http://jppbr.
DOI:10.
21776/ub.
eISSN: 2723-083X pISSN: 2723-0821 Journal of Psychiatry Psychology and Behavioral Research Vol.
No.
September 2022
JPPBR
PRENATAL DEPRESSIONAoS IMPACT ON NEWBORNS AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT Olivera Agnes Adar Correspondence: oliveraagnes@student.
Poltekkes Kemenkes Kupang.
Kupang.
Nusa Tenggara Timur.
Indonesia
REVIEW
OPEN ACCESS
ABSTRACT
Background: Depression throughout pregnancy may be a drawback that's still under-addressed in midwifery services, so many studies have found that there is an influence between pregnancy depression on child development in the future.
Objective: To understand prenatal depressionAos impact on newborns and its long-term effects on child development from mothers who are depressed during pregnancy.
Methods: The author used 10 reliable journals that discuss the impact of prenatal depression on birth outcomes and long-term effects on child Results: Several studies have additionally shown that prenatal depression has an effect on child development.
The importance of paying attention to the mental health of mothers by partners, health workers, and the State is a preventive measure for children's health in the future.
Conclusion: There are relationships between prenatal depression on child development, both emotional, behavioral, affective problems, physical growth, intelligence, neurobehavioral development, and other problems which can continue to affect their life.
Besides, some studies suggest there is no relationship between prenatal depression and some developmental problems in children.
It is better if health workers as doctors and midwives pay attention to the importance of maintaining the mental health of pregnant women as an initial preventive measure.
Keywords: prenatal depression, newborns, child development.
Article History:
Received: April 05, 2021 Accepted: May 07, 2021 Published: September 30, 2022 Cite this as: Adar.
Prenatal depressionAos impact on newborns and long-term effects on child development.
Journal of Psychiatry Psychology and Behavioral Research.
3:2.
significantly in children's neurodevelopment, risk of being lefthanded, autism, affective disorders, and cognitive abilities on the child.
7 Another study found that anxiety or depression experienced by mothers during the prenatal period has shown to have an increased incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children, as well as an increase in the risk of developing mental illness for children in the future, in addition to other reports showing that the incidence of depression and judgment during prenatal have linked to children's emotional 8 The aim of this research is to look into prenatal depressionAos impact on newborns and its long-term effects on the child development of mothers who suffered depression during pregnancy through a literature study.
INTRODUCTION
Depression is a common psychological disorder and often occurs in pregnant women, usually characterized by several symptoms, namely, the mother feels disappointed, feels sad, feels inferior, has sleep disturbances, decreased appetite, gets tired easily, and finds it difficult to concentrate.
Prenatal depression can affect a woman's quality of life and is one of the leading causes of disease burden in developed and developing countries.
Prenatal depression accounts for 2% of life-occurring disabilities.
Depression is also one of the risk factors that has a negative effect on birth outcomes during the prenatal period.
Depression during pregnancy has been linked to preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA), and low birth weight (LBW) in both low, and high-income countries, according to reports.
METHOD
The researcher used 10 journals and literature that discuss prenatal depressionAos impact on newborns and its long term effects on child development.
All the studies were searched from PLOS ONE.
Pubmed.
NCBI, and Elsevier and analyzed by research using a traditional review.
Clinical studies show that there is a relationship between the experiences of pregnant women who experience trauma, chronic stress, and others' experience .
uch as heartaches, busy work schedules, and earthquake.
and changes that occur
RESULT
Between 2009 and 2020, a total of ten studies were conducted.
Five of these focus on the impact of prenatal depression on Others focused on the child development of mothers who experienced depression during pregnancy .
DISCUSS
Prenatal DepressionAos Impact On Newborn Even though it has been extensively researched, many concerns about the effect of antenatal depression on adverse birth outcomes remain unanswered.
Women with prenatal depression had a 3.
22 times higher risk of stillbirth than women with good coping skills, according to a study cohort of 895 pregnant women in Gondar Town.
Ethiopia.
comparison to respondents who were not depressed and had support from their partner, the risk of preterm birth was 4.
times higher for respondents who experienced depression and received moderate support and 4.
99 times higher for respondents who experienced depression and received low When comparing respondents with mild depression and bad support to respondents without mild depression and strong support, the risk of low birth weight was 3.
4 times Indirectly impact on the respondent's ability to cope with stress during major events was also observed.
