Research on English Language Education Vol.
7 No.
1 Edisi April 2025
P-ISSN : 2715-1638
E-ISSN : 2828-5522
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES OF GARMENT STEAMER PARTS
TERMS IN USER MANUAL
Muhamad Saiful Mukminin1 1Master of Linguistics.
Faculty of Cultural Science.
Universitas Gadjah Mada .
uhamadsaifulmukminin@mail.
Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penerjemahan istilah bagian-bagian perangkat penguap pakaian dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia dalam manual Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan data berupa istilah teknis yang terkait dengan bagian-bagian perangkat, baik dalam bentuk kata tunggal maupun frasa.
Sumber data berasal dari manual pengguna Philips EasyTouch Plus Garment Steamer tipe GC514.
GC518, dan GC524.
Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik simak dan catat, di mana peneliti membaca seluruh teks manual untuk mengidentifikasi dan mencatat istilah yang relevan.
Analisis data mengacu pada model interaktif, meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penerapan lima teknik penerjemahan, yaitu dua teknik tunggal (Kompensasi dan Padanan Lazi.
serta tiga kombinasi teknik (Kompensasi Transposisi.
Kompensasi Peminjaman, dan Kompensasi Padanan Lazi.
Teknik Kompensasi merupakan teknik yang paling dominan dengan 6 kemunculan, diikuti Padanan Lazim sebanyak 5 kali.
Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa teknik Kompensasi sering digunakan untuk mengatasi perbedaan linguistik antara teks sumber dan teks sasaran.
Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi bahwa pemahaman terhadap teknik penerjemahan yang tepat sangat penting untuk menghasilkan terjemahan yang sesuai dan mudah dipahami.
Kata Kunci: Teknik penerjemahan.
Penguap pakaian.
Manual pengguna.
Abstract This study aims to describe the translation of garment steamer parts terms from English to Indonesian in the user manual.
The method used is descriptive qualitative, with data consisting of technical terms related to the parts of the device, both in single words and phrases.
The data source is the Philips EasyTouch Plus Garment Steamer user manual, models GC514.
GC518, and GC524.
The data collection technique employed is the listening and note-taking technique, where the researcher carefully reads the entire text of the manual to identify and record relevant terms.
The data analysis follows the interactive model, which includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions.
The results of the study show the application of five translation techniques:
two single techniques (Compensation and Established Equivalen.
, and three combined techniques (Compensation Transposition.
Compensation Borrowing, and Compensation Established Equivalen.
The Compensation technique is the most dominant, appearing 6 times, followed by Established Equivalent with 5 occurrences.
These findings indicate that Compensation is frequently used to address linguistic differences between the source and target texts.
This study implies that Copyright .
Muhamad Saiful Mukminin.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 0 International License.
Research on English Language Education P-ISSN : 2715-1638 Vol.
7 No.
1 Edisi April 2025
E-ISSN : 2828-5522
understanding the appropriate translation techniques is crucial for producing translations that are accurate and easily understood.
Keywords: Translation techniques.
Garment steamer.
User manual.
Introduction Globalization interconnections between countries and increased the exchange of goods and information worldwide (Narula, 2.
the context of the technology product market, globalization enables companies to market their products internationally, expand their consumer reach, and (Kormakova et al.
, 2.
Technology products, such as electronic devices and household appliances, can now be sold in languages, cultures, and technical This requires companies to adapt their products and marketing materials, including user manuals, to ensure they are accepted and understood by diverse audiences.
Globalization also drives more intense competition among manufacturers, compelling them to produce not only high-quality products but also to establish clear communication with users across different parts of the world (Goeltz, 2014.
NinduwezuorEhiobu et al.
, 2.
Therefore, accurate and effective translation is crucial, particularly in technical aspects, to ensure that consumers in various countries can operate the products correctly and safely.
Technology products that lack proper translation or clear instructions risk reducing user satisfaction and damaging a companyAos reputation in the global A garment steamer is a household technology device used for ironing clothes with steam, offering convenience and efficiency in smoothing garments without the risk of damage often associated with conventional irons (Ruwndar et al.
, 2.
This product is gaining popularity in international markets due to its ease of use and ability to care for various types of fabrics.
