The 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Health Promotion (ICOSHPRO) Effect of Pectin Variation and Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensi.
Peel Extract on Bioplastic Synthesis Uno Sheva Matlubah1.
Soghi Tankoiko1.
Yanuar Bakhrul Alam1.
Funsu Andiarna2.
Eva Agustina1.
Irul Hidayati1 1Faculty of Science and Technology.
Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel.
Surabaya.
Indonesia 2Faculty of Psychology and Health.
Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel.
Surabaya.
Indonesia irul_hidayati@uinsby.
Keywords :
Plastic.
Pectin.
Bioplastic.
Orange Peel.
Extract Abstract :
Indonesia is the second largest country after China as a plastic user.
The problems that occur regarding plastic waste require other alternatives by developing environmentally friendly plastics .
One way to synthesize bioplastics is to use sweet orange (Citrus sinensi.
peel pectin.
The purpose of this study was to determine the bioplastic characteristics of pectin and the addition of orange peel extract with variations of 1%, 3% and 5% pectin to the resulting bioplastics and to determine the characterization of bioplastics through water absorption, tensile strength and elongation tests.
Orange peel extract used as an additive for bioplastics was extracted using the maceration method with ethanol The results obtained were 0.
9%, 1.
7% and 3% water absorption, 1.
106 and 0.
9 MPa tensile strength, and 1.
8% and 0.
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is the second largest country after China as a plastic user with 700 plastic bags per person in a year.
The average use of plastic waste in Indonesia reaches around 100 billion bags every year (Fatimura, 2.
The impact arising from the use of plastic is that it will produce waste which is difficult to Synthetic plastic will not disappear even if it is burned, but instead changes shape to a smaller size and is called micro plastic (Jupri et al.
, 2.
In order to decompose, synthetic plastic certainly takes a very long time, which is around 5-1000 years or even more, depending on the type of plastic.
(Wijayanto & Rusdi, 2.
In addition to burning, handling of plastic waste has also been handled by However, recycling of plastic waste is only able to process 25% of the original waste, so other efforts are needed to deal with plastic waste (Apriyani et al.
, 2.
Based on the current problems regarding plastic waste, another alternative is needed, namely the development of environmentally friendly plastics .
and of course derived from materials that easily decompose in the environment (Sholekhahwati & Sedyadi.
One of the developments in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics is containing pectin (Nafiyanto, 2.
Several previous studies conducted by Ningsih et al.
, .
Sholekhahwati & Sedyadi .
and Zuchrillah et al.
, .
explained that the properties of pectin are that it can form a gel when it is mixed with certain levels of acids and sugars.
This makes pectin used as a raw material for making biodegradable plastics.
The manufacture of bioplastics is still very rare with the addition of aroma.
Aroma can be obtained from sweet orange peel.
Sweet orange is a plant that is very suitable to be processed into various dishes, both food and From processing these oranges, it can produce waste in the form of orange peels Faculty of Psychology and Health.
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 30-31 August 2023 The 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Health Promotion (ICOSHPRO) which are generally thrown away.
Whereas the peel of citrus fruit contains about 70% air, 68% sugar, and small amounts of organic acids.
In addition, citrus fruit peels contain 30% pectin on a dry basis (M.
Khan et al.
, 2.
The purpose of this study was to determine the bioplastic characteristics of pectin and the addition of orange peel extract with variations of 1%, 3% and 5% pectin and the addition of orange peel extract as a fragrance.
METHODS
Place The research was conducted at the Chemistry Laboratory.
Basic Biology Laboratory.
Concrete Laboratory Instrumentation Laboratory.
Campus II UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Tools and Materials The tools used include scissors, blender, beaker, petri dish, hotplate, thermometer, magnetic stirrer, filter paper.
Buchner funnel, dropping pipette, measuring flask, measuring cup, stirrer, spatula, test tube, analytical balance, oven, rotary evaporator, resin mold.
FTIR tool.
UTM tool.
The materials used included sweet orange peel, pectin obtained from the isolation, 96% ethanol, glycerin, shrimp chitosan, tissue and distilled water.
Work Procedures Manufacture of Orange Peel Extract Orange peel was extracted using maceration method and 96% ethanol solvent.
Preparation by washing the orange peel and cutting it into small pieces.
Furthermore, the orange peel is dried in an oven at 55AC until the orange peel is dry.
The dried orange peel is mashed using a chopper or blender to get orange peel powder.
Orange peel powder was macerated with ethanol solvent for 2x24 hours.
The maceration results are filtered, then the filtrate is stored while the residue is remacerated again until the environment is clear.
The filtrate was collected and concentrated using a rotary evaporator to obtain a concentrated orange peel extract.
