A key strategy is the establishment of strictly protected mangrove zones to prevent land conversion and habitat These efforts are supported by rehabilitation programs, including regular mangrove replanting initiatives aimed at restoring degraded ecosystems.
Moreover, continuous enforcement of regulationsAiparticularly against illegal logging and pollutionAiare essential to ensuring long-term mangrove conservation.
For sustainable management of the Teluk Youtefa tourism area, integrating ecotourism principles is crucial to achieving economic benefits without compromising environmental integrity.
Tourism development must take into account the carrying capacity of the mangrove ecosystem, and include training for local tour guides and businesses on environmentally friendly practices.
Educating visitors about the importance of mangroves and the impacts of human activities on coastal ecosystems is also a vital part of this Collaboration between government, local communities, and the private sector is expected to create an effective management model that supports conservation efforts while enhancing the overall visitor experience.
Environmental management strategies can be categorized into technical and non-technical Technical strategies include the construction of wave breakers, reforestation of forests and mangrove areas, the establishment of waste disposal sites (TPS), implementation of waste screening systems, the application of the 3R .
educe, reuse, recycl.
waste management method, and the development of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and drainage systems.
Meanwhile, non-technical strategies involve community education programs and the provision of financial support for small businesses around the TYNTA (Alfons, 2.
CONCLUSION
This study aimed to explore the relationship between environmental factors and the ecological balance and bioactive compound production of Avicennia alba in the TYNTA.
Jayapura City.
The findings indicate that environmental quality significantly affects both the stability of mangrove ecosystems and the complexity of their bioactive Sites with poor environmental quality, such as Site 1 .
ear residential area.
, were characterized by high BOD levels .
8 mg/L), elevated lead (P.
JU R NA L BIO L O G I PA P U A 17.
: 50Ae62 concentrations .
07 mg/L), and low dissolved oxygen (DO) .
2 mg/L).
These conditions correlated with a reduced capacity of Avicennia alba to produce bioactive compounds, as only three types of bioactive metabolites were detected through phytochemical analysis.
In contrast.
Site 3 .
conservation zon.
with better environmental conditions (DO 5.
5 mg/L.
BOD 2.
1 mg/L, salinity 32.
4 pp.
exhibited the presence of six types of bioactive compounds, including important groups such as flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins.
These results suggest that environmental degradation directly impacts the ecological balance and bioactive potential of A.
Polluted environments tend to suppress the diversity and abundance of bioactive compounds, whereas healthier ecosystems promote optimal mangrove growth, enhance pharmacological potential, and support the longterm sustainability of the Teluk Youtefa mangrove tourism area.
The detected bioactive compounds offer various ecological benefits, including defense mechanisms against pathogens and herbivores, and support adaptation to environmental stressors.
Alkaloids serve as natural toxins against insects and herbivores, flavonoids act as antioxidants and contribute to pigmentation and aroma in plant tissues, while terpenoids enhance stress resistance.
Saponins and tannins strengthen plant defense systems and have significant potential for applications in health, cosmetics, and industrial In conclusion, environmental factors play a crucial role in shaping the complexity and composition of A.
alba's bioactive metabolites, underscoring the species' ecological significance and bioeconomic potential in coastal ecosystems.
Therefore, effective conservation measures and pollution control are vital to ensuring the continued ecological function and sustainable resource use of the Teluk Youtefa mangrove area.
Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended to conduct regular monitoring of key environmental factors such as water quality, land-use Conservation efforts involving local stakeholders are essential to maintain the stability and sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem.
Furthermore, future research focusing on the interactions between environmental factors and the diversity of bioactive compounds could provide deeper insights into the adaptive mechanisms of mangroves.
Such studies would also contribute to developing effective mitigation strategies for protecting mangrove habitats from the impacts of climate change and human
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to express sincere gratitude to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Cenderawasih University, for providing financial support through the 2024 FMIPA PNBP program for this research project.
Appreciation is also extended to all individuals and institutions who have contributed their time and assistance in facilitating this study.
REFERENCES