As a device used by global consumers, it is essential for the garment steamerAos user manual to provide clear and effective The manual serves to ensure that consumers understand how to use, maintain, and safely operate the device (Wang et al.
, 2.
The translation of the user manual is crucial, as consumers from different countries and cultures have varying language needs (Xu & Deng.
One of the biggest challenges in translating the manual is accurately conveying technical terms related to the components and functions of the device.
These terms require precise translation to maintain their technical meaning and ensure correct understanding by the target audience.
Errors in translation can lead to user confusion when operating the device, which may result in ineffective or even hazardous usage.
Therefore, accurate translation, especially the used of translation technique, is essential for an optimal user experience.
Molina and Albir .
explain that translation techniques are specific procedures used to transfer text from the source language to the target language contextual aspects.
There are 18 types of Copyright .
Muhamad Saiful Mukminin.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 0 International License.
Research on English Language Education Vol.
7 No.
1 Edisi April 2025 compensation, description, discursive generalization, linguistic amplification, linguistic compression, literal translation, modulation, particularization, reduction, substitution, transposition, and variation (Molina & Albir, 2.
These techniques can be applied individually or in combination to achieve a balance between accuracy of meaning and readability in the target language.
In the context of translating technical terms, such as those found in user manuals, the choice of technique largely depends on the communication objective, the user's level of understanding, and adherence to standard terminology in the target language (Byrne, 2.
Molina and Albir .
also emphasize that translation techniques differ from translation techniques operate at the micro level, focusing on specific text units rather than the entire text.
Research on translation techniques has been conducted by several scholars.
Rahma and Hardjanto .
analyzed the translation techniques of phatic expressions from English into Indonesian, using data from the novel Devil in Winter.
Sianturi and Adha .
analyzed how the translation techniques applied to the drama series Go Ahead Episode 1.
Nugroho et al.
examined the translation techniques of racial insults in the subtitles of the film 42, comparing translators (Netfli.
and fan translators (Moviek.
Mukminin .
analyze the translation techniques applied to the song
P-ISSN : 2715-1638
E-ISSN : 2828-5522
lyrics Maafkan Aku by Tiara Andini, translated by Emma Heesters.
Research on user manual translation has been conducted by several scholars.
Hasfikin and Nisa .
examined the translation of safety instructions for commercial aviation from Indonesian to Arabic.
Mustafa et al.
identified the translation techniques applied in the bilingual English-Indonesian user manual for the Samsung GT-19500.
Salwa and Salwa and Geubrina .
investigated the translation methods used in the user manual for the Samsung SM-B310E.
Phanata et al.
analyzed the application of literal translation in the Sclerometer User Manual from Mandarin to Indonesian.
This study aims to analyze the component-related terms in garment steamer user manuals.
While many techniques in the context of technical texts, no research has specifically examined the translation techniques used technology devices, particularly garment This study offers novelty by focusing on garment steamers, a household product that is gaining analyzing the translation techniques used for technical terms in user manuals.
also compares the application of translation techniques across different The study is expected to translation techniques for technology product user manuals, thereby enhancing user comprehension and ensuring clear and safe instructions.
Additionally, it Copyright .
Muhamad Saiful Mukminin.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 0 International License.
Research on English Language Education Vol.
7 No.
1 Edisi April 2025 benefits professional translators by addressing the challenges of technical The contribution of this research is to provide guidelines for translation techniques for household technology user manuals, improving translation quality in the global market, and supporting a better and more effective user experience.
P-ISSN : 2715-1638
E-ISSN : 2828-5522
Research Finding and Discussion Based on the analysis results, the following figure presents the findings of the application of translation techniques on garment steamer parts terms in the user manual.
Figure 1.
Findings on the Application of Translation Techniques Method This study uses a qualitative descriptive method to describe the translation of garment steamer parts terms from English to Indonesian.
The data collected consists of technical terms related to the parts of the device found in the user manual, both in single words and phrases.
The data source for this study is the Philips EasyTouch Plus Garment Steamer user manual, models GC514.
GC518, and GC524.
The data collection technique employed is the listening and note-taking technique, where the researcher carefully reads the entire text in the user manual to identify and record relevant technical terms.