Bioplastic Manufacture The process of making bioplastics by dissolving pectin with several concentration variations .
%, 3%, 5% w/.
in 100 mL of distilled water.
The mixture obtained was heated and stirred at 60oC for 3 minutes on a hot plate equipped with a magnetic stirrer.
Chitosan was dissolved using 1% acetic acid as much as 100 mL, stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 20 minutes until homogeneous.
The 100 mL chitosan solution was then mixed with 10% .
Glycerol dilution process using aquadest solvent.
A total of 50 mL of a mixture of chitosan and glycerin was then mixed and homogenized.
Then added 1 ml of orange peel extract each and stirred until homogeneous A 5 minutes at 80oC.
The Edible Film solution is poured into a plate mold or resin mold, then dried in an oven for 12-24 hours at 60oC.
Data Analysis FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrare.
Bioplastic samples from sweet orange peel pectin were characterized with the FTIR spectrophotometer instrument to determine the functional groups of the compounds contained.
Water Absorption Test Edible Film samples were weighed to determine the initial weight.
After that the samples were soaked with 3 ml of distilled water for 5 minutes.
After immersion, the sample is removed and the final weight or remaining distilled water is observed.
Tensile Strength Test The tensile strength test in this study was measured by UTM (Universal Testing Machin.
and was guided by the ASTM D882 standard.
Edible film is first cut according to the specifications of the tool.
Faculty of Psychology and Health.
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 30-31 August 2023 The 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Health Promotion (ICOSHPRO) The start button on the tool is pressed twice, the sample is clamped on the testing machine and wait until the tool pulls the Edible Film sample until it breaks (Rhim & Wang, 2.
tensile strength Information:
= strength or tensile stress (MP.
F = pull force (N) A = cross sectional area .
Elongation The elongation was carried out using the UTM (Universal Testing Instrumen.
and was guided by the ASTM D882 standard.
The sample is cut to the size according to the specification of the tool, then the start button is pressed on the tool and the sample is clamped on the clamping After that, wait for the sample to be pulled by the tool until it breaks.
The output device will then read the applied force until the sample is cut and the sample length increases.
Length gain is measured from the initial length before cutting (Rhim & Wang, 2.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sweet Orange Peel Extract (Citrus sinensi.
This stage is to extract the orange peel powder to be used as an extract.
Sweet orange peel powder is extracted using the maceration The maceration method was chosen because the process is quite simple and faster, but the maceration method can maximally extract chemical compounds from the extracted samples (Damanis et al.
, 2.
The main advantage of the maceration method is that it is not heated, so it can prevent the possibility of this happening, such as the decomposition of the active substance contained in the sample due to the influence of temperature and compounds that are not resistant to heat (SaAoadah et al.
, 2.
The process of the maceration method is carried out by soaking the sweet orange peel powder using ethanol as a solvent.
Ethanol is a solvent that can attract all types of compounds including polar, semipolar and nonpolar (Sukmawati et al.
, 2.
The choice of ethanol solvent is because ethanol is a solvent which is certainly safe and non-toxic when used (Irawan et al.
, 2.
Bioplastic The results of bioplastics obtained in this study can be seen in the image below.
Information:
= elongation (%) = (L-L.
length increase .
= initial length .
Modulus Young Young's modulus or the elasticity of a bioplastic is known from the ratio between stress and strain.
Figure 1: a.
pectin 1%, b.
pectin 3%, c.
pectin 5% Information:
= voltage = stretch Based on the physical appearance of the three pectin concentrations, the three of them do not have completely transparent colors.
the picture.
Bioplastic has a clear, slightly opaque color and has a sticky texture.
In figure Faculty of Psychology and Health.
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 30-31 August 2023 The 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Health Promotion (ICOSHPRO) B, bioplastic has a slightly clear yellow color and has a slightly sticky texture, but is still easy to pick up from the mold.
In figure C bioplastic has a brownish yellow color and has a very sticky texture.
FTIR
(Fourier Transform Infrare.
Bioplastic FTIR analysis of orange peel pectin bioplastic aims to determine the functional groups contained in the bioplastic.
The bioplastics tested by FTIR were bioplastics with 1 gram pectin variation with glycerol:
chitosan = 1: 1, 3 gram pectin variation with glycerol: chitosan = 1: 1, and 5 gram pectin variation with glycerol: chitosan = 1: 1.
Each bioplastic concentration added orange peel extract as scent.
from the FTIR results on orange peel pectin and orange peel extract, because the bioplastic constituents in this study were pectin and orange peel extract.
Table 1: Absorption Result of Bioplastic Pectin 1% FTIR Wave Peak Number Wavemeter (Cm-.
