Submitted : 08-04-2024 Revised : 27-07-2024 Accepted : 26-09-2024 Majalah Obat Tradisional (Trad.
Med.
January-April 2025 Vol.
, p 91-109 ISSN-p : 1410-5918 ISSN-e : 2406-9086 Ethno-gynecological Cognizance of Phytomedicine Used by Tribes of Central and Eastern India: An Indigenous Heritage Acharya Balkrishna1,2.
Ankita Semwal1.
Deepika Srivastava1.
Nidhi Sharma1*,Vedpriya Arya1,2 1 Patanjali Herbal Research Department.
Patanjali Research Foundation.
Haridwar-249405.
Uttarakhand.
India 2 University of Patanjali.
Patanjali Yogpeeth.
Haridwar-249405.
Uttarakhand.
India
ABSTRACT
Ethnomedicinal information that exists with individuals from diverse regions is rapidly dwindling owing to a lack of interest among the young in imbibing traditional information from elderly home herbal healers, which is their golden heritage.
There are huge benefits of indigenous prescriptions and using medicinal herbs for the treatment of many ailments.
Tribal people are ignorant of evidence-based research on herbs, which can assist to improve their knowledge worldwide with scientific backing.
This research is an attempt to document essential medicinal plants utilized by indigenous people of Central and Eastern India to treat gynecological disorders.
The information was acquired from a literature search in electronic databases such as PubMed.
Google-Scholar.
SpringerLink.
Scopus, and Wiley up to 2023.
About 80 plants have been listed which have been reported to be used for the treatment of different gynecological disorders by the indigenous people of Central and Eastern India to treat gynecological disorders.
Additionally, several scientific studies supporting the usage of the plant have been also described with their mechanistic insights.
Since drug discovery from medicinal plants continues to provide a new array and important leads against various pharmacological targets, an effort to collect medicinal plants and their associated traditional knowledge could serve as an important tool for the discovery of new potent compounds.
The extremely intriguing findings for gynecological illness necessitate further investigation, while the efficacy of numerous traditional phytomedicines must be assessed for their pharmacological confirmation before they can be embraced universally for the benefit of humanity.
Keywords: abortifacient.
Gynecological disorders.
herbal medicine.
traditional medicine INTRODUCTION A healthy lifestyle is key for the correct functioning of the body, and many individuals suffer from medical issues as a result of their Understanding the health issue can be highly beneficial for timely and correct treatment (Jha et al.
Plants have always played a pivotal role in medicine.
According to the WHO, conventional forms of medicine are used by more than 80% of the world's population (Peela et al.
In most parts of the world, ethnomedicine has been a fundamental component of the traditional medical care system (Dash and Satapathy 2.
It suggests that the vast majority of the overall population is reliant on traditional drugs for vital medical services, including the use of plant extracts.
Herbs and herbal medicine are the premises of many of the modern medications used today to treat various disorders (Dash and Satapathy 2.
Globally, there has been increasing attention and interest in the use of traditional medicine during the last decade.
In India.
Ayurveda and *Corresponding author : Nidhi Sharma Email : nidhi.
sharma@prft.
medicinal herbs are used by 65% of the rural population to address their basic health care requirements (Tripathi 2.
To address their basic medical needs, a huge section of India's population still relies on traditional tribal clinical professionals and local medicinal plants (Basak et India is tenth among the world's plantrich countries and fourth among Asian countries (Dash and Satapathy 2.
It has been formally acknowledged that 2500 plant species have medicinal usefulness, and over 6000 plants are being evaluated for use in folk and natural medicine (Peela et al.
According to Census 2011, in India, the population of tribes is around 10,45,45,716, wherein about 48009010 of the tribal population (Ministry of Tribal Affairs 2.
about 46% of the tribal population resides in Central and Eastern India.
The states that are included in Central and Eastern India are Madhya Pradesh.
Chhattisgarh.
Jharkhand.
Bihar.
Odisha, and West Bengal (Figure .
These states have been able to preserve their natural systems of medicine because of limited exposure to the West side (Sinha et al.
Thus, traditional medication, moderated over the decade from old civilizations, can serve as Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 | DOI: 10.
