ISSN: 1412-5269
EISSN: 2354-6700
Akuakultur JurnalAkuakultur AkuakulturIndonesia Indonesia25 ,138Ae150 70Ae80 .
Jurnal .
Vol.
25 No.
January 2026 Indonesia DOI: 10.
19027/jai.
Jurnal Utilization of mung bean sprout waste Vigna radiata hydrolyzed cellulase enzyme in feed on the digestibility of Nile tilapia Oreochromis sp.
Pemanfaatan limbah kecambah kacang hijau Vigna radiata dihidrolisis enzim selulase pada pakan terhadap kecernaan ikan nila Oreochromis sp.
Grenda Audia Wuryas Pradita Negara.
Mia Setiawati*.
Julie Ekasari.
Dedi Jusadi Department of Aquaculture.
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science.
IPB University.
Bogor.
West Java 16680.
Indonesia *Corresponding author: miasetia@apps.
(Received March 22, 2024.
Revised February 6, 2025.
Accepted August 10, 2.
ABSTRACT This study evaluated the utilization of mung bean sprout waste flour hydrolyzed by cellulase enzyme (LT.
as the feed ingredient of red Nile tilapia weighing 10.
00 A 0.
01 g/seed and 7.
00 A 0.
15 in length.
This study used two stages, each consisting of four treatments and four replicates.
The first step was performed by evaluating LTe flour added with cellulase enzyme of 0 g/kg .
, 0.
4 g/kg, 0.
8 g/kg, and 1.
2 g/kg.
The second step was the digestibility test of LTe and growth performance on red Nile tilapia seeds.
The results showed that the addition of cellulase enzyme at a 1.
2 g/kg was significantly able to reduce the crude fiber of LTe with 78.
%, hemicellulose at 19.
22%, neutral detergent fiber at 41.
69%, acid detergent fiber at 61.
85%, lignin 64.
47% besides having the best value of ingredient, protein, and energy digestibility.
The test results on the growth performance of red Nile tilapia seeds fed with LTe feed with a dose of 1.
2 g/kg cellulase enzyme have the highest value significantly different from the control feed based on the value of daily growth rate (SGR), ratio efficiency protein (REP), protein retention (PR), and improvement of feed conversion ratio (RKP).
Keywords: cellulase enzyme, digestibility, growth performance, mung bean sprout waste, tilapia
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini mengevaluasi pemanfaatan tepung limbah kecambah kacang hijau yang dihidrolisis enzim selulase (LT.
sebagai bahan baku pakan pada benih ikan nila merah dengan bobot 10,00 A 0,01 g/ekor dan panjang 7,00 A 0,15 cm.
Penelitian ini menggunakan dua tahap dan masing-masing tahap terdiri dari empat perlakuan dan empat Tahap pertama dilakukan evaluasi tepung LTe sebesar 0 g/kg .
, 0,4 g/kg, 0,8 g/kg, dan 1,2 g/kg.
Tahap kedua dilakukan uji kecernaan bahan LTe dan kinerja pertumbuhan benih ikan nila merah.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan enzim selulase pada dosis 1,2 g/kg signifikan mampu menurunkan serat kasar LTe sebesar 78,19 %, hemiselulosa 19,22%, neutral detergent fiber 41,69%, acid detergent fiber 61,85%, lignin 64,06%, selulosa 62,47% dan memberikan nilai tertinggi terhadap kecernaan bahan, kecernaan protein, dan kecernaan energi.
Hasil uji terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan benih ikan nila merah yang diberi pakan LTe dengan enzim selulase dosis 1,2 g/kg memiliki nilai tertinggi berbeda nyata terhadap pakan kontrol berdasarkan nilai laju pertumbuhan harian (SGR), retensi protein (PR), rasio efisiensi protein (REP) dan perbaikan nilai rasio konversi pakan (RKP).
Kata kunci: enzim selulase, ikan nila merah, kecernaan, kinerja pertumbuhan, limbah kecambah kacang hijau Copyright .
2026 @author.
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/ Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 25 .
, 138Ae150 .
INTRODUCTION Global tilapia production in 2020 reached 5 million tons, with the majority of production coming from China.
Taiwan.
Indonesia, and Egypt.
This makes tilapia one of the most widely cultivated freshwater fish species (FAO, 2.
However, the development of tilapia aquaculture in Indonesia remains constrained by the high cost of feed, which is one of the key determinants of aquaculture success.