670,92081 849,83303 1013,83589 1416,38838 1587,84592 2929,68754 3265,14795 Intensity 91,63981 96,15819 82,26233 96,75489 96,89380 97,54326 94,03837 Table 2: Absorption Result of Bioplastic Pectin 3% FTIR Wave Peak Number Wavenumber (Cm-.
1013,83589 1416,38838 1587,84592 2907,32351 3220,41989 3280,05730 3444,06016 Intensity 86,69591 97,78718 97,88665 98,37135 95,79310 96,02525 97,44614 Table 3: Absorption Result of Bioplastic Pectin 5% FTIR Wave Figure 2: FTIR Results of Bioplastics with 1% Pectin Figure 3: FTIR Results of Bioplastics with 5% Pectin FTIR test on bioplastics uses wave numbers with a range of 1000 to 4000 Cm-1.
The results obtained were not much different Peak Number Wavenumber (Cm-.
670,92081 1013,83589 1416,38838 1580,39124 2884,95949 3220,41989 3675,15511 Intensity 95,12218 89,00357 98,06652 98,00646 98,48126 96,09552 99,67255 Absorption at a distance of 3000 to 3400 Cm-1 indicates the presence of OH groups.
The OH group in bioplastics comes from glycerin which is mixed into the bioplastics.
Glycerol or glycerin (C3H8O.
is a viscous liquid that has a sweet taste, colorless, odorless, dissolves easily in air, increases solution viscosity, binds air, and reduces air activity .
Glycerol has the chemical name Faculty of Psychology and Health.
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 30-31 August 2023 The 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Health Promotion (ICOSHPRO) 1,2,3-propanetriol.
The molecular weight of glycerol is 92 g/mol, the density is 1.
261 g/mL, the viscosity is 1.
5 Pa.
s, the melting point is 8AC and the flash point is 290AC (Wahyuni et al.
, 2.
At wave numbers 1000 to 1300 Cm-1 there is a very strong wave absorption.
The absorption of these waves indicates the presence of a middle group (C-N).
Amides are compounds that have a carbonyl group attached directly to a nitrogen atom (Nugraha.
The amide group comes from citrus pectin as the main ingredient in the manufacture of bioplastics, because pectin consists of functional groups, namely carboxyl, hydroxyl, mide and methoxyl (Khotima et al.
4,00%
3,00%
2,00%
1,00%
0,00%
1,70%
0,90%
Tensile Strength Test The tensile strength test was carried out on 2 samples, namely pectin with a concentration of 3% and 5%.
Pectin with a concentration of 1% was not subjected to a tensile strength test because the sample was not possible to be tested.
Physically, samples with 1% pectin were too thin and very sticky for This is most likely due to the less pectin concentration and higher glycerol Glycerol can cause a decrease in intermolecular attractions.
Therefore, it can reduce the resistance to mechanical treatment of bioplastic films.
The plasticizer used is Glycerol will reduce intermolecular forces which can cause an increase in molecular space and mobility of the The polar groups (-OH) around the plasticizer chain lead to the development of polymer-plastic hydrogen bonds that replace polymer-polymer biopolymer film.
An increase in glycerol concentration will result in a decrease in intermolecular interactions so that the movement of the molecular chains will decrease (Radhiyatullah et al.
, 2.
pektin pektin pektin
1% 3% 5%
Pectin Concentration Graph 1: Bioplastic Water Absorption Test Results Based on these data, the results showed that it increased with the addition of pectin The percentage value of air absorbed by bioplastic will be inversely proportional to the air resistance of the plastic.
So, the smaller the percentage value of air absorbed by the plastic, the greater the air tensile strength (Mp.
water absorption (%) Water Absorption Test Water absorption is the ability of bioplastics to absorb and hold air without reducing the quality of the bioplastics.
The test was carried out aiming to determine the value of air absorbed by bioplastics.
The smaller the value of air absorption, the higher the resistance of bioplastics to air.
The results obtained are the remaining water of 1%, 3% and 5% is 0.
9%, 1.
7% and 3%.
The data has been presented in Graph 1.
resistance possessed by the plastic.
The addition of pectin affects the value of air resistance to bioplastics.
The lower the pectin concentration, the smaller the air content in the bioplastic (Isnanda et al.
, 2.
This happens because pectin can bind air so that free air is Pectin is a polymer compound that can bind air, and form a gel or thicken the 1,106 pektin pektin Pectin Concentration Graph 2: Tensile Strength Test Results Faculty of Psychology and Health.
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 30-31 August 2023 The 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Health Promotion (ICOSHPRO) Elongation The percent elongation test was carried out on 2 samples, namely pectin with a concentration of 3% and 5%.