22146/mot.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.
0 International License.
Acharya Balkrishna Figure 1.
Tribes of Central and Eastern India a viable reason for the revelation and improvement of modern medicine.
The tribal individuals are the genuine custodian of therapeutic plants.
The tribal individuals have been planning medications from the accessible types of plants which are utilized widely to treat normal sicknesses.
Improving indigenous prescriptions and utilizing therapeutic plants for treating various diseases offer significant economic advantages (Tripathi 2.
Ethnomedicines are the foundation of modern medication, and knowledge of these plants resides with people from different However, this knowledge is rapidly declining due to the lack of interest among the youth in learning traditional practices from older herbal healers (Maru et al.
Despite this decline, traditional medicine remains a vital part of life and culture among tribes, highlighting the connection between cultural and biological diversity (Maru et al.
While the use of traditional medicine has been documented in terms of its restorative properties, preparation, storage, dosage, and effectiveness against ailments, further documentation is needed to scientifically validate these practices for global use (Leelaveni et Assessing the safety and efficacy of documented ethnomedicinal herbs through phytochemical and pharmacological examinations is crucial, especially for plants with high use value, which should be prioritized for toxicity and bioassay studies (Leelaveni et al.
This present study addresses the need for documenting and scientifically validating herbal treatments for gynecological problems, focusing on the incidence of these issues among tribes in the central and eastern regions of India.
METHODOLOGY
The literature search was conducted using scientific databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar, covering publications until October 2023.
Articles focused on phytomedicine used by tribes in Central and Eastern India were included.
The exclusion criteria were as follows: .
articles for which the full text was not accessible due to .
publications that did not include the search phrases in the abstract or title.
articles published in languages other than English.
Unpublished proceedings were not included in the search.
A combination of keywords and search phrases such as "Ethnomedicine," "Central and Eastern India," and "Gynecological disorders" was used with different syntax to refine the search.
Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Ethno-gynecological Cognizance of Phytomedicine Used by Tribes of GYNECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR PATHOLOGICAL INSIGHTS Ethnomedicinal research is more important pharmaceuticals from indigenous medicinal plants for the treatment of gynecological problems.
Gynecology is a key field that deals with the treatment of many women's issues such as menstruation disorders, abortion, vaginal menopause, morning sickness, leukorrhea, postpartum problems, and so on (Figure .
(Balamurugan et al.
Indigenous tribes handle female health concerns using a traditional approach known as ethno-gynecology.
Tribes have their own natural/spiritual treatments for gynecological issues (Chakraborty et al.
Bain and Premi 2019.
Rehman et al.
Fortunately, the traditional treatment of female-related problems is still in use.
It is very important to understand the mechanistic insights of gynecological disorders which can further help in designing the best treatment.
Dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea is a Greek word that means "painful monthly bleeding.
" The two kinds of dysmenorrhea are primary and secondary.
Secondary dysmenorrhea is commonly associated with further disease within or outside the uterus, whereas primary dysmenorrhea is frequently associated with other illnesses or Dysmenorrhea is a common problem among women of reproductive age.
Dysmenorrhea psychological, and functional health implications (Nagy et al.
Adib-Rad et al.
Matsumura et al.
However, the accepted cause is uterine inner lining prostaglandin hypersecretion.
Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF-2.
and PGF 2 increase uterine tone and cause high-amplitude uterine contractions.
Vasopressin has also been linked to primary dysmenorrhea.
Vasopressin increases uterine contractility and may cause ischemia pain due to its vasoconstriction activities (Figure .
During the first two days of the menstrual period, uterine contractility is more Before menstruation, progesterone levels decline, resulting in increased PG production and Endometriosis and adenomyosis are the most common causes of secondary dysmenorrhea in premenopausal women (Nagy et Jiang et al.
Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Menorrhagia Menorrhagia is described as either excessive uterine bleeding that occurs at regular intervals or protracted uterine bleeding that lasts longer than seven days.
The traditional definition of menorrhagia .
, more than 80 mL of blood loss each cycl.
is rarely employed in clinical practice (Apgar et al.