IndonesiaAos feed production nearly reached 1.
7 million tons in 2020 (Suprayudi et al.
, 2.
The high price of fish feed in Indonesia is mainly due to the fact that about 85% of its ingredients are imported (Suprayudi et al.
, 2.
In 2020, soybean meal imports reached 2.
67 million tons (BPS.
Therefore, alternative feed ingredients that are locally available, non-competitive with human consumption, economically viable, and consistently accessible are needed as protein One potential local raw material is mung bean (Vigna radiat.
sprout waste, a by-product of mung bean sprout processing, which can be utilized as an alternative feed ingredient.
This approach can be realized by optimizing the availability of local feed resources in Indonesia, an agrarian country rich in natural resources that can support the supply of feed materials such as mung bean-based food products.
Mung bean (MB) grows easily in most regions of Indonesia due to its adaptability to the countryAos climate and soil conditions (Trustinah et al.
, 2.
According to the Ministry of Agriculture .
, the total cultivated area of mung bean was 193,221 ha, with a harvested area of 184,020 ha.
In 2020, mung bean production reached 222,108 tons, yielding approximately 1,776,864 tons of sprouts and generating around 710,745 tons of sprout waste.
The production of mung bean sprouts produces roughly 40% waste, a ratio estimated from mung bean production data (BPS, 2.
and sprout processing reports (Rahayu et al.
, 2.
The potential for sprout waste generation corresponds with the geographic distribution of sprout production across Java.
Sumatra.
Bali.
Sulawesi, and West Nusa Tenggara (Kementan.
In addition to sprouts the largest processed form of mung bean other mung beanAebased food and beverage processing industries, which account for around 30% of total production, also generate waste.
Thus, mung bean sprout waste can be sourced from sprout-processing industries, sprout cultivators, and agro-industrial sectors.
According to Hernowo et al.
, mung bean sprout waste contains 30.
21% protein, 2.
fat, 29.
03% carbohydrates, 5.
63% ash, 11.
moisture, and 21.
46% crude fiber, indicating its potential as an alternative raw material for fish feed formulation.
The use of mung bean sprout waste meal without raw material modification to replace soybean meal in fish feed has been investigated by several researchers, including for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticu.
and giant gourami (Osphronemus gouram.
(Hernowo et al.
, 2020.
Pinandoyo et al.
, 2.
The inclusion of sprout waste meal with high crude fiber content has been reported to affect fish growth.
However, previous studies have not provided sufficient data or information regarding the optimized dosage of enzymatically treated mung bean sprout waste meal, indicating the need for further research.
The issue of high crude fiber content can be addressed by processing raw materials using cellulase enzymes (Jefry et al.
, 2.
According to Irawati et al.
and Jha and Mishra .
, crude fiber is composed of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, cellulose, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) fractions.
Cost-effective and readily available biological treatments to reduce crude fiber fractions have been explored, such as: .
Tricoderma reesei (Ranjan et al.
, 2.
Rhizopus oryzae (Ranjan et al.
, 2.
, and .
Aspergillus niger, which can decrease crude fiber, phytic acid, and trypsin inhibitor levels in feed ingredients, thereby improving nutrient absorption in fish (Jannathulla et al.
, 2.
The application of cellulase enzyme at a concentration 2 g/kg with different raw materials has been shown to influence the crude fiber fraction and enzymatic efficiency, depending on the substrate used (Jefry et al.
, 2.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility efficiency of mung bean sprout waste meal hydrolyzed with various cellulase enzyme doses in red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.
) feed.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Preparation of mung bean sprout waste .
raw material Mung bean sprout waste was collected from Kampung Babakan Kemasan.
Sukaraja District.
Bogor.
West Java.
The types of sprout waste used included sprout skins, whole sprouts, sprout heads, and sprout stems and tails.
The sprout Grenda Audia Wuryas Pradita Negara et al.
/ Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 25 .
, 138Ae150 .
skin refers to the seed coat of mung beans that detaches during the germination process.
Whole sprouts discarded due to not meeting food quality standards consisted of sprout heads, stems, tails, and plumules .
mbryonic leave.
Pre-treatment of the mung bean sprout waste meal involved several steps: washing, oven-drying to prevent spoilage during hydrolysis, grinding into fine powder, sieving, and conducting a proximate analysis of the raw material.