The data analysis technique refers to the interactive model, which includes stages of data reduction, data presentation, and The presented in narrative form, outlining findings related to the translation of technical terms.
The presentation of the analysis results will also be accompanied by data displays in the form of tables comparing the original English terms and their Indonesian translations, along with an analysis of the translation techniques The figure illustrates the findings related to the application of translation The Compensation technique is the most dominant, appearing 6 times, followed by Established Equivalent with 5 occurrences.
The combinations of Compensation Transposition and Compensation Borrowing each appear Meanwhile.
Compensation Established Equivalent is found only once, making it the least frequently used These findings indicate that Compensation is often applied to address linguistic differences between the source and target texts, either independently or in combination with other techniques.
Established Equivalent is also frequently used, suggesting the presence of Copyright .
Muhamad Saiful Mukminin.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 0 International License.
Research on English Language Education Vol.
7 No.
1 Edisi April 2025
standardized terms in the target
Although less common, the combination of techniques still plays a role in bridging meaning and structural gaps between the source and target
P-ISSN : 2715-1638
E-ISSN : 2828-5522
pasokan uap" follows the MD pattern, where "selang" serves as the head .
, "pasokan functions as the modifier.
The translation of Austeam dialAy Ie Autombol uapAy .
applies the compensation technique, specifically the change in word order from DM (Determiner Modifie.
in English to MD (Modifier Determine.
in Indonesian.
In the source language, "steam" functions as a modifier for "dial", following the common DM pattern in English.
Meanwhile, in the target language, the word order is changed to MD, where "tombol" serves as the head .
, and "uap" functions as the The translation of "water tank" Ie "tangki air" .
applies the compensation technique, which involves changing the word order from DM (Determiner Modifie.
in English to MD (Modifier Determine.
in Indonesian.
In English, "water" functions as a modifier for "tank", following the DM pattern, meaning that "water" describes the type or function of "tank".
In Indonesian, the translation "water tank" becomes "tangki air", following the MD pattern, where "tangki" serves as the head .
, and "air" functions as the modifier.
The translation of "pants clip" Ie "jepit celana" .
applies the compensation technique, which involves changing the word order from DM (Determiner Modifie.
in English to MD (Modifier Determine.
in Indonesian.
In English, "pants" functions as a modifier for "clip", following the DM pattern, meaning that "pants" describes the type or object associated with "clip".
In Indonesian, "pants clip" is translated as "jepit celana".
Compensation Technique The Compensation Technique is applied in translation to adjust word order while maintaining the original This technique is particularly useful when translating noun phrases with a determinant-modifier (DM) structure in the source text (ST) into a modifier-determinant (MD) structure in the target text (TT), as commonly seen in Indonesian.
Table 1 provides examples of this technique in the context of garment steamer parts.
Table 1.
Example of Data Compensation Technique Steam supply Selang pasokan Steam dial Tombol uap Water tank Tangki air Pants clip Jepit celana Hanger hook Kait gantungan Board cover Penutup papan In the translation of Austeam supply hoseAy Ie Auselang pasokan uapAy .
, the compensation technique is applied, particularly in the change of word order from DM (Determiner Modifie.
in English to MD (Modifier Determine.
in Indonesian.
"Steam supply hose" follows the DM pattern, where "steam" functions as a modifier for "supply", and "supply" functions as a modifier for "hose".
"Selang Copyright .
Muhamad Saiful Mukminin.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 0 International License.
Research on English Language Education Vol.
7 No.
1 Edisi April 2025 following the MD pattern, where "jepit" serves as the head .
, and "celana" functions as the modifier.
The translation of "hanger hook" Ie "kait gantungan" .
applies the compensation technique, which involves changing the word order from DM (Determiner Modifie.
in English to MD (Modifier Determine.
in Indonesian.
English, "hanger" functions as a modifier for "hook", following the DM pattern, "hanger" additional information or specifies the type of "hook".
In Indonesian, "hanger hook" is translated as "kait gantungan", following the MD pattern, where "kait" serves as the head .
, and "gantungan" functions as the modifier.