Walker et al.
The cause of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is as complicated.
Hormone imbalance, ovarian dysfunction, uterine fibroids, polyps, adenomyosis.
PID, bleeding disorders, cervical and endometrial cancer, intrauterine device (IUD), pregnancy problems, and other medical disorders can all lead to AUB (Figure .
A balance of the hormones estrogen and progesterone governs the growth of the uterine lining .
, which is shed during menstruation, in a regular menstrual cycle.
When there is a hormonal imbalance, the endometrium grows in excess and finally sheds through excessive monthly bleeding.
In the event of an ovulation problem, the hormone progesterone is affected, resulting in hormonal imbalance and the condition of menorrhagia.
Uterine fibroids and polyps are also to blame for heavy and extended menstrual bleeding.
Adenomyosis is also one of the causes of menorrhagia, it is a disorder in which endometrial glands become entrenched in the uterine muscle, resulting in severe bleeding and painful periods (Mayo clinic 2022.
Doctorlib 2022.
Osei et al.
Another important consideration and a significant cause of AUB are the patientAos An intact coagulation pathway is essential for menstrual regulation and medications such as aspirin, contraceptive medicine, tamoxifen, corticosteroids, etc.
, that interact with platelets and coagulation factors can lead to Acute AUB (Walker et al.
Leukorrhea Leukorrhea, is a flow of a whitish, yellowish, or greenish discharge from the vagina of the female that may be normal or that may be a sign of Such discharges may originate from the vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes, or, most commonly, the cervix.
This discharge is often caused by inflammation or infection within the vagina or cervix.
It turns yellow with a foul It can be due to an underlying infection.
The three most common vaginal infection in pathological leukorrhea includes bacterial vaginosis (BV), candidiasis vulvovaginalis (VVC) and Pathological Acharya Balkrishna Figure 2.
Different gynecological problems Figure 3.
Pathological insights of dysmenorrhea leukorrhea is commonly caused by a cervical and vaginal abnormality that can be noninfection or infection (Trilisnawati et al.
Its major cause is hormonal imbalance, especially It is the primary female sex hormone that is responsible for the regulation and development of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
The estrogen level increases, which increases gland activity.
This led to an increase in the level of glycogen.
This in turn starts shredding of epithelium and glycogen starts to convert into lactic acid.
This results in acidic vaginal discharge leading to leukorrhea (Figure .
(Ayurveda, 2.
Infertility Nowadays the rate of female infertility cases has been increasing across the world.
Oxidative stress (OS) is a state of imbalance between proand antioxidant defenses and is generated from the disruption of the delicate balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from the aerobic Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Ethno-gynecological Cognizance of Phytomedicine Used by Tribes of Figure 4.
Different pathological conditions leading to menorrhagia Figure 5.
Pathological insights of leukorrhea metabolism of cells and defending antioxidants as well as form the exogenous sources including water and air pollution, alcohol, smoking, heavy metals, radiation, and various kinds of drugs.
The increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the insufficient production or availability of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in the body lead to oxidative stress.
ROS are essential for carrying out various biological functions in the It also plays a pivotal role in the reproduction system (Zaha et al.
For reproductive folliculogenesis, ovulation.
Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 steroidogenesis, fertilization, and implantation, a significant amount of ROS is required.
However, an excess of ROS causes oxidative stress, which has been linked to a number of issues including endometriosis.
PCOS, preeclampsia, spontaneous Inflammation, genetic and epigenetic changes, endothelial dysfunction, and loss of cellular integrity of somatic and germ cells are all caused by oxidative stress.
The pathogenesis of various female reproductive disorders is caused by the disruption of numerous pathways and Acharya Balkrishna Figure 6.
Effect of oxidative stress on fertility mechanisms by oxidative stress (Figure .
(Banerjee et al.
Bhardwaj et al.
Manokaran et al.
ANALYTICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MEDICINAL
PLANTS USED BY THE TRIBALS OF CENTRAL
AND EASTERN TRIBES OF INDIA
There is a need for alternative and effective therapy which is devoid of the adverse effects.