The chemical parameters analyzed included vitamins E and C, determined using highperformance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) for both mung bean sprout waste and soybean meal.
The fiber fraction composition of the sprout waste comprising neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was analyzed using the in sacco Amino acid profiles of soybean meal and mung bean sprout waste were determined by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Table 1 presents the comparison of proximate composition, vitamin E, vitamin C, and amino acid contents between soybean meal and mung bean sprout waste.
Experimental design The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD).
The research was conducted in two stages.
The first stage aimed to improve the nutritional quality of mung bean sprout waste through a pre-treatment process using different cellulase enzyme dosages .
g/kg, 0.
4 g/kg, 0.
8 g/kg, and 1.
2 g/k.
, consisting of four dietary treatments and four replicates.
The second stage involved evaluating the digestibility of the hydrolyzed mung bean sprout waste from Stage 1 using four dietary treatments and four replicates, as well as conducting a growth performance trial in Nile tilapia with five dietary treatments and four replicates.
In Stage 1, the pre-treatment of mung bean sprout waste meal was carried out through washing, drying, grinding, and sieving of the raw material.
The cellulase enzyme was weighed according to the designated treatment dosage.
Subsequently, the enzyme .
t different dose.
was dissolved in 300 mL of water for each treatment and mixed thoroughly with the mung bean sprout The hydrolyzed mung bean sprout waste was then placed in plastic containers, tightly sealed to prevent contamination, and incubated at room temperature for 24 hours.
After incubation, the hydrolyzed material was oven-dried at 40AC 5 hours.
The second phase of the study involved the preparation of experimental diets for digestibility The test diet was formulated using 68.
commercial feed, 30% cellulase-hydrolyzed mung bean sprout waste meal as the test ingredient, 6% polymethylolcarbamide (PMC) as a binder, 6% chromium oxide (CrCCOCE) as an inert marker for digestibility determination.
The reference diet consisted of 98.
80% commercial feed, 0.
6% PMC, and 0.
6% CrCCOCE, with the addition of water during preparation.
The diets were pelleted using a pellet machine equipped with a 1.
0 mm die, then oven-dried at 40AC for 4 hours.
After drying, the pellets were cooled at ambient temperature and categorized according to the cellulase enzyme dosage .
our treatments with four replicates each: 0 g/kg, 0.
4 g/kg, 0.
8 g/ kg, and 1.
2 g/k.
The composition and proximate analysis of the experimental diets with varying cellulase doses .
g/kg, 0.
4 g/kg, 0.
8 g/kg, and 2 g/k.
are presented in Table 2.
Proximate nutrient analysis of the diets included measurements of crude protein, lipid, ash, moisture, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract (NFE), following the AOAC .
Collected fecal samples were ovendried and analyzed for protein content using the Kjeldahl method (Watanabe, 1.
Chromium oxide (CrCCOCE) content in the diets was determined spectrophotometrically according to McGinnis and Kasting .
The cellulase enzyme used in this study was a 70% purity product from Focus Herb LLC.
Shanghai.
China, with an enzyme activity of Ou20,000 U/g and batch number FH20220316.
The CrCCOCE used was chromium .
oxide anhydrous.
TechnipurE .
atalog number 102483.
Merck KGaA.
German.
The PMC used was a commercial product under the trademark SUNNY (Chin.
, catalog number Maintenance and fecal collection of nile tilapia Nile tilapia used for the digestibility test had an average body weight of 10.
00 A 0.
01 g.
The fish were reared in aquaria .
y40y45 cmA, water height 30 cm, volume 108 L) at a stocking density of 15 fish per aquarium for 60 days.
Feed was provided three times daily at 07:00, 12:00, and 17:00 using a satiation feeding method.
Digestibility measurements were conducted using the fecal collection method.
Collected feces were stored in a freezer at Oe20 AC until further analysis.
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Throughout the study, the total water volume in each aquarium was maintained uniformly, and continuous aeration was provided.
Water quality parameters during the rearing period were as follows: temperature 28Ae31AC, pH 6.
7Ae 5, dissolved oxygen (DO) 4.
9Ae5.
4 mg/L, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) <0.
1 mg/L, and nitrite (NOCCA) 0.
04Ae0.
10 mg/L.
Table 1.
Proximate composition, vitamin E, vitamin C, and amino acid profiles of soybean meal and mung bean sprout waste meal.