The translation of "board cover" Ie "penutup .
compensation technique, which involves changing the word order from DM (Determiner Modifie.
in English to MD (Modifier Determine.
in Indonesian.
English, "board" functions as a modifier for "cover", following the DM pattern, meaning that "board" specifies the type or object covered by "cover".
In Indonesian, "board cover" is translated as "penutup papan", following the MD pattern, where "penutup" .
, and "papan" functions as the modifier, providing additional information about the object being P-ISSN : 2715-1638
E-ISSN : 2828-5522
technique ensures accuracy and clarity by selecting terms that are already familiar to native speakers.
In Table 2, examples of this technique are presented in the context of garment steamer parts.
Table 2.
Example of Data Established Equivalence Technique Base Alas Pole Tiang Hanger Gantungan Glove Sarung tangan Board Papan The translation of "base" Ie "alas" .
applies the established equivalent technique because "alas" is a commonly used term in Indonesian to refer to the bottom or foundation of an object.
English, "base" means a foundation or surface on which an object rests.
Indonesian, "alas" is frequently used in various contexts, such as "alas meja" .
able ma.
, "alas lampu" .
amp bas.
, or "alas kaki" .
ootwear sol.
Using the established equivalent technique ensures that the translation sounds natural and aligns with the understanding of Indonesian Instead translating "base" literally with a less conventional term like "dasar", the use of "alas" is more appropriate, particularly in the context of garment steamer parts.
The translation of "pole" Ie "tiang" .
in the context of garment steamer parts uses the established equivalent technique.
In this case, "pole" refers to the vertical structure used to hang clothes during the steaming process, which is an essential part of the garment steamer.
In English, "pole" refers to a vertical support or structure used to support or hang Established Equivalence Technique The Established Equivalence Technique is used when translating words or phrases with commonly equivalents in the target language.
This Copyright .
Muhamad Saiful Mukminin.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 0 International License.
Research on English Language Education Vol.
7 No.
1 Edisi April 2025 something, such as in a garment steamer where it allows clothes to hang properly for effective steam distribution.
On the other hand, in Indonesian, the term "tiang" is commonly used to describe a vertical object with a similar function.
For example, "tiang gantungan" .
anger pol.
or "tiang baju" .
lothes pol.
is also understood as a place to hang clothes.
Therefore, the use of "tiang" in the context of a garment steamer is appropriate and easily understood.
The translation of "hanger" Ie "gantungan" .
uses the appropriate established equivalent technique .
adanan lazi.
, especially in the context of garment steamer parts.
In this case, "hanger" refers to the device used to hang clothes so that the steam ironing process can be done effectively.
This part is typically made of sturdy materials such as plastic or metal and is designed in a way that allows clothes to hang steadily.
In Indonesian, the word "gantungan" is commonly used to refer to similar objects, such as "gantungan baju" .
lothes hange.
, which is used for hanging clothes.
choosing "gantungan" as the established equivalent for "hanger", the translation becomes easier for Indonesian readers to understand, as "gantungan" is a familiar This also avoids using other words that might sound unfamiliar or less appropriate in this context.
The use of the established equivalent technique in translating garment steamer parts ensures that the meaning remains intact, and readers can immediately grasp the function of the tool without confusion.
The translation of "glove" Ie "sarung tangan" .
uses the appropriate established equivalent technique .
adanan P-ISSN : 2715-1638
E-ISSN : 2828-5522
, which is very accurate, especially in the context of garment steamer parts.
In this case, "glove" refers to the hand protector often included with a garment steamer to protect the user from the heat of the steam when ironing clothes.
Typically, this "glove" is made from heatresistant materials designed to provide protection when handling clothes being On the other hand, in Indonesian, the term "sarung tangan" is widely known and commonly used to refer to hand protectors in various situations, whether for work, sports, or other forms of protection.
Therefore, using "sarung tangan" as the established equivalent for "glove" in the context of garment steamers feels natural and is easily understood by Indonesian readers.
This established equivalent technique Indonesian understand that "sarung tangan" is the protective gear used when operating a garment steamer.
The translation of "board" Ie "papan" .
uses the appropriate established equivalent technique .
adanan lazi.
