https://research.e-greenation.org/GIJES,

Vol. 3, No. 2, June - August 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.38035/gijes.v3i2
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Management of Clean Water Resources at Renzo Edupark,
Sukabumi, West Java
Tulus Sukreni1
1

Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya, Jakarta, Indonesia, tulus.sukreni@dsn.ubharajaya.ac.id

Corresponding Author: tulus.sukreni@dsn.ubharajaya.ac.id1

Abstract: This study examines the quality and management of clean water in Renzo Edupark,
Cibadak, Sukabumi, a reclaimed area of a former silica sand mining site. Water samples were
collected from three points—the main reservoir, the final reservoir, and a dug well—for
analysis using parameters of TDS, TSS, pH, BOD, COD, DO, ammonia, Mn, Zn, and Pb, in
accordance with Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021.
Laboratory test results indicated that five parameters—pH, BOD, COD, Mn, and Zn—did not
meet the quality standards, with low pH (4–5) indicating acidic conditions, high BOD and
COD values, and Mn and Zn concentrations exceeding the threshold limits. These conditions
have led to fish mortality and declining water quality. Several improvement methods were
proposed, including neutralization using NaOH or quicklime, as well as biological and
chemical treatments. The coagulation–flocculation method was found to be the most effective,
reducing COD by up to 79% and increasing pH to 8.5 with specific doses of chlorinated lime,
quicklime, and alum. This study recommends the application of coagulation–flocculation as a
practical and economical solution for revitalizing water quality in the area.
Keyword: water quality, pH, BOD, COD, coagulation–flocculation, Renzo Edupark
INTRODUCTION
The general condition of water resources in Indonesia, based on research conducted by
the Water Resources Research and Development Center of the Ministry of Public Works in
2009, shows that Indonesia still possesses substantial water reserves, amounting to 2,530 km³,
ranking fifth in the world. However, the distribution of water resources in Indonesia is
actually uneven. In the western region, water availability is relatively abundant, while in the
eastern and southern regions, it is limited, leading to recurring threats of water crises in
several parts of the country (Fitriyah and Maulana, 2018), with concerns that this may become
more widespread. This situation is exacerbated by uneven population distribution. For
instance, Java Island accounts for only seven percent of Indonesia’s land area, yet
approximately 65 percent of the country’s population resides there, while its water potential is
only 4.5 percent of Indonesia’s total water resources. The Second World Water Forum held in
The Hague in March 2000 had already predicted that Indonesia would be among the countries

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to face a water crisis by 2025. One of the main causes is poor water management, including
inefficient water usage (Baidhowie et al., 2020).
Water needs to be managed properly to ensure its availability in terms of both quantity
and quality so that it can benefit human life. Clean and safe water conditions, among others,
must be free from contamination by germs or pathogens, free from harmful or toxic chemical
substances, tasteless and odorless, suitable for domestic and household needs, and meet the
minimum standards set by the WHO or the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia
(Baidhowie et al., 2020). Furthermore, water quality standards are explained in Government
Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation
of Environmental Protection and Management.
The consumption of safe drinking water must, of course, come from clean and secure
sources. This issue is a major problem at Renzo Edupark, located in the Cibadak area. Renzo
Edupark is the result of a collaboration between PT Holcim Indonesia Tbk and the Faculty of
Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), in reclaiming a former silica sand mining site
owned by Holcim Indonesia in Cibadak, Sukabumi, transforming it into the Holcim
Educational Forest (HEF). At Renzo Edupark, it is evident that the water available in the area
cannot be used by the surrounding community for daily needs.
Based on observations and measurements carried out, as well as the existing situation
and conditions, the water around Renzo Edupark has a low pH. The location’s proximity to
silica stone mining operations has caused water contamination. Therefore, this study was
conducted to determine the substances present in the water that render it unfit for
consumption.
METHOD
This study was conducted in the Renzo Edupark area, located on Jl. Nasional III,
Sekarwangi, Cibadak District, Sukabumi Regency. Water samples were collected from three
different points: the main reservoir (embung utama), the final reservoir (embung akhir), and a
dug well. A reservoir (embung) is a micro-scale water storage pond constructed to capture
excess rainwater during the rainy season. The stored water is then used as an irrigation source
during the dry season or when rainfall becomes scarce. Reservoirs are one of the most suitable
water harvesting techniques for all types of agroecosystems (Fikri and Siregar, 2020).
This study, referring to Annex VI of Government Regulation of the Republic of
Indonesia No. 22 of 2021, employed a descriptive survey method to provide an overview of
water quality at the source (in-situ) and to conduct water quality testing (ex-situ) at the PT
Unilab Perdana laboratory in South Jakarta. The obtained data were analyzed qualitatively in
a descriptive manner, where laboratory test results were compared with the water quality
standards specified in Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021
concerning environmental protection and management. The parameters used in the laboratory
tests included Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
ammonia, manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb).
Renzo Edupark has both a main reservoir and a final reservoir. The main reservoir
functions as the primary water collection point before the water is channeled into the final
reservoir. Water from the main reservoir flows through pipes installed for this purpose toward
the final reservoir. Sampling at the main reservoir was conducted once by placing a 5-liter
jerry can into the pipe that channels water from the main reservoir.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Laboratory testing to determine the water content of the two water storage reservoirs
and the dug well at Renzo Edupark was carried out at PT Unilab Perdana, South Jakarta. The