Parameters Results (%) Soybean meal Soybean meal and mung bean sprout waste meal Protein (%) Fat (%) Ash content (%) Crude fiber (%) Nitrogen-free extract (%) Vitamin C .
g/k.
Vitamin E .
g/k.
Phenylalanine (%) Isoleucine (%) Leucine (%) Valine (%) Threonine (%) Lysine (%) Histidine (%) Arginine (%) Methionine (%) Serine (%) Glutamic acid (%) Aspartic acid (%) Alanine (%) Glycine (%) Tyrosine (%) Proline (%) Oc EAA Oc NEAA Oc TAA EAA/NEAA Ratio (%) Proximate analysis Phytochemical analysis Essential amino acids Non-essential amino acids EAA/TAA Ratio (%) Note: AEssential amino acids (EAA).
ANon-essential amino acids (NEAA).
ATotal amino acids (TAA).
4Nitrogenfree extract (NFE).
5Feed Science and Technology Laboratory.
Faculty of Animal Science.
IPB University.
*PT.
Saraswanti Indo Genetech Laboratory.
Yasmin.
Bogor.
Indonesia.
**Food Science Laboratory.
Gadjah Mada University.
Yogyakarta.
Grenda Audia Wuryas Pradita Negara et al.
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Tested parameters The digestibility test of mung bean sprout waste meal hydrolyzed with different cellulase enzyme doses in Nile tilapia was conducted once sufficient fecal samples were collected for analysis.
Digestibility parameters of the hydrolyzed mung bean sprout waste meal .
n a dry matter basi.
, including protein digestibility, dry matter digestibility, and energy digestibility, were calculated using the following equation (Takeuchi, 1.
Note:
ADT
= Total digestibility percentage of the test diet = Total digestibility percentage of the reference diet Growth performance parameters included specific growth rate, feed intake, survival rate, protein efficiency ratio, average daily growth, feed conversion ratio, protein retention, lipid retention, and liver performance measured by the hepatosomatic index.
The specific growth rate (SGR) was calculated as the percentage increase in body weight of fish, measured by weighing samples from each treatment using a digital balance (Plasus et al.
, 2.
Note:
SGR
WCA
WCC
= Specific growth rate = Initial body weight = Final body weight = Rearing period Feed intake (FI) was calculated as the total amount of feed consumed by Nile tilapia during the rearing period (Wardani et al.
, 2.
Note:
= Feed intake The survival rate (SR) was calculated using the formula (Mello et al.
, 2.
Note:
NCu
NCA
= Survival rate = Final number of fish = Initial number of fish Table 2.
Composition and proximate analysis of digestibility test diets containing mung bean sprout waste meal hydrolyzed with different cellulase enzyme doses .
g/kg, 0.
4 g/kg, 0.
8 g/kg, and 1.
2 g/k.
Feed composition (%) Dietary treatments of cellulase-hydrolyzed mung bean sprout waste meal (%) Reference diet 0 g/kg 4 g/kg 8 g/kg 2 g/kg Commercial feed LTe Polymethylolcarbamide Chromium oxide Total Proximate composition of the diet on a dry matter basis (%) Protein (%) Nitrogen-free extract (%) Fat (%) Crude fiber (%) 199,56 174,96 174,77 198,63 210,80 Ash content (%) Gross Energy .
cal/k.
C/P .
cal/k.
Note: ALTe = mung bean sprout waste meal hydrolyzed with different cellulase enzyme doses .
, 0.
4, 0.
8, and 1.
g/k.
ANitrogen-free extract on a dry matter basis (NFE) = 100Oe.
rotein lipid ash crude fibe.
AGross energy (GE) of dry feed was calculated based on the energy conversion factors: protein = 5.
64 kcal/g, lipid = 9.
44 kcal/g, and carbohydrate/NFE = 4.
11 kcal/g (Watanabe, 1.
4C/P = calories-to-protein ratio.
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The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was determined as follows (Zhang et al.
, 2.
Note:
PER
BCu
BCA
= Protein efficiency ratio = Final fish biomass = Initial fish biomass = Protein content of the feed The average daily growth (ADG) was calculated according to Kemal et al.
Note:
ADG
WCA
WCC
= Average daily growth = Average initial individual weight = Average final individual weight = Rearing duration = Feed conversion ratio = Feed intake = Final fish biomass = Initial fish biomass Protein retention (PR) was calculated based on the difference between the final and initial body protein content relative to the total dietary protein consumed (Ramena et al.