, which is highly relevant in the context of garment steamer parts.
In this case, "board" refers to the flat surface used to place clothes while steaming, typically made of heat-resistant materials.
This "board" is essential in a garment steamer because it provides a stable and comfortable surface for the clothes, allowing the steam to penetrate On the other hand, in Indonesian, the word "papan" is already commonly used to describe a flat surface for various purposes, including placing Copyright .
Muhamad Saiful Mukminin.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 0 International License.
Research on English Language Education Vol.
7 No.
1 Edisi April 2025 items or writing.
Therefore, using "papan" as the established equivalent for "board" in the context of a garment steamer is accurate and easily understood by Indonesian users.
This avoids confusion, as "papan" is a familiar term in society.
technique, the translation of "board" Ie "papan" ensures that the meaning remains clear and easily understood.
P-ISSN : 2715-1638
E-ISSN : 2828-5522
modifies "head".
In the target language, the order changes to MD, with "kepala" as the head .
and "penyembur uap" as the modifier.
Transposition appears in the word "steamer", which in English is a singular noun, but in Indonesian becomes the nominal phrase "penyembur uap".
This change happens because the root word "sembur" undergoes a derivational process with the prefix peN-, turning it into a noun.
This demonstrates a shift in word class in the The combination of these techniques ensures that the meaning remains accurate and aligns with the Compensation allows the meaning to be conveyed without losing clarity, while categories to sound more natural in Indonesian.
Thus, the translation "steamer head" Ie "kepala penyembur uap" serves as an effective example of linguistic adaptation in the translation process.
The translation of "steamer head holder" Ie "penahan kepala penyembur uap" .
Compensation occurs due to the change in word order from DM (Determiner Modifie.
in English to MD (Modifier Determine.
in Indonesian.
In the source language, "steamer head holder" follows the DM pattern, where "steamer" modifies "head", and "head" modifies "holder".
However, in the target language, the order changes to MD, with "penahan" as the head .
and "kepala penyembur uap" as the modifier.
Transposition occurs with the words "steamer" and "holder".
"Steamer", which is a singular noun in English, is translated Compensation Transposition Technique The Compensation Transposition Technique involves two translation techniques: compensation, which adjusts word order to maintain meaning naturally in the target language, and transposition, which changes word classes or structures to fit linguistic In Table 3, these techniques are applied to garment steamer parts by Indonesian syntax while ensuring clarity.
Table 3.
Example of Data Compensation Transposition Technique Steamer head Kepala penyembur uap Steamer head Penahan kepala penyembur uap The translation of "steamer head" Ie "kepala penyembur uap" .
involves the Compensation occurs due to the change in word order from DM (Determiner Modifie.
in English to MD (Modifier Determine.
in Indonesian.
the source language, "steamer head" follows the DM pattern, where "steamer" Copyright .
Muhamad Saiful Mukminin.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 0 International License.
Research on English Language Education Vol.
7 No.
1 Edisi April 2025 into "penyembur uap", a nominal phrase derived from the verb "sembur".
Similarly, "holder", a noun in English, is translated into "penahan", derived from the verb "tahan".
The combination of these techniques makes the translation Indonesian.
Compensation ensures the sentence structure remains consistent with the transposition allows for more accurate word-class With techniques, the original meaning is preserved, and the translation sounds more communicative and easier to Compensation Borrowing Technique The Compensation Borrowing Technique combines two techniques:
compensation, which adjusts word order or structure for naturalness in the target language, and borrowing, which retains specific terms from the source language due to their technical nature or lack of an exact equivalent.
In Table 4, this technique is applied to garment steamer
P-ISSN : 2715-1638
E-ISSN : 2828-5522
such as a garment steamer, which is crucial for preventing the buildup of limescale or impurities from the water used for steam.
This function is important for maintaining the steamer's optimal Through the compensation technique, the term "de-calc" is retained in the same form in Indonesian, as it is already familiar in the context of electronic or household appliance Meanwhile, the borrowing technique is used by directly borrowing the word "de-calc" without modification, because there is no more familiar equivalent in Indonesian for this technical This approach ensures that the translation retains the clarity of meaning and the intended function of the device.