It is also preferred to administer medications that do not alter the menstrual cycle or delay ovulation.
this context, clinicians can choose herbal extracts that have proven benefit and may be a safer The present study is an attempt to collect the herbals used by the ethnic people for the betterment of the world which is on the verse of In this review, selected herbs have been tabulated that have spasmolytic, anxiolytic, and anti-inflammatory action.
Eighty plant species have been tabulated which have the potency to treat different women problems.
Among the 5 states of the Central and Eastern India.
West Bengal tribes reported the maximum number of plant species for treating women diseases .
Table 1.
Figure .
There are different tribes living in Central and Eastern India with vast knowledge about the plants used for women problems, and most of the plants were reported by the Lodha tribe .
The plant species reported are of wide varieties belonging to 46 families, among which maximum plant species i.
12 were from Fabaceae family (Table .
These plants were reported to treat different types of gynecological problems and the maximum numbers of the plants were reported to treat menstrual problems.
The use of specific parts also has their immense role and in this study, it has been reported that the parts mostly used were roots (Table 1.
Figure .
SCIENTIFIC
VALIDATION
ETHNOGYNECOLOGICAL MEDICINAL PLANTS
Scientific validation studies for medicinal plants are crucial for ensuring their safe and effective use by the general public.
It has been observed that some plants used by tribal communities have undergone clinical studies, which have validated their use.
Ethnogynecology is an emerging field focused on treating illnesses affecting indigenous women, including abortion.
Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Asphodelaceae Amaranthaceae Annonaceae Acanthaceae Aerva lanata (L.
) Juss.
Achyranthes aspera L.
Aloe vera Mill.
Amaranthus spinosus L.
Annona squamosa L.
Andrographis glandulosa (Rot.
Nees Argemone mexicana L.
Aristolochia indica L.
Argyreia nervosa (Burm.
) Bojer Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Sitaphal Bisalyo Kanta marich Gwarpatha Asparagaceae Convolvulaceae Sataver Satamul Brudhadareka.
Fudrimal (Kond.
Gaguli (Ben.
Sataver Root Tuberous Root Leaves Tuberous Root Odisha Root Leaves Leaves Odisha Place Leaves Whole Leaves Leaves Leaves Root Root Kunda vuturi Chirchita Bark Parts Used Root Golapi Runj Local Name Daskeranda.
Kantajati.
Beng Bhatkatai Bhatkatai Aristolochiaceae Iswarmul Orobanchaceae Aeginetia indica L.
Papaveraceae Fabaceae Abrus precatorius L.
Family Plants Detaching of Hypogalactia Easy delivery Leukorrhea Gond & Baiga Gond & Baiga Regulating fertility Leukorrhea Dysmenorrhea.
Postpartum care Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Easy delivery Leukorrhea Labor pain during Menorrhagia Dysmenorrhea.
Infertility Easy delivery Hypogalactia Ethno Medicinal Leukorrhea Munda Lodhas Gond & Baiga Gond & Baiga Lodhas Munda Gond & Baiga Lodhas Gond & Baiga Gond & Baiga Lodhas Lodhas Lodhas Tribe Table I.
Plants used by tribal community for gynecological disorders in Central and Eastern India (Sahu 2.
(Biswas et al.
(Sahu 2.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Sahu 2.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Dash and Satapathy (Sahu 2.
(Sahu 2.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Dash and Satapathy (Sahu 2.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Sahu 2.
Reference Ethno-gynecological Cognizance of Phytomedicine Used by Tribes of Baliospermum (Brum.
) Suresh Boerhavia diffusa L.
Borreria articularis (L.
) Williams Bombax ceiba L.
Butea monosperma (Lam.
) Kuntze Azanza lampas (Cav.
Alef.
no Plants Table I.
(Continue.
Fabaceae Malvaceae Rubiaceae Nyctaginaceae Euphorbiaceae Malvaceae Family Whole Plant Whole Root Root Whole Plant Whole Whole Shatavari Bankapas Kedar sindur Puruni Saga Palash Semulo.
Simili Sanaghar podia Simili.
Simal.
Edel.
Emal.
Sanaghar podia.
Jibkata.
Pitu arak Solaganthi.