, 2.
Note:
PCu
PCA
PCo = Protein retention = Total body protein at the end of rearing = Total body protein at the start of rearing = Total protein consumed from feed Lipid retention (LR) was determined as the difference between the final and initial body lipid content relative to the total dietary lipid consumed (Wardani et al.
, 2.
= Lipid retention = Final body lipid content = Initial body lipid content = Total lipid consumed from feed The hepatosomatic index (HSI) was used as an indicator of liver condition and calculated as follows (Chen et al.
, 2.
Note:
HIS
The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was defined as the amount of feed required to produce 1 kg of fish biomass (Cai et al.
, 2.
Note:
FCR
WCu
WCA
Note:
= Hepatosomatic index Sample collection for the growth study Body weight measurements of red Nile tilapia were conducted at the beginning and end of the The measured weight represented the biomass, which was then averaged for each individual fish.
A total of 15 fish were weighed to determine the initial biomass weight.
Prior to weighing, the fish were fasted for 24 hours.
On day 0, five fish per aquarium were sampled for initial whole-body proximate composition analysis.
After a 60-day rearing period, all fish at the end of the experiment were weighed.
Subsequently, the hepatosomatic index (HSI) was assessed using five fish per aquarium, where the body and liver weights were recorded.
Two fish per aquarium were used for final whole-body proximate composition analysis to calculate protein and lipid retention.
The whole-body proximate composition analysis followed AOAC .
procedures, and protein and lipid retention values were calculated based on the equations of Takeuchi .
Data analysis The experimental data were processed and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS Normality and homogeneity tests were performed prior to conducting the analysis of variance.
A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence level was used to determine significant differences among When significant differences were detected.
DuncanAos multiple range test was applied to identify differences between treatments.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results Based on the proximate analysis results .
ry matter basi.
of mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with different doses of cellulase enzyme for 24 hours, as presented in Table 3, the highest reduction in crude fiber was observed in 2 g/kg treatment.
The value of nitrogen-free extract (NFE) increased with higher cellulase enzyme doses, while ash, protein, and lipid contents of the cellulase-hydrolyzed mung bean sprout waste flour (LT.
showed no significant differences among treatments.
In contrast, crude fiber exhibited a significantly decreasing trend (Table .
The fiber fraction results of mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with different doses of cellulase enzyme are presented in Table 4.
The highest reductions in crude fiber.
NDF.
ADF, hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose were observed in the treatment with 1.
2 g/kg cellulase.
In the 1.
g/kg hydrolysis treatment (LTe 1.
2 g/k.
, crude fiber decreased by 78.
19%, hemicellulose by 22%, neutral detergent fiber by 41.
69%, acid detergent fiber by 61.
85%, lignin by 64.
06%, and cellulose by 62.
47% compared with the control (P<0.
The values of NDF.
ADF, hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose declined progressively with increasing cellulase dosage (P<0.
The digestibility values of mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with different cellulase doses (LT.
are presented in Table 5.
The results indicate that all enzymatic treatments differed significantly from the control.
The LTe 1.
2 g/ kg treatment produced the highest digestibility of dry matter, protein, and energy, with values 29 A 0.
91%, 83.
78 A 0.
13%, and 80.
A 0.
17%, respectively.
In contrast, the lowest digestibility values were observed in the LTe 0 g/ kg treatment, which recorded 64.
72 A 0.
69% for dry matter digestibility, 78.
48 A 0.
13% for protein digestibility, and 73.
53 A 0.
14% for energy These findings demonstrate that increasing the cellulase dose used to hydrolyze mung bean sprout waste flour enhances protein, dry matter, and energy digestibility (P<0.
The growth performance of Nile tilapia fed mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with 1.
2 g/ kg cellulase enzyme is presented in Table 6.
Final biomass (B.
, final individual weight (W.
, daily growth rate (LPH), feed intake (JKP), protein efficiency ratio (REP), protein retention (RP).
Table 3.
Proximate composition .
ry matter basi.
of mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with different doses of cellulase enzyme for 24 hours.
Proximate analysis Mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with different cellulase enzyme doses (LTe 0 g/kg 4 g/kg 8 g/kg 2 g/kg Protein (%) 57 A 0.
58 A 0.
58 A 0.
60 A 0.
Fat (%) 54 A 0.
