Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
11(4): 677-684. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.11.4.677-684
E-ISSN: 2460-5824
http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jpsl

Production of bioplastics from organic waste with tapioca flour and glycerol
Sri Widyastuti, Rhenny Ratnawati, Nurmasyta Sylviana Priyono
Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas PGRI Adi Buana, Dukuh Menanggal XII Surabaya,
60234, Indonesia [+62 31-8281181]

Article Info:
Received: 06 - 10 - 2021
Accepted: 18 - 11 - 2021
Keywords:
Bioplastics, glycerol, banana
peel waste, rice waste, tapioca
flour
Corresponding Author:
Rhenny Ratnawati
Program Studi Teknik
Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknik,
Universitas PGRI Adi Buana
Surabaya;
Tel. +628563030395
Email:
ratnawati@unipasby.ac.id

Abstract. Bioplastic is plastic that can be decomposed because it can return
to nature. This study investigates the optimal composition for the production
of bioplastics with various compositions of raw material. In this study, two
types of organic waste (banana peel and rice waste), tapioca flour, and
glycerol, were used in different proportions for the production of bioplastics.
Comparison of the composition of banana peel:tapioca flour:glycerol,
respectively 1:10:7.5 (sample A) and 1:13:11.25 (sample B). The ratio of the
composition of rice waste:tapioca flour:glycerol in sample C and D is
1:10:7.5 and 1:13:11.25, respectively. Bioplastics are processed using a
composite of banana peel or rice waste which is dried to a moisture content
of 70%. 30 mL of distilled water was added to the bioplastic and heated until
thickened. The bioplastic is molded in a baking sheet while still hot and in an
oven at 117˚C, then cooled at room temperature. The optimal composition of
bioplastic is found in sample B with a biodegradation test value of 58%, and
it contains bioplastics with functional groups O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C, C-O,
and =C-H in the FTIR test results. The quality standard values for the tensile
strength test and elongation test at break in sample B have values of 10.9 MPa
and 29%, respectively.

How to cite (CSE Style 8th Edition):
Widyastuti S, Ratnawati R, Priyono NS. 2021. Production of bioplastics from organic waste with tapioca flour and glycerol. JPSL
11(4): 677-684. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.11.4.677-684.

INTRODUCTION
Bioplastics are plastics that can be decomposed by the microorganisms' activity quickly (Kelibay, 2020).
Bioplastics can decompose without leaving toxic residues after being used up because of their nature that can
return to nature. Production of bioplastics with high starch and tensile strength is a requirement in the
manufacture of bioplastics (Kelibay, 2020). Inggaweni and Suyatno (2015) stated that high starch accelerates
bioplastic's biodegradation because starch is a food source for microorganisms.
Banana peel has a reasonably high starch value 59% (Melani et al., 2019). Widyaningsih et al. (2012)
stated that banana peels contain 0.98% starch, 91.50% organic matter and affect tensile strength. Utami and
Widiarti (2014) reported an addition of banana peel affected the tensile strength and elongation at break.
Production of bioplastics using banana peel has been successfully investigated by Utami and Widiarti (2014),
Munawaroh (2015), Agustin and Padmawijaya (2016), Melani et al. (2019).
Rice waste obtained from leftover rice that has been consumed and is not suitable for consumption also
has a reasonably high starch. Bahari and Cahyonugroho (2018) reported bioplastic production using rice waste
makes the plastic easy to decompose. The results of the tensile strength and elongation at the break test are
higher, the biodegradation time is more optimal. Bioplastic using rice waste research has also been carried out
by Aini et al. (2015), Marichelvam et al. (2019) and Harimbi and Satria (2020).
677