Overall, the translation "De-calc knob" Ie "Kenop de-calc" understanding of this part of the garment The translation of "Pole lock clip" Ie "Klip kunci tiang" uses two translation technique, adjustments are made to align sentence structure with the conventions of the target language without altering the meaning.
In this case, the word "pole", referring to a vertical structure, is replaced with "tiang", a term that is already commonly used in Indonesian for long, upright objects.
Meanwhile, the word "clip" is retained with its direct equivalent, "klip".
The word "lock", which refers to a locking mechanism, is translated as "kunci" and placed after "klip" to create a clear and understandable structure in Indonesian.
In the borrowing technique, the term "clip" is borrowed directly as "klip".
The Table 4.
Example of Data Compensation Borrowing Technique De-calc knob Kenop de-calc Pole lock clip Klip kunci tiang The translation of "De-calc knob" Ie "Kenop de-calc" .
employs two borrowing, which are highly appropriate in the context of garment steamer parts.
In this case, "De-calc knob" refers to the knob or button used to activate the calcium cleaning function on a device.
Copyright .
Muhamad Saiful Mukminin.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 0 International License.
Research on English Language Education Vol.
7 No.
1 Edisi April 2025 word "clip" has a specific meaning and lacks a more familiar equivalent in Indonesian, especially in the context of a mechanism or tool used for clamping or Therefore, "clip" is kept with a slight phonetic adjustment to "klip".
This combination of techniques ensures the translation "Pole lock clip" Ie "Klip kunci tiang" is both accurate and easy to understand in the Indonesian context.
P-ISSN : 2715-1638
E-ISSN : 2828-5522
maker", which refers to a tool used for making pleats, is translated as "pembuat This term not only refers to the tool itself but also explains its function in one word that is easier to understand in Indonesian.
This process simplifies the English term, making it more natural in the target language.
In the established equivalence technique, "and brush" is translated directly as "dan sikat", which is a common equivalent in Indonesian.
The word "sikat" is commonly used in Indonesian to refer to a cleaning or brushing tool, so it is a suitable replacement for "brush" without any further adjustments needed.
By using these techniques, the translation "pleat maker and brush" Ie "pembuat lipatan dan sikat" remains accurate and natural in Indonesian, ensuring the meaning is preserved while adhering to the target language's norms.
Compensation Established Equivalence Technique The Compensation Established Equivalence Technique combines two strategies: compensation, which adjusts word order to align with the target language's structure, and established equivalence, which employs widely accepted translations for common terms.
In Table 5, this technique is applied to garment steamer parts.
Conclusion The techniques in translating garment steamer parts terms in the user manual (Compensation Established Equivalen.
and three couplet techniques (Compensation Transposition.
Compensation Borrowing.
Compensation Established Equivalen.
Based on the analysis, the most dominant translation technique is Compensation, which appeared 6 times.
The Established Equivalent technique follows with 5 occurrences, indicating the presence of standardized terms in the target The Compensation Transposition and Compensation Borrowing Table 5.
Example of Data Compensation Established Equivalence Technique Pleat maker Pembuat lipatan and brush dan sikat The translation of "pleat maker and brush" Ie "pembuat lipatan dan sikat" .
involves two translation techniques:
adanan lazi.
In the compensation technique, a structural change is made between the source language and the target language to align with Indonesian language rules without altering the meaning.
In this case, "pleat Copyright .
Muhamad Saiful Mukminin.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 0 International License.
Research on English Language Education Vol.
7 No.
1 Edisi April 2025 appeared twice, while Compensation Established Equivalent was found only These findings suggest that Compensation is frequently applied to address linguistic differences between the Established Equivalent is also used fairly often, indicating the existence of wellknown terms in the target language.
Although less common, the other combinations of techniques still serve to bridge meaning and structural gaps between the two languages.
P-ISSN : 2715-1638
E-ISSN : 2828-5522
Dynamic Functionalist Approach.
Meta, 47.
, 498Ae512.
https://doi.
org/10.
7202/008033ar Mukminin.
How does Emma Heesters Translate Song AoMaafkan AkuAointo English? JULIET:
Journal of English Language and Literature, 2.
, 1Ae11.
References