JUATIKA
JURNAL AGRONOMI TANAMAN TROPIKA
VOL.
6 NO.
1 January 2024 DOI :https://doi.
org/10.
36378/juatika.
eissn 2656-1727 pissn 2684-785X Hal : 19 Ae 28 Study of Some Physical Properties of Soil in Immature Oil Palm Plant at Different Slopes Resti Febriyanti*.
Fitra Syawal Harahap.
Khairul Rizal.
Ika Ayu Putri Septiyani Agrotechnology Study Program.
Faculty of Science and Technology.
Labuhanbatu University Jln.
BC.
Raja No 126 A Aek Tapa Labuhanbatu North Sumatra *Email : rfebriyanti498@gmail.
ABSTRACT
The physical properties of the soil will influence plant growth and development.
This research aims to examine the physical properties of soil in various slope classes of oil palm plantations inPTPN i KebunAekNabara Utara.
BilahHulu District.
Labuhanbatu Regency.
This research uses survey and descriptive methods by analyzing the parameters of the physical properties of the soil, namely:Bulk Density .
/cm.
Total Pore Space (%) Soil Structure.
Soil Water Content (%).
Soil Texture (%).
The tools used are a Global Positioning System (GPS), sample ring, hoe, soil drill, penetrometer, oven, permeameter, dry sieve, wet sieve, and pressure plate apparatus.
The materials used are soil samples and work maps.
The research results show that several soil physical properties showBulk Density value 1.
30 Ae 1.
51 g/cm3.
Total Pore Space 0.
58%, water content 0.
27%, while the texture is dominantly clayey, and the structure is dominantly angular blocky.
The physical properties of soil require a long time to change, because the physical properties of soil are difficult to change.
Keywords:Oil Palm.
Soil Physical Properties, land slope.
TBM Copyright A 2024.
The authors.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license .
ttps://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
Febriyanti et.
INTRODUCTION
The success of oil palm cultivation is determined by environmental factors, namely soil factors and climate factors.
(Krisnohadi 2.
States that land is a component in plantation development, including the development of oil palm The carrying capacity of land in oil palm plantations is a very important aspect in the development of oil palm According to (Rosyidah and Wirosoedarmo cultivation activities can cause changes in the physical properties of the soil.
Land management activities result in changes in soil physical properties, soil chemistry and soil biology.
A land is said to be good if it has good physical properties, this is also related to determining good environmental quality.
The physical properties of soil generally change along According to ( et al.
plantation land management activities such as land clearing, land burning, use of heavy equipment and fertilization activities can affect the physical properties of the soil.
Another impact of clearing land for plantations is reducing the organic matter content of the soil.
Organic matter plays a very important role in maintaining the physical properties of the soil so that they remain good.
Physical characteristics are used to consider and determine agricultural land.
The physical properties of the soil affect the availability of water, air, and the availability of plant nutrients so that the physical properties of the soil Soil physical properties are soil properties that can be measured by sight or touch.
These characteristics can be expressed on scales such as size, tension or intensity.
Each soil has certain physical properties that depend on the nature of Juatika Vol.
6 No.
each component, the number of components that make up it, and the arrangement of these components.
The physical properties of the soil can influence plant growth directly or indirectly (Gusmara et al.
, 2.
The nature of the soil is very important in supporting the growth and development of plants as well as the physical, biological and chemical properties of the soil.
Soil physical properties include soil structure, texture and permeability.
Soil properties must be analyzed to support plant productivity and community welfare (Tewu et al.
, 2.
The physical properties of soil are closely related to the suitability of the soil for the various land uses expected of the The strength and carrying capacity of drainage as well as the ability to retain nutrients, ease of root penetration, aeration and retention of plant nutrients are closely related to the physical condition of the soil.
Soil physical properties include soil texture, soil texture, soil consistency and soil porosity (Meli et , 2.
As plantation crops such as oil palm grow, it is thought that they can restore the physical properties of the soil, which is supported by Bahendra .
, changes in physical properties due to oil palm planting can change as the age of the plant increases.
It is important to carry out acstudy of several physical properties of soil planted with oil palm with the aim of characteristics of soil physical properties at various dryness for oil palm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Time and Place The research was carried out in oil plantationsPTPN i KebunAekNabara Utara.
BilahHulu District.
Febriyanti et.
Juatika Vol.
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LabuhanbatuRegency.
North Sumatra with coordinates E : 99A52Ao30Ayand N :
2A4Ao10Aywith a height of 29 meters above sea level is presented in Figure 1.
The soil type at the research location is Inceptisol.
Soil sample analysis was carried out at the Integrated Science Laboratory.
Faculty of Science and Technology.
Labuhanbatu University and the Socfindo Seed Production and Laboratories (SSPL) Laboratory.
The research lasted for 4 months, namely from October 2023 to January 2024.