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results showed that, of the parameters tested, five did not meet the water quality standards
specified in Annex VI of Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021
concerning the implementation of environmental protection and management.
During the sampling process, water taken from the pipe flow appeared slightly
brownish in color. The laboratory test results for water from the main reservoir are presented
in Table 1.
NO
A
1
2
B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Table 1. Laboratory Test Results for Water from the Main Reservoir
PARAMETER
UNIT
QUALITY STANDARD
Physical
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Mg/L
1.000
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Mg/L
40
Chemical
Acidity Level (pH)
6-9
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Mg/L
2
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Mg/L
10
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Mg/L
6
Ammonia
Mg/L
0,1
Dissolved Manganese (Mn)
Mg/L
0,1
Dissolved Zinc (Zn)
Mg/L
0,05
Dissolved Lead (Pb)
Mg/L
0,03

RESULT
257
<2
4
5
25
4,0
<0,03
9
0,2
<0,009

In the main reservoir, water is collected from a spring source before being supplied to
several downstream reservoirs. Based on the analysis results in Table 1 above, the parameters
measured were as follows: pH of 4, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of 5 mg/L,
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 25 mg/L, Dissolved Manganese (Mn) of 9 mg/L, and
Dissolved Zinc (Zn) of 0.2 mg/L. These results indicate that the water in the main reservoir
does not meet the surface water quality standards stipulated in Annex VI of Government
Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021.
The final reservoir serves as the last collection point for water that flows from the
main reservoir through pipelines to several other reservoirs. Water sampling in the final
reservoir was conducted once by collecting water directly from the reservoir using a 5-liter
jerry can. On Friday, January 21, 2022, during the sampling process, all the fish in the final
reservoir were found dead, whereas on Wednesday, January 19, 2022, some fish were still
alive. The water in the final reservoir also appeared green in color. The laboratory test results
for water from the final reservoir are presented in Table 2.
NO
A
1
2
B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Table 2. Laboratory Test Results for Water from the Final Reservoir
PARAMETER
UNIT
QUALITY STANDARD
Physical
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Mg/L
1.000
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Mg/L
40
Chemical
Acidity Level (pH)
6-9
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Mg/L
2
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Mg/L
10
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Mg/L
6
Ammonia
Mg/L
0,1
Dissolved Manganese (Mn)
Mg/L
0,1
Dissolved Zinc (Zn)
Mg/L
0,05
Dissolved Lead (Pb)
Mg/L
0,03