Preterm birth was linked to low birth weight, and there was a strong link between partner support, tobacco use, and low birth weight rates.
In conclusion, prenatal depression does not directly influence the incidence of low-birth-weight risk.
Depression during prenatal can be helped through positive support from partners and the ability to manage stress, due to 38- and 4.
99-times higher incidence of preterm birth experienced by mothers with poor partner support and the inability to manage stress.
Prenatal depression had a major indirect impact on partner-supported preterm birth and childbirth anxiety but had different direct beneficial effects on the incidence of preterm birth.
Good spouse support is linked to a lower risk of maternal depression and a lower risk of preterm birth, implying that support for pregnant women at risk should be increased.
Other research has found a connection between depression during the prenatal period and fetal growth.
There was a link between prenatal depression and fetal development, despite the fact that there was no statistically significant link between prenatal depression and pregnancy.
Depression during pregnancy also had more impacts on the risk of low birth weight than spontaneous early labor, length of pregnancy, and preterm birth.
What's worth noting is that depression and stress are different phenomena.
A study in Hanoi (Vietna.
found that depressive symptoms were linked to an increased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight, but had no connection to cases of low gestational age.
Meanwhile, a study in Korea found that children of women who experience prenatal depression tend to have lower birth weights than women who do not experience depression during Although, if related to gestational age, women who experience prenatal depression tend to have a lower gestational age week compared to women who do not.
According to the findings of this research, depression is not linked to the occurrence of low birth weight at term but is linked to gestational age.
There is a connection between prenatal depression and birth weight, which may be due to depression during pregnancy.
There are different results between studies conducted in developed and developing countries.
Studies in developing countries such as Vietnam.
Brazil, and Pakistan, or in populations with a lower socioeconomic status, appear to produce different results than studies in developed countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, which typically find no connection between prenatal depression and birth weight.
Maybe because women who experience prenatal depression and have low socioeconomic status are more prone to being exposed to risk factors such as malnutrition than mothers with prenatal depression in developed countries with high economic.
Prenatal depression affects 15 to 65 percent of women around the world.
Babies born to mothers who were depressed during their pregnancy had a 1.
49 times higher risk of Low Birth Weight and preterm birth.
Both genetically and environmentally, the causes of maternal depression and adverse birth effects are well understood.
Hormonal dysregulation, prenatal depression, and chronic stress are known to trigger changes in the function of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), which may result in the activation of cortisol output and release, preventing nutrients and oxygen from reaching the fetus.
Depression during pregnancy appears to affect the function of the mother's body systems with a glucocorticoid hormone imbalance which increases susceptibility to fight microbial infections and can lead to poor fetal growth.
Meanwhile, prenatal depression and socio-environmental factors can make the mother rarely or unwilling to access health services then can have an impact on the mother's nutritional status during pregnancy .
ither under or over-nutrition statu.
Antenatal Depression and Child Development Many studies have shown that prenatal depression affects a child's growth.
According to one systematic review report, newborns of depressed mothers have low orientation, motor skills, the spectrum of states, autonomic stability, and have high Brazelton scale depression scores, and also had higher cortisol levels, while levels of dopamine and serotonin tend Symptoms of major depression during prenatal pressure were also treated with unhealthy nutritional status and were prospectively associated with the impaired cognitive function of the four-year-old child.
Other research indicates that children aged 7 and 8 years old whose mothers suffer from clinical depression are more likely to develop emotionalbehavioral issues and affective disorders, and exposure to untreated depression during pregnancy have associated with persistent developmental and affective problems.
Maternal depression during pregnancy is linked to issues such as slow growth and an increased risk of diarrhea in babies.
Bodyweight and child adiposity show a different outcome or relationship between mothers with prenatal depression and mothers with postpartum depression.
Children born to mothers who suffered from prenatal depression had a lower body weight than children born to mothers who were stable during their pregnancy or children who were subjected to symptoms after birth at the age of three.
The systematic review study in the laboratory also found an increase in salivary cortisol levels in children with stressors if compared with children who did not have depressed mothers.
In addition, one longitudinal study in the community found that over 16 years following their pregnancy index, nearly two out of three mothers reported a depressive episode that became so severe that it had to be treated by psychiatry so as not to interfere with their daily This problem probably has an impact on their ability to care for and raise their children.
What is surprising is that adolescents aged 16 who were exposed to maternal depression 7 times more likely to experience depression than adolescents who were not exposed.