Widyastuti S, Ratnawati R, Priyono NS
The use of starch in the production of bioplastics can improve its biodegradable properties. On the other
hand, the complex and robust properties that occur in bioplastics are due to the amount of starch that is too
much. The high amount of solids also create cross-links between starch polymers which are tightly formed so
that even greater forces are needed to suppress the bioplastic process (Suryanto et al., 2016). Tapioca flour is
pure starch obtained by extraction from cassava milling, the amylopectin content will provide optimal
stickiness (Azieyanti et al., 2019). Kumoro and Purbasari (2014) have successfully carried out bioplastics
made from tapioca flour and aking rice (Haryanto and Saputri (2016); Haryanto and Titani (2017); Karim and
Musta (2019).
Starch as a primary material for bioplastics still has shortcomings, so additives are needed to improve its
properties. A plasticizer is an additional material that serves to increase the elasticity properties. Research
conducted by Suryanto et al. (2016) and Kelibay (2020) succeeded in the production of bioplastics addition
glycerol. Kelibay (2020) states that glycerol is needed as a plasticizer that functions to increase the elasticity
of bioplastics. Coniwanti et al. (2014) reported that glycerol could increase plastic films' flexibility and
solubility, thereby increasing the biodegradability of starch-based plastic films. Suryanto et al. (2016)
explained that glycerol has an essential role in manufacturing bioplastics because glycerol can reduce the
hardness of bioplastics caused by too much tapioca flour content. Making bioplastics by utilizing waste banana
peels and rice into more practical and environmentally friendly products supports the reduction of conventional
plastic waste. This study aims to examine the optimal composition for the manufacture of bioplastics with
various compositions of raw material for a banana peel or rice waste.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted at Solid Waste Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering,
Engineering Faculty, Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya from February until August 2021.
Banana Peels and Rice Waste
Two types of organic waste for bioplastic production are banana peels and rice waste from household
waste in Sidoarjo District, East Java Province, Indonesia. Eight experimental conditions were tested in
duplicate using laboratory-scale reactors. The experimental design comprised two types of organic waste
(banana peels and rice waste) and addition (tapioca flour and glycerol). Detailed experiment condition is given
in Table 1. The experimental procedures were preparing banana peels and rice waste by mixing up with tapioca
flour and glycerol. The banana peels and rice waste were air-dried for two days in the laboratory at room
temperature before being used. The moisture content of banana peels and rice waste of 60-70%. Banana peels
waste and rice waste are mashed and filtered through a sieve measuring 80 mesh particles.

Sample Code
A (1 BP:10 TF:7.5 G)
B (1 BP:13 TF:11.25 G)
C (1 RW:10 TF:7.5 G)
D (1 RW:13 TF:11.25 G)

Tabel 1 Experiment condition
Raw Material Composition (weight, gram)
Banana Peel Waste
Rice Waste
Tapioca Flour (TF) Glycerol (G)
(BP)
(RW)
1
10
7.50
1
13
11.25
1
10
7.50
1
13
11.25

Production of Bioplastics
The production of bioplastics: 1 gram of banana peels and rice waste was placed in a beaker and weighted.
Add tapioca flour (10 gram and 13 gram) and glycerol (7.5 gram and 11.25 gram) according to the variation.
Add 30 mL of aqua dest in each variation of the composition, mix all the materials, and then put in hotplate
678

Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 11(4): 677-684
magnetic stirrer. The boiling took about 20 minutes and was observed by using a stopwatch. The mixture then
was stretched and pressed on over paper and was dried in the oven at a temperature of 120oC. The mixture is
then allowed to cool.
Bioplastics Analysis
The bioplastics analysis are tensile strength, elongation at break, biodegradability, and Fourier Transform
Infra-Red Spectrophotometry (FTIR) according to ASTM or can be tested in laboratories that have
implemented ISO/IEC 17025 (ASTM D882-12, 2002). The bioplastics product compared with bioplastics
quality standards according to SNI 7188.7:2016 (Table 2). Tensile strength and elongation at break are physical
reactions of bioplastics. The tensile test was done to carry out with the test object drawn from two directions
so that the diameter shrinks and length increases. The amount of load and size increased during the test. Tensile
strength is the maximum load accepted by the material ((Sofiah et al., 2019). Percent lengths can be calculated
by comparing the film's size at break and the film's size before being pulled by the elongation at break. Tensile
strength and elongation at break can be calculated using equations (1) and (2), respectively.
Tensil Strength (MPa) =
Elongation (%) =

Load of break
(Original width)(original thickness)