Puruni saga Satabari Root Root Whole Root Root Root Satavar Swet mul Parts Used Leave.
Root Local Name Jharkhand Odisha Jharkhand Odisha Jharkhand Odisha Odisha Odisha Chattigarh Place Lodhas Birhor Munda Birhor Munda Birhor Munda Lodhas Ganjam District Kankrajhor Gond.
Abhuj Maria.
Bhatra Kondh Lodhas Tribe Menstrual Menorrhagia Menorrhagia Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Protects Protects Hypogalactia.
Leukorrhea .
Leukorrhea Ethno Medicinal Leukorrhea.
Infertility.
Dysmenorrhea Hypogalactia (Chaudhury et al.
(Sinha 2.
(Dash and Satapathy (Sinha 2.
(Dash and Satapathy (Dash and Satapathy (Sinha 2.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Biswas et al.
(Panigrahy et al.
(Leelaveni et al.
(Kaushik et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
Reference Acharya Balkrishna Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Apocynaceae Juss.
Cannabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Rubiaceae Calotropis gigantea (L.
Aiton Cannabis sativa L.
Cannabaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum L.
Cassia tora Cassia fistula L.
Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.
) Tirveng.
Cheilocostus speciosus (J.
Koeni.
Cissampelos pareira L.
Menispermaceae Coccinia indica Wight & Arn.
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.
Keualu Hypoxidaceae Cucurbitaceae Talmuli Kundri Root Plant Root Root Fruit Stem Sonari Gurman Stern Seedling Fruit Leaves Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand Root Root Odisha Place Root Fruit Parts Used Roots Root Sonalu Chawokra Sibjhuli Arakha.
Patladhudha.
Parkha Ganja Arakha.
Patladudha.
Akaona.
Mudha Akondo Arhar Kamraj Dikosinduri Local Name Menispermaceae Akon bindi Costaceae Sapindaceae Fabaceae Lindl.
Cajanus cajan (L.
Malvaceae Buettneria herbaceaRoxb.
Family no Plants Table I.
(Continue.
Lodhas Kankrajhor Lodhas Lodhas Kankrajhor Lodhas Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Menstrual Leukorrhea Postpartum care Affection of mammary glands Leukorrhea Easy delivery Gond & Baiga Kankrajhor Dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Leukorrhea.
Postpartum care Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Hypogalactia Ethno Medicinal Gynecological Leukorrhea Lodhas Lodhas Birhor Lodhas Munda Lodhas Lodhas Kankrajhor Tribe (Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Biswas et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Biswas et al.
(Biswas et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Sahu 2.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Dash and Satapathy (Biswas et al.
Reference Ethno-gynecological Cognizance of Phytomedicine Used by Tribes of Dilleniaceae Dilleniaceae Fabaceae Apocynaceae Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.
Dolichos biflorum L.
Dregea volubilis (L.
Benth.
Boraginaceae Compositae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Ehretia laevis Roxb.
Eupatorium album L.
Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.
-Ham.
ex D.
Don Poaceae Poaceae Desmostachya bipinnata (L.
) Stapf Dichanthium caricosum (L.
) A.
Camus Dillenia aurea Sm.
Fabaceae Dalbergia sisoo Roxb Family no Plants Table I.
(Continue.
Tuber Dry Root Khirakancha na Leaves Fruit Root Fruit Dudh mugra Dudhi Hurhure Bon kanthal Chitpunji Seed Stem Stem Stem Rai.
Rai-daru Rai.
Aghai Rai (O.
B).
Korkotta (S.
Kulthi Stem Root Root Kush ghas Khoran Rai.
Korkotta Leaves Parts Used Root Sissum Talamuli Local Name Odisha Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand Odisha Jharkhand Odisha Madhya Pradesh Odisha Place Kondh Lodhas Gond & Baiga Lodhas Lodhas Kankrajhor Gondn& Baiga Birhor Munda Birhor Munda Lodhas Lodhas Gond & Baiga Kondh Tribe Hypogalactia Hypogalactia Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Restoration of health after child Post partum Easy delivery Easy delivery Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Ethno Medicinal Leukorrhea (Chaudhury et ,2.