57 A 0.
56 A 0.
59 A 0.
Ash content (%) 43 A 0.
56 A 0.
07 A 0.
31 A 0.
Crude fiber (%) 05 A 0.
04 A 0.
96 A 0.
92 A 0.
NFE1 (%)
41 A 0.
25 A 0.
82 A 0.
58 A 0.
Notes: Nitrogen-free extract (NFE).
Mean A standard deviation .
= .
Different lowercase superscript letters within the same row indicate significant differences among treatments (P<0.
Table 4.
Crude fiber fraction profile of mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with different cellulase enzyme doses.
Crude fiber fraction Mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with different cellulase enzyme doses (LTe 0 g/kg 4 g/kg NDF (%) 05 A 0.
ADF2 (%)
8 g/kg 2 g/kg 28 A 0.
08 A 0.
44 A 0.
19 A 0.
37 A 0.
38 A 0.
65 A 0.
Hemicellulose (%) 86 A 0.
91 A 0.
70 A 0.
79 A 0.
Lignin (%) 81 A 0.
50 A 0.
71 A 0.
01 A 0.
Cellulose (%) 58 A 0.
24 A 0.
31 A 0.
22 A 0.
Notes: Neutral detergent fiber (NDF).
Acid detergent fiber (ADF).
Feed Science and Technology Laboratory.
Faculty of Animal Science.
IPB University.
4Mean A standard deviation .
= .
5Different lowercase superscript letters within the same row indicate statistically significant differences among treatments (P<0.
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feed conversion ratio (RKP), and average daily growth (ADG) were all higher in fish receiving 2 g/kg hydrolyzed waste, accompanied by an improvement in RKP values.
The incorporation of mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with 1.
g/kg cellulase enzyme resulted in significantly improved growth performance compared with the control treatment (P<0.
Discussion High-quality feed production requires raw materials with good nutritional value, in addition to cost and continuity of supply (GamboaDelgado & MarquezAaReyes, 2018.
Albrektsen et al.
, 2.
Protein is utilized by fish for maintenance, growth, and reproduction, and therefore must be supplied continuously (Li & Wu, 2.
Soybean meal is one of the main plant-based protein sources due to its high protein content, balanced amino acid profile, high protein digestibility, and excellent palatability (Tan et al.
, 2017.
Reynaud et al.
The use of alternative feed ingredients requires a good understanding of amino acid requirements and their availability in the Table 5.
Digestibility of mung bean sprout waste flour hydrolyzed with different cellulase enzyme doses.
Mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with different cellulase enzyme doses (LTe treatment.
Parameters 0 g/kg 4 g/kg 8 g/kg 2 g/kg Dry matter digestibility of LTe (%) 72 A 0.
49 A 0.
56 A 0.
29 A 0.
Protein digestibility (%) 48 A 0.
12 A 0.
99 A 0.
78 A 0.
Energy digestibility (%) 53 A 0.
27 A 0.
88 A 0.
20 A 0.
Notes: 1 LTe = mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with different cellulase enzyme doses of 0, 0.
4, 0.
8, and 1.
g/kg.
2Mean A standard deviation .
= .
3Different lowercase superscript letters within the same row indicate significantly different treatment effects (P<0.
Table 6.
Growth performance of Nile tilapia fed mung bean sprout waste meal hydrolyzed with different cellulase enzyme doses.
Parameters1 Mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed with different cellulase enzyme doses (LTe treatment.
Reference diet 0 g/kg 4 g/kg 8 g/kg 2 g/kg B0 .
17 A 0.
18 A 0.
18 A 0.
21 A 0.
21 A 0.
Bt .
39 A 4.
29 A 9.
93 A 13.
79 A 9.
61 A 7.
W0 .
00 A 0.
00 A 0.
00 A 0.
00 A 0.
00 A 0.
Wt .
89 A 0.
75 A 0.
53 A 0.
72 A 0.
57 A 0.
ADG
/da.
61 A 0.
58 A 0.
63 A 0.
66 A 0.
68 A 0.
SR (%)
00 A 0.
00A0.
00 A 0.
00 A 0.
00 A 0.
FI .