(The final length of the test object−the initial length of the test object)
x 100%
The initial length of the test object

(1)
(2)

The biodegradation by utilizing microorganisms to determine biological reactions. Biodegradation test by
preparing a 2 cm x 6 cm sample and weighing. The sample is buried for one week, then dried and weighed.
The biodegradation test can be calculated using equation (3). FTIR analysis uses infrared wavelengths to
determine chemical compounds or functional groups in bioplastics (Suryati et al., 2017).
Weight residual (%) =

(The initial weight before biodegradation test−the final weight after biodegradation test)
x 100%
The initial weight before biodegradation test

(3)

Table 2 Bioplastics standard
No.
1.
2.
3.

Parameter
Tensile strength
Elongation at break
Biodegradation

Quality Standards*
Minimum of 13.7 Mpa (139.74 N/mm²)
Maximum of 5%
Minimum 60%

* Indonesia National Standards SNI 7188.7:2016 about product category easy plastic and bioplastic shopping
bags decompose
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tensile Strength Value
The tensile strength of bioplastics in all treatments are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Figure 1 shows
that the addition of tapioca flour and glycerol give different tensile strengths in bioplastics. The tensile strength
value using banana peel in samples A and B were 6.31 MPa and 10.9 MPa, respectively. In rice waste, samples
C and D have tensile strength with a value was 5.57 MPa and 7.79 MPa, respectively. Tensile strength value
tended that the sample using more addition tapioca flour and glycerol (13 gram and 11.25 gram) in samples B
and D were higher than samples A and C using tapioca flour and glycerol (10 gram and 7.50 gram).
Inggaweni and Suyatno (2015) reported bioplastic production from composites High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) and cassava peel starch have tensile strength of 19.44 MPa. Wattimena et al. (2016)
stated addition glycerol also effects on the tensile strength of bioplastics. Kumoro and Purbasari (2014)
679

Widyastuti S, Ratnawati R, Priyono NS

Tensile Strength value (MPa)

reported bioplastic production using addition glycerol 15% has a tensile strength value of 20.65 MPa. Tensile
strength in all treatments did not meet the bioplastic quality standard (SNI 7188.7:2016), where the tensile
strength value should be a minimum of 13.7 MPa. Sample B is closest to the minimum bioplastic quality
standard.
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
A

B

C

D

Sample

Figure 1 Tensile strength of bioplastic product
Elongation at Break Value

Elongation at break value (%)

Elongation at a break in all treatments showed different values (Figure 2). Sample A and B using banana
peel have elongation at break was 33% and 29%, respectively. Sample C and D using rice waste have an
elongation at break were 33% and 60%, respectively Sinaga et al. (2014) reported that the more tapioca flour
and glycerol affect elongation at break bioplastic. Inggaweni and Suyatno (2015) stated the elongation at break
increased along with the increase in the amount of starch. The increased elongation at the break due to the
addition of the amount of starch caused interaction between the two polymers (Layuk et al., 2019). Elongation
at a break in all treatments did not meet the bioplastic quality standard (SNI 7188.7:2016), where the elongation
at break value should be maximum of 5%.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

0
A

B

C

D

Sample
Figure 2 Elongation at break of bioplastic
Biodegradation Value
Biodegradation value in all treatments is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows that biodegradation values in
all treatments have varying values with a range of 58-87%. The biodegradation value from the banana peel in
samples A and B were 67% and 87%, respectively. Samples C and D containing rice waste have 58% and 79%
biodegradation values, respectively. Both biodegradation values in samples B and D using tapioca flour and
glycerol were 13 grams and 11.25 grams have higher biodegradation values than samples A and C. It means
680

Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 11(4): 677-684

Biodegaradation value (%)

that the ability to absorb water is more elevated and optimal microbial work process so that degraded quickly
of bioplastic (Sofiah et al., 2019). Haryanto and Saputri (2016) stated that the most essential property of
bioplastics was decomposition.
Melani et al. (2019) reported biodegradation value of bioplastic from the banana peel with a range of
46.00-59.40% in 8 days. Haryanto and Saputri (2016) reported the highest biodegradation using soil media in
2 days with a value of 50%. Biodegradation values in samples A, B, and D met the bioplastic quality standard
(SNI 7188.7:2016), where the biodegradation value should be minimum of 60%.
100