Interestingly, they are significantly more likely to fall into crime.
Another study stated that the psychological condition of pregnant women has a relation to the development of the fetal neurobehavioral system and continues with the outcome of the The results of this study are consistent with the literature supporting the hypothesis of fetal origin, namely that exposure to the prenatal environment, including maternal psychological conditions during pregnancy and uterine physiology, has a lasting effect on one human life cycle.
12 Another study indicated that depressive symptoms during pregnancy predicted poor physical health in childhood, and also partially can affect the health of early childhood in mothers who still have depression since pregnancy.
Not only that, but in 20-yearolds, even poor physical health during childhood can lead to increased stress, poor health, and social functioning.
So that it can cause illness at high levels of stress, poor health and social functioning can report the prevalence of depression symptoms in adolescents and young adults.
Depression also has a significant direct impact on depression in adolescence and other psycho-social effects caused by poor health at an early A cohort study in South London found a significant relationship between maternal depression and children's emotional issues.
Prenatal depression is also one of the reasons why children attend schools with special needs.
In addition, the significant consequences of pregnancy depression are also related to behavioral problems in children, as well as the cause of cognitive impairment in them (IQ below .
That problem can cause considerable cost losses in various sectors in one country.
The expense of the public sector exceeds A 3,030, income is A 1,400, and the cost of health-related loss of quality of life is almost A 3,760.
In contrast to the above studies, there was no association between depression during pregnancy and other variables such as height, weight, stunting, and obesity in children there is not even a relationship effect between maternal depression and negative outcomes in Sao Paulo's western region.
First, it may be because based on a 1-year-old child, and of course, it is not too precise to carry out production in terms of their underdeveloped cognitive and social aspects.
In addition, the average physical growth of children in the area is quite good, as evidenced by the low incidence of stunting, which is only It is known, that mental health during pregnancy also becomes more relevant as children are grown, despite other studies suggesting that the impacts of maternal depression during pregnancy in the early life of the child are evidence for various problems later in life.
Second is the availability of access to health facilities in almost all study areas, thus facilitating monitoring of child developmental problems from an early age.
The last, may be due to the relatively short EPDS scale and not being sensitive enough to provide a clear distinction between mothers who depression clinically and mothers who are healthy.
Table 1.
Prenatal DepressionAos Impact On Newborn and Long-Term Effects for Child Development Author* Method Result Cohort Study A The incidence rate of stillbirths was 1.
90%, low birth weight 5.
25%, and preterm birth was 16.
A There is a relationship between partner support with depression, preterm birth, and low birth weight babies.
A The risk of LBW cases was 9.
44 times higher, and the risk of preterm birth 19 times higher in respondents who had been exposed to tobacco.
A Mothers with prenatal depression had a 3.
22 times higher risk of stillbirth than mothers who did not suffer from prenatal depression.
Systematic Review A Several studies have discovered a connection between prenatal depression, the occurrence of PTB, and gestational age.
A Some reports have found Some studies have discovered a correlation between prenatal depression and cases of low birth weight.
a link between prenatal depression and low birth weight cases.
A The prevalence of low birth weight is a stronger effect of maternal depression than the length of pregnancy or preterm birth.
Systematic Review .
Pregnancy result :
A Prematurity and low birth weight A Preterm labor in women who have a BMI of 19 or higher prior to A Increases cases of preterm births and frequency of babies being admitted to the NICU.
A The connection between prenatal depression and preterm birth or low birth weight is, however, debatable.
Fetal effects A Allister DKK .
Due to external stimuli, prenatal depression has a direct effect on fetal heart rate and activity changes.
A Field DKK .
, there an increase in fetal activity A Hyperactive in fetuses at five and seven months of gestation.
(Dieter et , 2.
Systematic review Longitudinal study.
815 Australian teenagers and their mothers were included in the study, and they were tracked for 20 years.
Prospective cohort study.
Cohort study Effects in newborns A Lundy et al .
Newborns of mothers with prenatal depression tend to have higher levels of the plasmatic hormone cortisol and norepinephrine than those who don't A A decrease in dopamine levels which was found in other studies (Field et al.
, 2.
A Low birth weight, preterm, and worsening neurobehavioral state.
(Field et al.
, 1.
A Orientation, motor skills, the spectrum of states, autonomic stability, and depression scores on the Brazelton scale tend to be low (Field et al.