15 A 11.
65 A 7.
38 A 13.
86 A 7.
75 A 4.
SGR (%)
61 A 0.
53 A 0.
63 A 0.
71 A 0.
74 A 0.
FCR
29 A 0.
34 A 0.
32 A 0.
27 A 0.
26 A 0.
PER
42 A 0.
35 A 0.
43 A 0.
52 A 0.
55 A 0.
PR (%)
62 A 0.
36 A 0.
03 A 0.
51 A 0.
81 A 0.
LR (%)
44 A 0.
82 A 0.
15 A 0.
43 A 0.
12 A 0.
Growth Hepatosomatic HSI 05 A 0.
68 A 0.
49 A 0.
35 A 0.
07 A 0.
Notes: Biomass at the beginning (B.
, biomass at the end (B.
, initial individual weight (W.
, final individual weight (W.
, average daily growth (ADG), feed intake (FI), protein efficiency ratio (PER), survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), lipid retention (LR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR).
2Values are presented as mean A standard deviation .
= .
3Different lowercase superscript letters within the same row indicate significant differences among treatments (P<0.
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ingredient (Masagounder et al.
, 2016.
Glencross et al.
, 2.
The quality of a feed ingredient can be evaluated based on its protein quality and amino acid composition.
A deficiency in any limiting amino acid can disrupt protein synthesis and consequently inhibit growth.
Protein quality can be assessed by comparing the essential amino acid composition of the ingredient with the amino acid requirements of the target species.
In this study, soybean meal and mung bean sprout waste flour were used as the reference ingredients.
Mung bean sprout waste contains limiting amino acids such as lysine, threonine, and methionine (Yi-Shen et al.
, 2.
Its amino acids include essential amino acids .
76%, isoleucine 18%, leucine 2.
21%, valine 1.
85%, threonine 77%, lysine 2.
13%, histidine 0.
50%, arginine 15%, and methionine 0.
36%) and non-essential amino acids .
91%, glutamic acid 3.
aspartic acid 3.
20%, alanine 2.
00%, glycine 78%, tyrosine 1.
03%, and proline 2.
62%).
Meanwhile, the amino acids of soybean meal are composed of essential amino acids .
98%, isoleucine 2.
18%, leucine 76%, valine 2.
13%, threonine 2.
14%, lysine 23%, histidine 1.
05%, arginine 2.
83%, and 20%) and non-essential amino acids .
73%, glutamic acid 5.
21%, aspartic acid 74%, alanine 2.
04%, glycine 1.
73%, tyrosine 06%, and proline 2.
30%).
Essential amino acids in mung bean sprout waste such as arginine, isoleucine, and methionine are higher than in soybean meal, while non-essential amino acids such as proline and glycine are also higher.
Mung bean sprout waste flour additionally contains vitamin E .
60 mg/k.
and vitamin C .
mg/k.
Thus, mung bean sprout waste flour may serve as a potential plant-based protein alternative to soybean meal.
The proximate composition of mung bean sprout waste flour meets the general nutritional requirements for Nile tilapia feed ingredients.
Although the material originates from mung bean sprouts, which are rich in protein, it also contains high crude fiber (Pinandoyo et al.
, 2.
The proximate composition of unhydrolyzed mung bean sprout waste includes 31.
57% protein, 54% lipid, 11.
43% ash, 22.
05% crude fiber, and 41% nitrogen-free extract (NFE).
In the first stage of this study, enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase was applied to reduce the crude fiber content before its use as a feed ingredient.
The high crude fiber, composed largely of lignin and cellulose, is difficult for fish to digest.
hydrolysis using 1.
2 g/kg cellulase, which showed the greatest fiber reduction, was applied.
After hydrolysis with 1.
2 g/kg cellulase, the mung bean sprout waste flour contained 31.
60% protein, 59% lipid, 11.
31% ash, 4.
92% crude fiber, and 58% NFE.
The crude fiber decreased from 05% to 4.
Based on the results (Table .
, cellulase hydrolysis (LT.
reduced crude fiber by 78.
19% at a dose of 1.
2 g/kg.
This reduction was associated with decreases in the structural fiber components NDF and ADF (Table .
, leading to an increase in NFE from 30.
41% to 47.
58%, representing more digestible carbohydrates.
Protein, lipid, and ash contents did not differ significantly among the hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed treatments because cellulase specifically hydrolyzes cellulose, not protein or lipid.
Reduced NDF and ADF indicate increased soluble glucose content, reflecting greater cellulose breakdown.