80
60
40
20
0
A

B

C

D

Sample
Figure 3 Biodegradation of bioplastic product
FTIR Value
FTIR value in all treatment shown obtained 11 kinds of compounds that had various peak values (Figure
4, 5, 6, and 7), containing dextrose monohydrate powder, where this compound is a white powder containing
starch. Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin is a compound that is difficult to dissolve in water. While the peak
values for bioplastics in all treatments are about 400, which means that bioplastic products in all treatments
are easily soluble in water because they have a higher value than the bioplastic quality standard. In addition to
containing these two compounds, the bioplastic also contained allyl alcohol, 2-butene-1.4 diol, glucose,
methyl-13c alcohol, propargyl alcohol, somaltose approx 99%, alpha-cyclodextrin hydrate, maltrotriose
hydrate, and gamma-cyclodextrin hydrate. The functional group O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C, C-O, and =C-H in all
treatments indicate the formation of banana peel and rice waste bioplastics has already occurred, which was
confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. No indication of heavy metal, Cd<0.5 ppm, Pb<50 ppm, Hg<0.5 ppm,
Cr⁶⁺<50 ppm, and did not contain azo dyes.
Kumoro and Purbasari (2014) reported production of bioplastic from tapioca flour and rice flour resulted in
FTIR showing the presence of an amide I group (a protein containing C=O bonds) and a spectral energy band
with a position of cm⁻¹ is a marker of the existence of amide III groups found at 1 200 and 1 350 cm⁻¹. Zaroh
and Widyastuti (2019) reported bioplastic production from tapioca pulp to have FTIR results with functional
O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C, C-O, and = C-H, it means that bioplastic can be graded because bioplastic material with
30% chitosan and temperature value of 95˚C.
Bioplastic Product from Banana Peels and Rice Waste
Production of bioplastics from banana peels and rice waste are shown in Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11. The
bioplastic in samples A and B have a plastic thickness of ± 0,04 mm, brown in color, had was slightly sticky,
easy to fold, and not easy to tear. The bioplastic in samples C and D have a plastic thickness of ± 0.07 mm,
slightly cloudy white, has a very rubbery, sticky texture, is easy to fold, and is easily torn. Production of
bioplastics from banana peels and rice waste can be alternative to existing conventional plastics, especially
packaging applications.
681

Widyastuti S, Ratnawati R, Priyono NS

1078.39
1019.92

20
10
-0
4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

20
10

4000

500

3500

3000

2500

Wed May 05 13:03:21 2021 (GMT+07:00)
FIND PEAKS:
Spectrum:
Sampel A
Region: 4000.00
400.00
Absolute threshold:
99.675
Sensitivity:
50
Peak list:
Position:
408.65 Intensity:
Position:
421.79 Intensity:
Position:
848.82 Intensity:
Position:
923.50 Intensity:
Position: 1019.92 Intensity:
Position: 1078.39 Intensity:
Position: 1150.30 Intensity:
Position: 1231.42 Intensity:
Position: 1647.17 Intensity:
Position: 2930.89 Intensity:
Position: 3284.55 Intensity:

Region:
Search type:
Hit List:
Index
1079
1078
122
1141

30.323
31.034
59.778
57.389
23.598
51.973
62.410
74.225
79.892
80.428
62.052

774
820
245
1126
320
5835

Spectrum:
Collection time: Wed May 05 13:05:15 2021 (GMT+07:00)

Sampel A
3495.26-455.13
Correlation
Match
69.70
68.42
60.95
52.17
6
51.76
50.38
50.20
50.09
49.62
49.39

Compound name
Pullulan P2000
Pullulan P800
DEXTROSE MONOHYDRATE POWDER
Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, ms = 0.