RESULT
194
5
4
5
23
4,2
<0,03
6
0,2
<0,009

Based on the analysis results in Table 2, the parameters obtained were pH of 4,
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of 5 mg/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 23

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mg/L, Dissolved Manganese (Mn) of 6 mg/L, and Dissolved Zinc (Zn) of 0.2 mg/L. It can
therefore be concluded that the water in the final reservoir does not meet the surface water
quality standards as stipulated in Annex VI of Government Regulation of the Republic of
Indonesia No. 22 of 2021.
A dug well is water obtained directly from the ground by drilling to a certain depth.
The dug well water in Renzo Edupark is still considered to not meet the quality standards
because the soil used for the dug well comes from seepage of silica stone mining residues.
Water sampling from the dug well was conducted once by opening the water pipe flow and
filling a 5-liter jerry can. The water taken from the dug well was brownish in color and
slightly turbid. The laboratory test results for dug well water are presented in Table 3.
NO
A
1
2
B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Table 3. Laboratory Test Results for Dug Well Water
PARAMETER
UNIT
QUALITY STANDARD
Physical
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Mg/L
1.000
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Mg/L
40
Chemical
Acidity Level (pH)
6-9
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Mg/L
2
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Mg/L
10
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Mg/L
6
Ammonia
Mg/L
0,1
Dissolved Manganese (Mn)
Mg/L
0,1
Dissolved Zinc (Zn)
Mg/L
0,05
Dissolved Lead (Pb)
Mg/L
0,03

RESULT
266
120
5
45
140
0,5
<0,03
2
0,06
<0,009

Based on the analysis results above, the parameters obtained for the dug well water
were pH of 5, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of 45 mg/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) of 140 mg/L, Dissolved Manganese (Mn) of 2 mg/L, and Dissolved Zinc (Zn) of 0.06
mg/L. It can be concluded that the dug well water does not meet the surface water quality
standards as stipulated in Annex VI of Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia
No. 22 of 2021.
The results of testing water samples from the main reservoir, the final reservoir, and
the dug well at Renzo Edupark indicate that the water has low pH levels, which caused high
fish mortality in the reservoirs. The pH values at all three sampling points ranged from 4 to 5,
indicating acidic water conditions. This low pH is caused by high concentrations of carbon
dioxide in the water, which leads to acidity. One method to neutralize acidic pH is by adding
chemicals to the acid mine water. This chemical addition must be carried out carefully to
achieve the desired quality standard. A chemical that can be used to increase the pH of acid
mine water is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, which is a strong base. In a study
conducted by Irwan Ferdian, the addition of 0.6 mL NaOH increased water pH from 4.28 to
7.63. In addition to NaOH, quicklime (CaO) can also be used to raise the pH of acid mine
water (Irwan Ferdian, 2020). Quicklime not only neutralizes acidic pH but also reduces iron
and manganese content. The solubility of Fe (iron) in acid mine water is affected by pH—at
low pH, metal solubility is high, whereas at neutral pH, solubility decreases. Neutralization by
adding CaO or NaOH is therefore an effective treatment, with quicklime being the more
economical option.
Samples from the main reservoir, the final reservoir, and the dug well also showed
BOD levels exceeding the specified quality standard. BOD is an important indicator of water
quality, as high BOD indicates low dissolved oxygen in the water. Elevated BOD levels can
cause fish mortality due to oxygen depletion (anoxia). High BOD concentrations reduce fish
populations in aquatic environments, and therefore biological treatment is required to restore