A Tend to show less optimal behavior (Lundy et al.
, 1.
Impact on newborn and child A There was no connection between distress in the mother-baby bond and 14-month-old children whose mothers had a history of depressive disorders or depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
A Children aged 7 and 8 years of mothers who experience depression during pregnancy, especially depression, are at a higher risk of developing mental, behavioral, and affective disorders, according to Ashman Et al .
A Prenatal depression is the main factor contributing to external problems between mother and baby such as poor interaction between them, especially in children between 8 and 9 years A According to El Marroun Et al .
, persistent affective and developmental problems tend to occur in fetuses.
Weight .
ain/los.
A Physical issues with the infant, such as slow growth and a high risk of diarrhea, keep maternal depression at bay until the baby is born (Rahman et al.
, 2.
A At age three years, children with antenatal depression have lower body weight Compared to children born to stable mothers or children prone to maternal symptoms after birth, they have more central adiposity (Ertel et , 2.
Adolescents A Adolescents who were exposed to mothers who had antenatal depression at the age of 16 were 4.
7 times more likely to develop depression than those who were not.
A Boys who are vulnerable to prenatal depression have a substantially higher chance of committing crimes.
Agrees with the fetal origin hypothesis states that the environment during pregnancy include the psychological state of mothers, have an effect on the physiology of the uterus and an impact on individual who exposed by prenatal depression on their whole life A Children from prenatal depression mothers can be predicted to have poor physical health during their childhood A Children exposed to prenatal depression with decreased physical health during childhood are more likely to experience increased stress, which can worsen their health and social functioning by age 20 A Mothers experiencing prenatal depression have an indirectly significant effect on the incidence of depression in adolescents due to poor health at an early age and other risks.
A Low birth weight is more common in children whose mothers have prenatal depression than in children whose mothers are mentally stable during pregnancy, this link is weak when gestational age is considered.
A Children of women with prenatal depression during pregnancy have a lower pregnancy rate of several weeks than women who are psychologically healthy during pregnancy.
A When pregnancy was considered, there was no connection between prenatal depression and infant birth weight.
A Depression in mothers during pregnancy is not associated with height, weight gain, stunting, and obesity in children later in life.
Cohort study .
Systematic reviews .
A meta analysis.
Cohort Study There was a positive relationship between the measurement results using the Age and Stages Questionnaire and depression.
A There was no connection between prenatal depression and any of the studied variables.
Prenatal depression symptoms were found to be substantially linked to the risk of preterm birth and delivering babies with low birth weight.
There was no connection between prenatal depression symptoms and the gestational age of the mother.
A worldwide prevalence of prenatal depression ranges from 15-65% A The results reported the main causes of prenatal depression based on the level of influence were: abuse and violence, lack of support from partners or social .
articles, 47 studie.
, a history of maternal or hereditary disorders in the family.
A Low birth weight and preterm babies were 1.
49 and 1.
40 times more likely in children whose mothers had prenatal depression, respectively.
A Prenatal stress has an average effect of OR = 1.
percent CI = 1.
on social and emotional issues in children.
A Depression had a higher (OR = 1.
95 percent CI = 1.
effect than anxiety, which had a lower (OR = 1.
95 percent CI = 1.
The results of an analysis showing that the impact of depression is more severe when the socio-demographic risk increases A The findings of a study indicating that depression has a greater effect as socio-demographic risk rises.
A Children exposed to prenatal depression are more at risk of developing problems such as emotional imbalance, behavior, k = cognitive function around 5% -21%, there is also a high risk that 24% of children enter schools with special educational needs A There are economic loss caused by children who exposed to prenatal *: seen in references CONCLUSION Despite the impact of adverse birth outcomes on mothers with antenatal depression, there is still no definite conclusion.
However, many studies show that indirectly, antenatal depression has a relationship with a negative birth result such as low birth weight, premature babies, and gestasion age which are also related to the economic situation of the community, husband's support, and nutrition during pregnancy.
Several studies conducted, that there a relationship between prenatal depression on child development, both emotional, behavioral, and affective problems, physical growth, intelligence, neurobehavioral development, and other problems which can continue affects their life.
Besides, some studies suggest there is no relationship between prenatal depression and some developmental problems in children.
It is better if health workers as doctors and midwives pay attention to the importance of maintaining the mental health of pregnant women as an initial preventive measure.
REFERENCES