Library
HR Hummel Polymer and Additives
HR Hummel Polymer and Additives
Georgia State Crime Lab Sample Library
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II

Allyl alcohol, 99%
2-Butene-1,4-diol, 95%
Allyl alcohol
Glucose
Methyl-13C alcohol
Tetramethylene sulfoxide, 96%

HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II
HR Nicolet Sampler Library
HR Hummel Polymer and Additives
HR Nicolet Sampler Library
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II

Wed May 05 13:05:50 2021 (GMT+07:00)
FIND PEAKS:
Spectrum:
Sampel B
Region: 4000.00
400.00
Absolute threshold:
94.748
Sensitivity:
50
Peak list:
Position:
403.37 Intensity:
Position:
417.39 Intensity:
Position:
848.83 Intensity:
Position:
922.87 Intensity:
Position: 1021.50 Intensity:
Position: 1078.62 Intensity:
Position: 1150.50 Intensity:
Position: 1207.08 Intensity:
Position: 1635.17 Intensity:
Position: 2931.44 Intensity:
Position: 3289.04 Intensity:

Figure 4 FTIR in sample A
Title: Sampel C

2000

1500

1000

500

Wavenumbers (cm-1)

Wavenumbers (cm-1)

Spectrum:
Collection time: Wed May 05 13:02:15 2021 (GMT+07:00)

848.83

40

-0

1000

922.87

50

30

421.79
408.65

30

60

417.39
403.37

40

70

1078.62
1021.50

848.82

50

923.50

1231.42
1150.30

1647.17

3284.55

60

1207.08
1150.50

80

1635.17

90

80

Wed May 05 13:06:04 2021 (GMT+07:00)

2931.44

90

%Transmittance

100

2930.89

110

100

70
%Transmittance

Title: Sampel B

Wed May 05 13:03:35 2021 (GMT+07:00)

110

3289.04

Title: Sampel A

29.475
28.897
59.108
57.222
23.082
51.529
63.429
73.371
80.636
78.688
59.453

Region:
Search type:
Hit List:
Index
1079
1078
122
1141
820
774
15480
245
1213
5835

Sampel B
3495.26-455.13
Correlation
Match
69.43
67.93
60.92
53.94
6
53.42
53.40
51.84
51.63
51.47
51.22

Compound name
Pullulan P2000
Pullulan P800
DEXTROSE MONOHYDRATE POWDER
Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, ms = 0.

Library
HR Hummel Polymer and Additives
HR Hummel Polymer and Additives
Georgia State Crime Lab Sample Library
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II

2-Butene-1,4-diol, 95%
Allyl alcohol, 99%
Propargyl alcohol, 99%
Allyl alcohol
Propargyl alcohol; 2-Propyn-1-ol
Tetramethylene sulfoxide, 96%

HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II
HR Nicolet Sampler Library
HR Hummel Polymer and Additives
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II

Figure 5 FTIR in sample B

Wed May 05 13:00:39 2021 (GMT+07:00)

Title: Sampel D

110

Wed May 05 12:57:45 2021 (GMT+07:00)

110

100

100
90

0

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

Spectrum:
Collection time: Wed May 05 12:59:54 2021 (GMT+07:00)

Wed May 05 13:00:24 2021 (GMT+07:00)
FIND PEAKS:
Spectrum:
Sampel C
Region: 4000.00
400.00
Absolute threshold:
97.944
Sensitivity:
50
Peak list:
Position: 419.30 Intensity:
28.810
Position: 848.84 Intensity:
54.420
Position: 923.19 Intensity:
51.794
Position: 1020.24 Intensity:
20.558
Position: 1078.62 Intensity:
45.410
Position: 1151.00 Intensity:
55.533
Position: 1237.11 Intensity:
68.109
Position: 1681.63 Intensity:
74.593
Position: 2932.21 Intensity:
74.598
Position: 3279.40 Intensity:
54.430

Region:
Search type:
Hit List:
Index
1079
1078
122
1141
774
245
820
1126
91
1137

30

0
4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

Wavenumbers (cm-1)

Spectrum:
Collection time: Wed May 05 12:53:03 2021 (GMT+07:00)

Compound name
Pullulan P2000
Pullulan P800
DEXTROSE MONOHYDRATE POWDER
Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, ms = 0.