(Panigrahy et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Sahu 2.
(Biswas et al.
(Sinha 2.
(Dash and Satapathy (Sahu 2.
(Sinha 2.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Dash and Satapathy (Panigrahy et al.
(Sahu 2.
Reference Acharya Balkrishna Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Moraceae Moraceae Salicaceae Moraceae Malvaceae Asclepiadaceae Malvaceae Apocynaceae Ficus Benghalensis L.
Ficus hispida L.
Suupl Flacourtia indica (Burm.
) Merr.
Ficus religiosa L.
Gossypium arboretum L.
Hemidesmus indicus (L)R.
Br.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.
-Ham.
) Wall.
Don.
Family no Plants Table I.
(Continue.
Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Place Root Hati-sura Kurchi Jaba Flower.
Leaves Stem Root Anantamul Jharkhand Root Kapas Kapas Anantamul Jharkhand Anantamul Leaves Fruit Chhattisg Fruit and Root Fruit Odisha Parts Used Leaves Fruits Chhattisgar Root Madhya Pradesh Root Madhya Pradesh Root Odisha Pipal Buidimiri.
Barmur.
Katgulasia Panidimiri.
Demburu.
Kharsen Chini kul Bot Bargad/vat Local Name Kankrajhor Lodhas Birhor Lodhas Kankrajhor Menstrual and vaginal disorders.
Hypogalactia Leukorrhea.
Infertility.
Dysmenorrhea anemia during Dysmenorrhea.
Menorrhagia Labor complaints Leukorrhea Dysmenorrhoea Gond & Baiga Munda Menorrhagia Gynecological Leukorrhea Hypogalactia Hypogalactia Leukorrhea Ethno Medicinal Gynecological Gond.
Abhuj Maria.
Bhatra Gond & Baiga Lodhas Birhor Munda Gond.
Abhuj Maria.
Bhatra Lodhas Tribe (Chaudhury et al.
(Biswas et al.
(Sinha 2.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Dash and Satapathy (Biswas et al.
(Sahu 2.
(Sahu 2.
(Kaushik et al.
(Sinha 2.
(Sinha 2.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Dash and Satapathy (Kaushik et al.
Reference Ethno-gynecological Cognizance of Phytomedicine Used by Tribes of Calophyllaceae Musaceae Nymphaeaceae Bignoniaceae Litsea glutinosa (Lour.
Rob.
Lygodium flexuosum (L.
Sw.
Mesua ferrae L.
Musa paradisiaca L.
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn Oroxylum indicum (L.
Kurz Phoenix acaulis Roxb.
Piperaceae Piper nigrum L.
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
Fabaceae Phyllanthaceae Phyla nodiflora (L.
Greene.
Phyllanthus niruri L.
Verbenaceae Arecaceae Schizaeaceae Lauraceae Rubiaceae Convolvulaceae Ipomoea paniculata(L.
Br.
Ixora parviflora Lam.
Family no Plants Table I.
(Continue.
Odisha Odisha Place Fruit Wood Root Gol maricha Gol maricha Piasal Piyasal Root Fruit Root Stem Odisha Odisha Odisha Odisha Jharkhand Rhizome Jharkhand Root Stem Rhizome Whole Fruit Badi anla Gosingi.
Jalapipli Padama.
Dhalapadam Padam.
Ranga Phonphana.
Phampan Khejur kul Kadali Flowers Leaves Bera jal Nageswara Stem Parts Used Roots Pojo/Haroa Lohajang Bhui Kumra Local Name Lodhas Kanjham Kankrajhor Kondh Kondh Munda Lodhas Birhor Birhor Munda Lodhas Kondh Lodhas Lodhas Lodhas Kankrajhor Tribe Dysmenorrhea Post-partum Dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Promote sexual urge in women Leukorrhea Menorrhagia.
Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia:
Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Leukorrhea.
Infertility Leukorrhea.
Menorrhagia Menorrhagia.
Leukorrhea Dysmenorrhea Leukorrhea Ethno Medicinal Menorrhagia (Chaudhury et al.
(Dash and Satapathy (Panigrahyet al.