Similar to the tensile strength test, in the percent elongation test for pectin with a concentration of 1%, a tensile strength test was not carried out because the sample was not possible to be tested.
The percent elongation indicates the film's ability to Plastic elasticity is shown by increasing the elongation of the plastic film.
The greater the tensile strength value, the lower the elasticity of the plastic.
Vice versa, the higher the percentage of elongation, the lower the tensile strength (Haryati et al.
, 2.
value in the data tends to decrease, namely at 3% pectin concentration is 1.
8% and 5% pectin concentration is 0.
49% which indicates that the more pectin added, the smaller the elongation value produced.
The best percent elongation is the variation of 3% pectin concentration.
This is caused by the formation of hydrogen bonds between orange pectin molecules and glycerol The more hydrogen bonds that are formed in the polymer causes the chain to get longer and the dependency increases.
This research is different from previous Sholekhahwati & Sedyadi, .
In this study explained that the addition of pectin concentration, the greater the resulting elongation value.
This could have been because in this study, pure sweet orange peel extract was added.
The menis orange peel extract may also affect the percent elongation of bioplastics.
Modulus Young Young modulus value is obtained from the comparison between tensile strength and percent elongation.
Young Modulus The tensile strength test at 3% and 5% pectin concentrations can be seen in Graph 2.
Based on these data, the tensile strength has The best results are at 3% pectin This is because the decrease in tensile strength is due to reduced protein chains between molecules, so that less bioplastic matrix is formed.
This happens because due to the addition of glycerol, the nature of the plasticizer molecule will reduce intermolecular interactions, disrupt the cohesiveness of starch, and increase the mobility of bioplastics.
Another factor that causes the decrease in the tensile strength value is possibly due to the inhomogeneity of the distribution of the boplastic molecules (Sholekhahwati & Sedyadi, 2.
0,97
elongation (%) 0,57 Pectin Concentration Graph 4: Young's Modulus Test Results 0,49 pektin 3% pektin 5% Pectin Concentration Graph 3: Elongation Test Results Based on the results obtained, it shows that Young's modulus values range from 0.
97 MPa.
With decreasing tensile strength, the value of Young's modulus also decreases.
The decrease in the value of Young's modulus indicates that the plasticity produced is increasing (Nahwi, 2.
The elongation test at 3% and 5% pectin concentrations can be seen in Graph 3.
The Faculty of Psychology and Health.
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 30-31 August 2023 The 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Health Promotion (ICOSHPRO) Plastic Properties According to ASTM D 882 Year 2012 Table 4: Plastic Properties According to ASTM D 882 Year 2012 Characteristics Tensile Strenght (MP.
Break Elongation (%) Elasticity Modulus (MP.
LDPE
0,0235
HDPE
0,0473
0,195
0,372
1,31
2,93
HDPE (High Density PolyEthylen.
is a hard plastic, resistant to chemicals and moisture, easy to color, shape and process.
Usually used for liquid milk bottles, juices, drinks and plastic lids.
It is recommended for single use only because if used repeatedly, the constituent ingredients will transfer into the LDPE (Low Desnity PolyEthylen.
is a plastic with a material that is easy to process, flexible, waterproof, not clear but translucent and is usually used for plastic bags.
(PolyPropylen.
is a plastic that has the characteristics of being transparent but colorful, hard but flexible, strong, heat resistant, chemicals and oil, so PP is a good choice of plastic material for food packaging such as medicine containers, milk bottles and In accordance with ASTM (American Standard Testing and Material.
, the tensile strength test of bioplastics in this study complied with ASTM on the third component, namely LDPE.
HDPE and PP with a 3% pectin variation of 1.
106 MPa and a 5% pectin variation of 0.
9 MPa.
In percent elongation, the bioplastics in this study did not meet ASTM, both at 3% and 5% pectin variations.
Whereas at Young's Modulus, the bioplastics in this study met ASTM, namely LDPE and HDPE with a 3% pectin variation of 1.
84 MPa and a 5% pectin variation of 0.
97 MPa.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the research that has been done, the best results were obtained for bioplastics, namely the 3% pectin variation.
accordance with ASTM (American Standard Testing and Material.
, the tensile strength test of bioplastics in this study complied with ASTM on the third component, namely LDPE.
HDPE and PP with a 3% pectin variation of 106 MPa and a 5% pectin variation of 0.
MPa.
In percent elongation, the bioplastics in this study did not meet ASTM, both at 3% and 5% pectin variations.
Whereas at Young's Modulus, the bioplastics in this study met ASTM, namely LDPE and HDPE with a 3% pectin variation of 1.
84 MPa and a 5% pectin variation of 0.
97 MPa.
REFERENCES