Library
HR Hummel Polymer and Additives
HR Hummel Polymer and Additives
Georgia State Crime Lab Sample Library
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II

Allyl alcohol, 99%
Allyl alcohol
2-Butene-1,4-diol, 95%
Glucose
ISOMALTOSE APPROX 99%
Hydroxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin, ms = 1

HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II
HR Nicolet Sampler Library
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II
HR Hummel Polymer and Additives
Sigma Biological Sample Library
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II

Wed May 05 12:57:31 2021 (GMT+07:00)
FIND PEAKS:
Spectrum:
Sampel D
Region: 4000.00
400.00
Absolute threshold:
92.006
Sensitivity:
50
Peak list:
Position:
433.29 Intensity: 54.471
Position:
572.06 Intensity: 52.820
Position:
717.06 Intensity: 55.200
Position:
849.01 Intensity: 73.007
Position:
925.47 Intensity: 71.103
Position: 1024.02 Intensity: 33.122
Position: 1079.04 Intensity: 57.106
Position: 1151.30 Intensity: 69.427
Position: 1464.02 Intensity: 75.868
Position: 1654.03 Intensity: 91.651
Position: 2848.43 Intensity: 66.222
Position: 2915.63 Intensity: 61.487
Position: 3284.69 Intensity: 58.382

Region:
Search type:
Hit List:
Index
1079
1078
91
1133
1141
1125
1130
122
1146
1103

Sampel D
3495.26-455.13
Correlation
Match
70.67
69.85
62.01
60.80
59.10
6
58.32
56.89
56.06
56.06
54.97

Compound name
Pullulan P2000
Pullulan P800
ISOMALTOSE APPROX 99%
alpha-Cyclodextrin hydrate
Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, ms = 0.

Library
HR Hummel Polymer and Additives
HR Hummel Polymer and Additives
Sigma Biological Sample Library
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II

Maltotriose hydrate, 95%
Maltopentaose hydrate
DEXTROSE MONOHYDRATE POWDER
gamma-Cyclodextrin hydrate
L-Glucose, 98%, mixture of anomers

HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II
Georgia State Crime Lab Sample Library
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II
HR Aldrich FT-IR Collection Edition II

Figure 6 FTIR in sample C

Figure 7 FTIR in sample D

Figure 8 Bioplastic product in sample A

Figure 9 Bioplastic product in sample B.

433.29

572.06

40

500

Sampel C
3495.26-455.13
Correlation
Match
73.31
72.26
62.84
56.23
6
52.61
51.48
50.94
50.43
49.43
48.29

849.01
717.06

1151.30

1464.02

2915.63
2848.43

3284.69

%Transmittance

419.30

50

10
3500

Wavenumbers (cm-1)

682

60

20

-10
4000

70

1079.04
1024.02

10

923.19

20

848.84

1151.00
1237.11

30

1078.62

40

1020.24

50

80

1681.63

2932.21

60
3279.40

%Transmittance

70

925.47

1654.03

90
80

Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan 11(4): 677-684

Figure 10 Bioplastic product in sample C

Figure 11 Bioplastic product in sample D

CONCLUSION
The optimum composition production of bioplastics occurred in sample B with banana peels:tapioca
flour:glycerol was 1:13:11.25 (weight). Tensile strength and elongation at break of bioplastics were 10.9 MPa
and 29%, respectively. The biodegradation value was 58%. Bioplastic content with functional group O-H, CH, C=O, C=C, C-O, and =C-H on FTIR test. Biodegradation value met the requirement of bioplastics quality
according to Indonesia National Standards No. 7188.7:2016. Both parameters of tensile strength and
elongation at the break did not meet the requirement of bioplastics quality.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Research and Public Service of the Universitas PGRI Adi Buana
for the Adi Buana Research Grant, contract No. 104.1/LPPM/VII/2021. We also thank Ms. Annisa Rifka Alifia
for her assistance in the writing process of the manuscript.
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Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting [Internet]. [downloaded 2021 Jun 14]. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1520/D0882-12.2.
[SNI 7188.7] Indonesian National Standard. 2016. Kategori Produk Tas Belanja Plastik dan Bioplastik Mudah
Terurai. Jakarta (ID): SNI.
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