(Panigrahyet al.
(Leelaveniet al.
(Biswas et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Sinha 2.
(Dash and Satapathy (Sinha 2.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Panigrahy et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Biswas et al.
Reference Acharya Balkrishna Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Fabaceae Pedaliaceae Smilaceae Cucurbitaceae Meliaceae Rubiaceae Loganiaceae Menispermaceae Gulancha Schleichera oleosa (Lour.
Oken.
Senegalia catechu var.
Sundra(L.
Sesamum indicum L.
Smilax zeylanica L.
Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.
) Gandhi Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.
) A.
Juss.
Spermacoce hispida L.
Strychnos nux-vomica L.
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.
Merr.
Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Fabaceae Kuchiia.
Gorumar Kuchla Madhu Bon gach Rakhal Ram datun Til Khaira K usum Asoka Asoka Fabaceae Fruit Stem Odisha Odisha Odisha Odisha Place Stem Flowers Root Root Root Seeds Bark Bark.
Seeds Flowers Bark.
Seeds Flowers Seeds Root Patal garur Saraca ashoka (Roxb.
) de Wilde Apocynaceae Patal garur Apocynaceae Parts Used Root Local Name Rauvolfia serpentine (L.
Benth.
ex Kurz Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.
Family no Plants Table I.
(Continue.
Lodhas Lodhas Munda Lodhas Lodhas Lodhas Lodhas Ganjam District Lodhas Kankrajhor Kanjham Kandhamal District Lodhas Lodhas Tribe Leukorrhea Dysmenorrhea Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Infertility.
Leukorrhea.
Dysmenorrhea Leukorrhea Postpartum Birth Stimulator.
Leukorrhea Hypogalactia Vaginal disease Metrorrhagia Oligomenorrhea Leukorrhea Ethno Medicinal Leukorrhea (Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Dash and Satapathy (Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et (Chaudhury et (Leelaveni et al.
(Biswas et al.
(Leelaveni et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Panigrahy et al.
Reference Ethno-gynecological Cognizance of Phytomedicine Used by Tribes of Verbenaceae Lythraceae Rhamnaceae Vitex negundo Woodfordia fruticose (L.
Kurz Zizyphus mauritiana Lam *WB=West Bengal.
MP=Madhya Pradesh Rhamnaceae Fabaceae Tephrosia purpurea (L.
) Pers.
Ventilago denticulata Willd.
Combrertaceae Terminalia arjuna Roxb.
Family no Plants Table I.
(Continue.
Dhai.
Dhatuki Borokoli.
Bodokoli.
Bodori.
Barakuli.
Baer Borokoli.
Bodokoli Dhatuki.
Dhatki.
Dhatuk.
Icha.
Ichak.
Patakula Dhadki Nirgundi Nirgundi Bano-kuthi.
Gileri.
Kulathio Aturi Arjuna Local Name Stem Stem Tribe Madhya Pradesh Chhattisg Odisha Jharkhand Odisha Birhor Munda Birhor Lodhas Gond.
Abhuj Maria.
Bhatra Munda Gond & Baiga Lodhas Chhattisg Gond.
Abhuj Maria.
Bhatra Jharkhand Birhor Place Flowers Jharkhand Root Flowers Leaves Leaves.
Whole Root Leaves Parts Used Bark Abdominal pain during pregnancy Abdominal pain during pregnancy Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Leukorrhea Gynecological Post-partum Postpartum pain.
Postpartum body swelling Restore fertility Ethno Medicinal Gynecological (Sinha 2.
(Dash and Satapathy (Chaudhury et al.
(Sinha 2.
(Dash and Satapathy (Kaushik et al.
(Sahu 2.
(Chaudhury et al.
(Sinha 2.
(Kaushik et al.
Reference Acharya Balkrishna Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 Ethno-gynecological Cognizance of Phytomedicine Used by Tribes of Figure 7.
Analytical data of documented plants used by tribes of Central and Eastern India against gynecological problems menstrual disorders, leukorrhea, infertility, and delivery issues.
Despite this, many medicinal plants used by tribal people to treat gynecological problems have not been clinically tested or studied These plants possess various properties that could be beneficial in treating gynecological conditions.