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water quality so that it can support the growth, development, and survival of aquatic biota
(Daroni and Arisandi, 2020). BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen required by
microorganisms to decompose organic matter under aerobic conditions.
The COD content in the main reservoir, the final reservoir, and the dug well also
exceeded the quality standards. Factors influencing high COD include dissolved oxygen,
organic substances, and other pollutant sources. COD can be reduced through microbiological
processes. According to Alerts, COD represents the amount of dissolved oxygen required by
oxidizing agents to oxidize various organic compounds. High COD levels can reduce the
ability of a water body to maintain ecosystem balance. Various methods are available for
treating wastewater, one of which is the use of powdered coconut shell activated carbon.
Hartanto explains that activated carbon is an amorphous carbon material consisting of flat
carbon atom plates bonded covalently in a hexagonal lattice, with one carbon atom at each
corner (Mefiana, 2021).
The manganese (Mn) content in the main reservoir, the final reservoir, and the dug
well also exceeded the clean water quality standard. Referring to wastewater treatment results,
appropriate treatment methods include neutralization and coagulation. A study by Irwan
Ferdian (2021), titled “Analysis of Acid Mine Water Treatment Success Based on pH, TSS,
Fe, and Mn Parameters at KPL AL 01 PT Bukit Asam, Tbk”, used active treatment methods
including the addition of quicklime (CaO), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and Kuriflok. NaOH
was applied via a gravity flow system through water pipelines, while quicklime was manually
added to the water channel. This treatment reduced Mn concentration from 1.3 mg/L to 0.6
mg/L, showing significant reduction after pH was neutralized. The solubility of Mn is high at
low pH and decreases as pH approaches neutral. This method could be applied in Renzo
Edupark by constructing a tank into which water from the final reservoir and dug well is
directed via gravity flow. Care must be taken in chemical dosing to ensure the resulting water
quality meets the standards.
Zinc (Zn) levels also exceeded the clean water quality standard. Zinc is found in
industries such as alloy production, ceramics, cosmetics, pigments, and rubber manufacturing.
Although Zn toxicity is generally low and zinc is essential for metabolic processes, high
concentrations can be toxic. In water, Zn can cause astringency and symptoms such as
diarrhea and vomiting. It can also make water appear opalescent, and when boiled, form
sediment similar to sand. One method for reducing Zn levels is the electrochemical process. A
study by Atikah (2021), “Removal of Metals from Songket Weaving Wastewater Using
Electrochemical Methods”, describes a continuous process using direct electrical current to
drive electrochemical reactions—specifically redox reactions—between electrodes, one of
which is metal. In the laboratory-scale batch experiment, 1 liter of wastewater was treated
with 0.5 A current and 12 V voltage for 20–60 minutes using aluminum plate electrodes of
various sizes (24, 32, and 40 cm²) placed 5 cm apart. The reaction produced gas, foam, and
Al(OH)₃ flocs, which adsorbed Zn and Fe and subsequently settled. With 60 minutes of
treatment and 40 cm² electrode plates, Zn concentration was reduced from 1.02 mg/L to 0.02
mg/L, a 98.04% reduction. While effective, applying this method to Renzo Edupark would be
difficult due to the large scale, requiring large aluminum plates and high electrical input.
Coagulation–flocculation is another wastewater treatment method. However, it is less
effective if the solution contains suspended particles forming colloids, and must be performed
in stages. This method is chosen for its simplicity, ease of application, relatively low cost, and
ability to meet quality standards. In a study by Rusydi et al. (2017), the initial water had
alkaline pH and COD above the standard. Adding bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite)
reduced COD concentration, and further addition of quicklime (CaO) reduced COD to its
lowest level at a dose of 0.5 g, though it increased pH. Alum was then used as a coagulant to

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bind pollutants and metals into flocs for sedimentation. Alum also helped reduce pH, with a
dose of 1 g being used (Rusydi, Suherman, and Sumawijaya, 2017).
CONCLUSION
In this study, it can be concluded that the method that can be used to improve the
water condition in the Renzo Edupark reservoirs is the coagulation–flocculation process.
Using this process can reduce COD levels by up to 79% and increase pH to 8.5, with dosages
of 2 g bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite), 0.3 g quicklime (CaO), and 1 g alum for
every 500 ml of water sample. The coagulation–flocculation process can be effectively
applied and is considered capable of improving the water quality in the Renzo Edupark
reservoirs.
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