Figure 1.
Map of taking soil sample points in the field Tools and Materials The materials used in this research were intact soil samples at depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm and disturbed soil samples taken as a composite.
The tools used are GPS (Global Position Syste.
, abney level, sample ring, mineral soil drill, field knife, hoe, cutter, plywood or board, plastic bags, rubber bands, labels, stationery, camera, office software.
Arc software -GIS.
Avenza MAP application, and Munsel Color Chart book.
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research uses a direct survey method by selecting representative areas using the Research Methods The research was carried out using measurements at semi-detailed survey level .
bservation frequency 1 sample per 500 meter.
Carrying out soil sampling at up to 5 sampling points with a distance of 100 meters in the field using a random method, spread over a predetermined area based on the base map as shown in Figure 3 (Rauf and Harahahap, 2.
This Purposive Random Sampling method in oil palm plantation areas.
Observations were carried out by taking soil samples from 2 locations where sampling was carried out at a depth, namely from a depth of 0-30 cm, 5 samples each.
at the same depth to examine the physical content of the soil.
Soil samples were taken on the following land: T 1 = Slope Slope 0-8%.
T 2 = Slope Slope 8-15%.
Figure 2.
Taking soil sample points in the field The parameters measured in this research are:Bulk Density .
/cm.
Sample Ring Method.
Total Pore Space (%) Sample Ring Method and Water Content Measuremen.
Soil Structure Field Method.
Soil
Water
Content
(%)
Gravimentry Method.
Soil Texture (%) MethodHydrometerand USDA Triangle Febriyanti et.
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Preparation Collecting secondary data, interpreting supporting maps, determining observation locations and sample points.
Preliminary survey ground check work map, prepare main survey equipment Primary Survey Data collection Sampling in the field Soil sampling at a depth of 0-30 cm -whole soil sample:
BV.
TRP
-disturbed soil samples:
texture, structure.
KA Laboratory Analysis:
BV.
TRP.
Texture and Data Analysis and Interpretation Outputs Information and description of the physical properties of the soil at the research location Figure 3.
Research Flow Diagram
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1 Soil Bulk Density and Total Soil Pore Space Bulk Density of soil or unit weight is the ratio between the weight of dry soil and the Bulk Density of soil.
The denser the soil, the higher the Bulk Density value of the soil, making it more difficult for the soil Febriyanti et.
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to be penetrated by water and plant roots soil texture.
The results of the analysis of (Hardjowigeno 2.
Soil bulk density is soil Bulk Density and total soil pore space greatly influenced by the soil organic can be seen in Table 1.
matter content, soil processing system and Table 1.
Results of soil Bulk Density analysis and total soil pore space Sample T10 BD .
/cm.
Based on Table 1, it can be seen that the Bulk Density of the soil at each sample point is divided into two classes, namely medium class (T1.
T2.
T6, and T.
and high (T3.
T4.
T5.
T8.
T9, and T.
The Bulk Density of the soil is high because previously land was cleared using heavy equipment which resulted in the soil becoming denser due to the track of the heavy equipment wheels.
This is caused by the influence of root development which will break up the soil so that the soil is less In addition, the level of vegetation density is increasing so that it can protect the soil from rainwater impact.
Several factors influence the level of BD in a soil, namely the organic matter content of the soil, soil texture, number of soil pores, and plant roots.
High soil organic matter content can cause the soil BD value to Organic matter will increase the number of soil pores so that the density of the soil will decrease.
According to Islami and Utomo .
in Prasetyo et al .
that the volume weight value of soil is influenced by structure .
n terms of pore spac.
, soil texture .
n terms of particle size and TRP (%) densit.
and organic matter content.
According to (Baskoro and Tarigan 2.
soil with high levels of organic matter tends to have good and stable soil physical One of the physical properties of stable soil is low soil BD because it has a larger total pore space.
The presence of land processing activities and low levels of canopy density will cause an increase in soil volume Raindrops that fall will directly hit the ground so that the soil will become denser (Putri et al.
A high level of canopy density can protect the soil surface from being destroyed due to the impact of rainwater, so that there is no blockage in the soil pores (Sandrawati.
Setiawan, and Kesumah The total value of soil pore space in table 1 is included in the low class.
The higher the age of the plant, the higher the organic matter content, the higher the organic matter content of a soil, the TRP of a soil will also increase.
This is supported by the statement of (Yulipriyanto 2.
which states that the advantage of high levels of organic matter can reduce the Febriyanti et.
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weight of soil volume.
Low soil volume TRP.
The lower the weight value of a land, weight is related to increased soil porosity the more the TRP value of a land will due to the presence of organic and According to (Hardjowigeno inorganic fractions in the soil.
According to 2.