For instance, a study demonstrated that in DMBA-induced female SD rats, treatment with stigmasterol and -monolinolein .
he two primary cytotoxic components of Abrus precatorius leaf extrac.
as a combinatorial drug therapy led to the recovery of body weight and a reduction in tumor size and volume without toxic side effects.
Stigmasterol and -monolinolein showed a safepositive pharmacological effect in treating breast cancers in female SD rats, suggesting that combined medication therapy with these compounds can be effective in breast cancer treatment (Sofi et al.
Over the years, studies on benign gynecological disorders (BGD.
have Majalah Obat Tradisional, 30.
, 2025 provided new insights into their pathophysiology, highlighting inflammation as a fundamental aspect of BGDs that influences their development (AlAshqar et al.
Understanding this pathobiological routes and novel diagnostic and therapeutic frameworks (AlAshqar et al.
The flavonoid-rich fraction of Butea monosperma stem bark demonstrated antiinflammatory cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes and enhancing the antioxidant defense system in inflammatory-prone rats (Sutariya et al.
Pinostrobin, a flavanone isolated from the leaves of the Cajanus cajan plant, also has anti-inflammatory properties (Pal et al.
Rutin's antiinflammatory properties have been shown to decrease oxidative tissue damage by raising colonic glutathione levels.
It protected against asbestos-induced oxidative cellular harm due to its radical-scavenging and iron-chelating capacities.
Acharya Balkrishna RutinAos antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles support ethnopharmacological claims of its use in treating inflammatory disorders, potentially aiding in various gynecological problems (Babu et al.
Botanicals that relax smooth muscles may be effective antispasmodics and traditional remedies for menstrual irregularities, urinary tract infections, pregnancy/lactation, and menopausal symptoms (Dietz et al.
However, most data come from international studies, highlighting the phytoconstituents can vary by region.
The specific nature of the gynecological problem is often unspecified in ethnopharmacological usage.
Some plants used for both gynecological and nongynecological disorders may adversely affect female fertility and even cause abortions.
Pregnant women and healthcare professionals should be aware of the risks of using herbal supplements for conception, maintenance, or starting a family (Akour et al.
The roots of Asparagus racemosus tested for galactagogue activity in lactating mothers with insufficient lactation showed significant efficacy compared to a control group, without any acute Steroid saponins in this plant may contribute to its galactagogue action, which has been scientifically validated using prolactin hormone levels, biochemically responsible for lactation (Gupta et al.
Though data on plant effectiveness in younger versus older women is limited, the impact on hormone balance is likely age-dependent.
Comprehensive standardization of plants for their biological, phytochemical, and botanical qualities is essential.
Determining the bioavailability and constituents is necessary to achieve safe and effective concentrations in clinical settings (Dietz et al.
A study showed that the ethanolic seed extract of Abrus precatorius had a transient antifertility effect at lower concentrations .
mg/kg body weigh.
, while a higher dose .
mg/kg body weigh.
resulted in more lasting antifertility action (Abu et al.
Aerva lanata demonstrated pre-implantation loss of 20% and 30% compared to controls at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively.
At a concentration of 10%.
Aerva lanata showed no motility of rat spermatozoa within 60 seconds (Savadi et al.
Further experimental and clinical research is needed to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved and to establish causal roles for these plants in treating gynecological problems.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE
The link between the use of medicinal plants and tribal groups is always inspiring, but throughout time it has been seen that tribal dependence on natural sources is slowing down due to cultural advancement, deforestation, land degradation, and numerous developmental The tribals are unaware of experimental and scientific aspects of herbs found in their The clinical evidences that herbals have significant therapeutic role in treating women disorder will help to pave the way to limelight the ethnomedicinal plants for the use of modern World.
For the proper use of these plants, it is suggested to study the doses in a well-designed randomized controlled trial to establish the long-term clinical efficacy.
Ethnomedicinal documentation, in conjunction with scientific support for their action, will assist to persuade the way to find novel medicines.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare there is no conflict of interest either financial or regarding the publication of this paper.
FUNDING SOURCES
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
REFERENCES