Decreases in NDF and ADF suggest effective degradation of cell wall components by extracellular cellulase Similar findings were reported by Imran et al.
and Jefry et al.
, who noted that cellulase hydrolysis lowers crude fiber.
ADF.
NDF, lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose without altering protein content.
In the second stage, the highest digestibility value of the hydrolyzed ingredient reached 74.
A 0.
The improved digestibility is attributed to cellulase breaking down the complex fiber in mung bean sprout waste into simpler components more easily digested by tilapia.
High digestibility of plant-based ingredients is advantageous because simpler carbohydrates can serve as an energy source.
Digestibility values help optimize fish growth by considering nutrient requirements and metabolic excretion.
High crude fiber lowers digestibility because fiber is not digestible by fish and accelerates intestinal transit, reducing nutrient absorption such as protein (Wang et al.
Sarkar et al.
, 2.
Cellulase is an extracellular enzyme complex consisting of endo--1,4-glucanase, exo--1,4-glucanase, and -1,4-glucosidase.
breaks cellulose into cellobiose and finally into Endoglucanase hydrolyzes internal bonds in cellulose, producing oligosaccharides.
exoglucanase converts oligosaccharides and cellulose into cellobiose.
and -glucosidase converts cellobiose into glucose.
The activity of cellulase at 1.
2 g/kg thus enhances the breakdown of cellulose, improving protein and energy Grenda Audia Wuryas Pradita Negara et al.
/ Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 25 .
, 138Ae150 .
Higher digestibility values indicate that nutrients are more easily absorbed (Heinitz et al.
, 2016.
Schrama et al.
, 2018.
Suryaningrum & Samsudin, 2020.
Phan et al.
, 2021.
Azaza et , 2.
Conversely, excess fiber can disrupt metabolism by hindering nutrient absorption, reducing energy utilization, and impairing growth (Adewumi & Ola-Oladimeji, 2016.
Rawski et al.
Shao et al.
, 2.
Protein digestibility of the hydrolyzed flour 78 A 0.
13%, while the lowest value .
48 A 0.
13%) occurred in the unhydrolyzed Higher protein digestibility reflects increased availability of digestible protein in the Factors that influence protein digestibility include feed intake, water temperature, feed particle size, and protein content (Marzuqi et , 2.
High crude fiber in the unhydrolyzed treatment increased fecal output, reducing protein Lower crude fiber after hydrolysis increases retention time in the digestive tract, improving nutrient absorption (Gilannejad et al.
Different fish species vary in digestive capacity.
Carnivorous fish have stronger proteolytic enzymes, while herbivorous species such as Nile tilapia possess higher capability to digest plant fiber (An & Anh, 2.
Therefore, tilapia can utilize the hydrolyzed ingredient more efficiently.
Energy digestibility was also highest in the hydrolyzed treatment .
20 A 0.
17%).
Energy digestibility reflects the proportion of digestible protein, lipid, and carbohydrate.
Higher values indicate more energy available for metabolism and activity.
Lower digestibility values were associated with high crude fiber, which increases peristalsis and shortens intestinal contact time.
Growth trial results showed that replacing soybean meal with mung bean sprout waste hydrolyzed using 1.
2 g/kg cellulase improved several growth parameters including feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR).
Improved feed efficiency was evidenced by lower FCR and higher PER.
Increased PR indicates more protein retained in the body relative to intake.
Higher lipid retention was associated with carbohydrate storage through lipogenesis.
Hydrolyzed flour .
g/k.
also increased final weight, specific growth rate, and average daily growth while decreasing the hepatosomatic index (HSI), compared with the unhydrolyzed control.
The reduction in HSI suggests lower lipid accumulation in the liver, indicating more efficient carbohydrate utilization.
According to Faria et al.
and Li et al.
, lower HSI reflects better conversion of dietary carbohydrates into energy rather than storage as glycogen and lipid in the liver.
CONCLUSION
The utilization of mung bean sprout waste flour hydrolyzed with 1.
2 g/kg cellulase improved digestibility and growth performance of red Nile The energy digestibility of the hydrolyzed flour at 1.
2 g/kg reached 80.
20 A 0.
representing the highest value among treatments.
The high energy digestibility indicates that the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate fractions of the feed were efficiently digested by the fish.
Proximate analysis showed that hydrolysis with 2 g/kg cellulase resulted in a low crude fiber content, thereby enhancing digestive efficiency in the fish.
REFERENCES