, soil that has a low volume weight (Kusuma and Yulfiah 2.
soil pores are has a high total pore space value, whereas related to soil texture, where pores are soil that has a high volume weight has a generally occupied by air for coarse pores, low total pore space value.
while small pores are occupied by water.
2 Soil Water Content The factors that influence the porosity Soil water content is expressed as a value are the grain size and specific gravity of the soil.
the amount of pore space will mass/weight of water in the soil sample be influenced by the arrangement of the before drying and the mass/weight of the solid grains.
The size of the pores in the sample after drying until the mass/weight soil grain structure will determine the remains at a temperature of 105AC (Kurnia number and nature of the pores.
The et al.
Soil water content in this study results of this study show that the volume can be seen in Table 2 weight of soil is inversely proportional to Table 2 Soil water content Sample Water content (%) T10 According to (Murniyanto 2.
, the increase in water content is due to the physical binding of organic materials and an increase in the infiltration rate.
However, as long as the organic material has not been completely decomposed, it does not always guarantee an increase in water stored in the soil.
Apart from that, the amount of water stored in the soil is related to the volume weight of the soil, and the volume weight itself is influenced by organic matter.
The amount of available water that will be used by plants is influenced by the texture, structure, organic matter content and depth of the soil (Sinaga.
Amelia, and Batubara 2.
High soil density conditions can affect soil porosity to low.
Decreased soil porosity can reduce the soil's ability to store water (Hanafiah KA High soil porosity causes water to easily enter the soil, as a result the increases (Majid 2.
3 Soil Structure Soil structure is the bonding of primary grains into secondary grains or The arrangement of primary grains in the aggregate determines the type of soil structure.
Soil structure is an Febriyanti et.
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important characteristic in determining the of soil structure research in the field can be physical condition of the soil and the seen in Table 3.
In general, the soil development of plant roots.
Soil aeration, structure at the research location is nutrient availability and soil microbial angular lumps.
activity as well as the breakdown of soil The results of soil structure analysis organic matter (Utomo, 2.
The results in the field can be seen in table 3.
Table 3.
Results of soil structure analysis Sample Soil Structure Angular lump
Angular lump
Angular lump
Angular lump
Angular lump
Angular lump
Angular lump
Angular lump
Angular lump
T10
Angular lump 4 Soil Color contained in the Munsell Soil Color Chart Color is an indication of several soil book, in this book colors are arranged by properties, because soil color is influenced three variables, namely: hue, value and by several factors in the soil.
Soil color is The results of soil color analysis in the field can be seen in table 4.
Table 4.
Results of soil color analysis in the field Sample Color 10 YR 5/6 (Yellowish Brow.
10 YR 5/8 (Yellowish Brow.
10 YR 4/4 (Brow.
10 YR 3/4 (Drak Brow.
10 YR 4/6 (Brow.
10 YR 5/8 (Yellowish Brow.
10 YR 4/6 (Brow.
10 YR 5/6 (Yellowish Brow.
10 YR 4/4 (Brow.
T10 10 YR 4/4 (Brow.
5 Soil Texture Soil texture is the relative ratio between dust, sand and clay fractions.
Soil texture influences the size and speed of water entering the soil, water storage in the soil, aeration and soil processing (Utomo, 2.
Based on the results of soil tests at the research location, it can be seen in Table 3 that in general the soil texture class at the research location is According to Darmawijaya .
, soil texture is the only physical characteristic of soil that is permanent and cannot be easily changed by human hands if it is not added from elsewhere.
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Table 4.
Soil Texture Sample T10 Texture Sand(%) 21,57 12,78 14,61 10,44 8,67 17,72 10,76 6,51 8,28 11,74 Keterangan Dust (%) 21,97 21,43 23,66 21,43 25,67 24,01 25,68 27,81 30,07 30,36 The ability to retain water and plant nutrients is high.
The existing water is absorbed, making clay soil heavier, especially when dry, leaving less water for plants.
Clay soil is soil that contains sand, silt and clay in such a way that its properties are between sandy soil and so that the aeration is quite good, the storage capacity and supply of water to the plants is high.
The composition of clay is better than clay because it is dominated by sand, so it has lots of macro pores .
which allows water and air to circulate more easily .
rainage and aeratio.
This is supported by Setyowat's .
statement that the higher the proportion of sand in the soil, the more pore space there is between soil particles so that it can facilitate the movement of air and water.
4 CONCLUSION
The conclusions obtained in this research from the physical properties of the soil show a Bulk Density value of 1.
Ae 1.
51 g/cm3.
Total Pore Space 0.
58%, water content 0.
27%, while Clay(%) 56,46 65,79 61,73 68,08 65,67 58,27 63,56 65,68 61,65 57,90 Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay the texture is dominantly clayey, and the structure is dominantly angular blocky.
The physical properties of soil require a long time to change, because the physical properties of soil are difficult to change.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT