JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang Vol.
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JAPANEDU:
Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang http://ejournal.
edu/index.
php/japanedu/index An Analysis of Techniques and Accuracy in Consecutive Interpreting from Indonesian to Japanese A Case Study of The Indonesian Presidential State Speech Eunike Felicia*.
Eky Kusuma Hapsari.
Komara Mulya Japanese Language Education Study Program.
Universitas Negeri Jakarta.
Indonesia *eunike.
flc@gmail.
ABSTRACT
This research aims to determine the consecutive interpreting techniques used and the accuracy of interpreting produced in the oral translation of the state speech of the President of the Republic of Indonesia which was translated from Indonesian into Japanese.
This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques such as triangulation, nonparticipatory technique, note-taking technique, and interview.
This research uses interpreting techniques proposed by Jones .
to analyze the techniques and used parameters for assessing the accuracy of the interpretation proposed by Saehu .
and Nababan.
Nuraeni, and Sumardiono .
to assess the quality of the interpretation.
Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the most used technique was omission.
Omission is most widely used to clarify important messages that must be conveyed to listeners by ignoring things that are considered less important.
However, the use of the omission technique causes many translation results to be less accurate because there are still messages from the source language that are not conveyed completely into the target language.
Based on the analysis, it is also found that the theory of interpreting techniques proposed by Jones is not suitable for consecutive interpreting because it cannot accommodate all utterances in consecutive interpreting.
After all, there are no data that use anticipation techniques and there are interpreting processes that do not use interpreting techniques at all based on the theory proposed by Jones.
Future researchers can use more than one technique or can use other theories that can strengthen, support, and even deepen to analyze consecutive interpreting techniques and assess their accuracy.
Future researchers can also assess the quality of an interpretation with several experts so that the results can be more objective.
KEYWORDS
Accuracy of interpreting.
Consecutive interpreting.
Interpreting techniques.
Presidential Speech.
First received: 23 July 2024
ARTICLE INFO
Revised: 03 December 2024
Available online: 31 December 2024
INTRODUCTION
Based on Article 5 and Article 12 of the Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 63 of 2019, it is stated that in official state speeches.
Indonesian is still required to be used by the president, vice president, and other state officials.
Final proof accepted: 30 December 2024 both official speeches delivered abroad and The delivery of the speech can be accompanied by an interpreter to translate it into the target language.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs explains that oral translation can be called interpreting, while oral translators can be called An interpreter must be able and 97 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 Eunike Felicia.
Eky Kusuma Hapsari.
Komara Mulya An Analysis of Techniques and Accuracy in Consecutive Interpreting from Indonesian to Japanese:
A Case Study of the Indonesian Presidential State Speech proficient in translating speeches delivered by the president, vice president, and other state officials from Indonesian to other foreign languages, and vice versa.
Interpreting is divided into two types based on the method, one of which is consecutive interpreting (Dong, 2.
Syahputra.
Amri, and Sagala .
explain that in consecutive interpreting, the speakerAos speech is conveyed into the Target Language .
TL) by the interpreter after the speaker has finished delivering his speech in the Source Language .
SL).
The speaker stops for a moment, then the interpreter translates it into TL before continuing his speech.
Saehu .
also said that one of the distinctive characteristics of consecutive interpreting is that there is a pause at the turn of a segment, namely a pause between the speakerAos speech in the SL and the translation in the TL.
The Association of Indonesian Conference Interpreters (AICI) explains that an interpreter needs to utilize all the linguistic abilities he has and needs to pay attention to language variety, rhythm, intonation, rhetorical elements, and language.
The body of the speaker when conveying the speakerAos message back in oral form (AICI Interpreter, n.
However, interpreters do not have time to look for appropriate equivalent words in the TL, cannot look at a dictionary, or use all the facilities provided to translate, so interpreters must be able to listen, capture, understand, analyze, and reproduce the speakerAos message in a short time and at very high In addition, in interpreting, communication takes place at that time and involves direct interaction between the speaker, listener, and Therefore, apart from proficiency in linguistics, interpreters are also required to be proficient in communicating and conveying information to listeners.
The skills and challenges faced by an interpreter indicate that interpreting is not a one-off process and the ability to interpret is not acquired instantly.
One example is becoming an official interpreter for a government agency.
To become an interpreter in a government institution, many requirements must be met.
Based on Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No.
29/2016, it is understood that an interpreter who becomes an official interpreter for government agencies must be A sworn interpreter is someone who has expertise in interpreting and is sworn in by the minister who organizes government affairs in the field of law and human rights.
In addition, there are also Indonesian National Work Competency Standards which serve as a benchmark for competency standardization for interpreters, as contained in the Decree of the Minister of Manpower Number 198 of 2021.
These work competency standards are prepared to serve as a reference so that the selected and assigned interpreters are interpreters who have the qualifications of expertise as interpreters.
These qualifications include having a high level of proficiency in both the SL and the TL, skills in understanding and using the language of diplomacy, and a deep understanding of the material.
Fulfillment of these qualifications is a must.
Baihaqi .
explains that evaluation in translation is intended to determine the level of accuracy, clarity, and fluency of an interpreter.
assessing the level of accuracy.
Saehu .
stated that accuracy assessment is the accuracy of the meaning of the message conveyed verbally from the SL into the TL.
The accuracy assessment according to Nababan.
Nuraeni, and Sumardiono .
can also be seen from technical terms, the meaning of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences that are accurately translated from the language into the language, and there is no distortion of meaning.
Based on the translation accuracy assessment instruments created by Saehu .
and Nababan.
Nuraeni, and Sumardiono .
, the translation accuracy assessment can be grouped into three assessment categories as follows.
Accurate A translation is accurate if: .
the message of the SL does not change even though it is transformed into the TL, .
technical terms, meanings of words, phrases, clauses or sentences, or texts from the SL are accurately translated into the TL, and .
no distortion of meaning occurs at all.
Accurate translation results are given a score of 3.
Less accurate The translation is said to be less accurate if: .
there is a reduction of the message from the SL and the important message from the SL is not fully conveyed in the TL, .
most of the technical terms, meanings of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, or texts from the SL have been accurately translated into the TL, and .
there are still meaning distortions, translations with double meanings, or there are omitted meanings that interfere with the integrity of the message.
Less accurate translation results are given a score 98 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang Vol.
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Inaccurate A translation is said to be inaccurate if: .
the message conveyed in the TL does not accommodate the message of the source language at all, and .
technical terms, word meanings, phrases, sentence clauses, or texts from the SL are translated inaccurately into the TL or even omitted to disrupt the integrity of the Inaccurate translation results are given a score of 1.
Syahputra.
Amri, and Sagala .
conveyed that the quality of the interpreting can be determined by the interpreting technique used by the interpreter.
An interpreting technique is a technique used to facilitate the interpreter in reproducing the closest equivalent meaning from the source language into the target language.
In consecutive interpreting, the interpreter is expected to have a strong memory, quick thinking, and good concentration.
This is because the interpreter does not have much time to understand, analyze, and reproduce the message from the original into the new language.
Jones .
2, p.
describes nine kinds of interpreting techniques that can be used in the process of interpreting, namely:
Reformulation The reformulation technique is used by reformulating the original words from the source language into the target language with the closest meaning to the actual meaning.
The Salami technique The Salami technique is used by slicing a long speech into shorter sentences.
Efficiency in reformulation Efficiency in reformulation techniques is used so that the reformulation techniques applied can be used more efficiently.
Some things that can be done so that the reformulation can be used more efficiently include: .
eliminating unnecessary filler words, .
not taking rhetorical precautions by using phrases such as Aumay I sayAy.
Auif you likeAy.
Auif you understand what I am saying/meaningAy and so on, .
avoiding unnecessary repetition, .
choosing the shortest form possible, and .
not using too many words so that the speakerAos message can be emphasized with an efficient form.
Simplification Simplification techniques are used by using simpler words and sentence structures.
Generalization The generalization technique is used when the speaker expresses specific things and is then mentioned with one general term by the Omission The omission technique is used to clarify the main message while retaining the important elements and omitting words that are merely Summarizing and recapitulation The summarizing and recapitulation technique is used by providing a summary that serves to replace the full text by adding the summary to the full text and recapitulating the main ideas.
Explanation The explanation technique is used by explaining the idea when it is first mentioned by the speaker and the translator can refer to it in a shorter form Anticipation The anticipation technique is used by using the word that comes to mind to translate the speakerAos speech first before the speaker finishes speaking because the interpreter knows clearly how the sentence ends.
Research on interpreting has been conducted previously by several researchers, including Khrisna .
who examined the factors, strategies, impacts, and techniques of interpreting that affect the quality of the translation with the source of the Revival Service program.
Aryanto .
examined foreign language interference and interpreting techniques used in the activities of Dian Nuswantoro University students majoring in Japanese literature class of 2010.
Maharani .
examined the appropriate and inappropriate techniques for Chinese cultural terms and the quality of translation produced based on the interpreting techniques used.
Saragih and Solikhan .
examined the quality and factors affecting student interpreting results.
What distinguishes the previous studies from this study is that this study focuses on analyzing the interpreting techniques and the accuracy of the interpreting of the state speech translated from Indonesian into Japanese.
As explained in the Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No.
29/2016, a person who wants to become an official translator must be an expert in translating to become a sworn translator so that his/her expertise can be One concrete example that can be found is being an official interpreter assigned to interpret speeches delivered by the president orally.
The interpreter must master the state terms well to convey the content of the speech appropriately to the listeners.
Thus, this research is conducted by 99 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 Eunike Felicia.
Eky Kusuma Hapsari.
Komara Mulya An Analysis of Techniques and Accuracy in Consecutive Interpreting from Indonesian to Japanese:
A Case Study of the Indonesian Presidential State Speech analyzing the state speech to understand how an official interpreter translates through the interpreting techniques used and the accuracy of the interpreting produced.
The accuracy of the interpreting done by the interpreter in the state speech can be seen from the way the interpreter utilizes and applies interpreting techniques so that the message from the source language into the target language can be conveyed precisely and accurately.
Therefore, this study aims to: .
find out the consecutive interpreting techniques used by the interpreter in the State Address of the President of the Republic of Indonesia, and .
find out the accuracy of the interpreting produced in the State Address of the President of the Republic of Indonesia.
The results of this study are expected to deepen the theory for learning to interpret, especially the theory of interpreting techniques and the assessment of the accuracy of interpreting.
METHODS
This research uses the descriptive qualitative method that focuses on examining a natural objectAos condition and understanding the meaning, uniqueness, or certain phenomena (Sugiyono.
The data sources of this research are video recordings of speeches at the official welcoming ceremony of Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga at the Bogor Presidential Palace on October 20th, 2020 and speeches at the official welcoming ceremony of President Joko Widodo by Prime Minister Kishida Fumio in Tokyo on July 27th, 2022 uploaded on Saputri .
and Saputra.
Saleh, and Maria .
found that in several speeches delivered by President Joko Widodo, there was the use of several language styles, such as repetition, and there were several words and sentences that were not in accordance with the standard form in Indonesian.
Thus, the speeches analyzed in this study use video recordings with President Joko Widodo as the main speaker to analyze and understand the way interpreters translate and readjust them in the target language so that the messages conveyed can still be understood properly and precisely.
The data collection technique used in this research is data triangulation which is done by collecting the required data while testing the credibility of the data by using other techniques in data collection, non-participatory techniques, note- taking techniques, and interviews.
The result is a transcript containing the speakerAos speech in Indonesian and the translation by the interpreter in Japanese.
The researcher also conducted a structured interview with an in-house interpreter who has been an interpreter for 13 years.
Mr.
Heru Erlangga.
The interview was conducted to find out the interpreterAos experience in the field of interpreting, especially about the challenges faced in the field of interpreting, the advantages and disadvantages of each type of interpreting, and the quality assessment of the interpreting.
The researcher prepared the questions to be asked to the interviewees in advance before starting the interview.
The researcher also asked for help from an expert judgment to assess the results of interpreting in Japanese to make the assessment more objective, namely Ms.
Kaede Toguchi a Japanese language lecturer at the State University of Jakarta.
The data analysis in this study used JonesAo .
theory on interpreting techniques and SaehuAos .
and Nababan.
Nuraeni, and SumardionoAos .
theories on assessing the accuracy of interpreting.
The stages of data analysis in this study are as follows.
Understanding the translation by the interpreter.
Observing the changes in word meaning between the speech in the source language and the translation in the target language.
Explaining the changes in word meaning that occur in the translation.
Identify the interpreting techniques used by the Making conclusions about the interpreting techniques used by the interpreter.
Assessing the accuracy of the interpreting based on the judgment assisted by an expert judgment.
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The results of the data analysis are presented in accordance with the objectives of this study, namely on the interpreting techniques used and on the accuracy of the translation produced from the State of the Nation Address of the President of the Republic of Indonesia translated orally into Japanese.
Interpreting Techniques The following Table 1 shows the results of the analysis of 32 data based on the techniques used.
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Table 1: Recapitulation of Data Analysis Results Based on the Use of Interpreting Techniques.
Interpreting Technique Data
Total
Data
Number
20-3, 20-4,
20-5, 20-6,
20-7, 20-8,
20-9, 20-12,
20-13, 2014, 20-16,
22-1, 22-4,
22-5, 22-7,
22-10, 2211, 22-12,
22-13, 2214, 22-15
Simplification 20-15, 2017, 22-10.
Generalization Omission Summarizing Recapitulation Explanation Anticipation Reformulation The Salami Technique Efficiency in Reformulation 20-2, 20-3, 20-4, 20-5, 20-7, 20-8, 20-9, 20-10, 20-11, 2012, 20-13, 20-14, 2015, 20-16, 20-17, 22-2, 22-3, 22-4, 22-5, 22-12, 22-13, 2214, 22-16 Percentage Based on Table 1, it can be seen that the most used interpreting technique in the oral translation of the state address of the President of the Republic of Indonesia is the omission technique of 23 data .
%), followed by the reformulation technique of 21 data .
%), and the simplification technique of 4 data .
%).
The salami technique, efficiency in reformulation, generalization, summarizing and recapitulating, and explanation were each found in 1 data .
%).
The omission technique is the most used by the interpreter because it aims to clarify the substance of the important message to be conveyed in the TL by eliminating only additional elements, as Jones .
2, p.
Auinterpreter must cany on making their analysis of the speech so that they keep in the essential elements and miss out only what is illustrative or in some other way accessory .
uch as asides, digressions, etc.
)Ay.
The reformulation technique is the second most used by interpreters because it aims to find an equivalent that is closest and in accordance with the meaning conveyed by the speaker so that the speakerAos message can still be conveyed with a meaning that is closest to the original meaning.
explained by Jones .
2, p.
regarding the use of the reformulation technique, namely AuLong, complicated sentences are to be broken down into a series of easier, shorter ones.
relative and subordinate clauses can be shifted around within a active clauses changed into passive or deponent ones .
r vice vers.
and so onAy.
The simplification technique is the third most used technique because it aims to convey important messages in a simpler form.
In state speeches, the language used is the official language and there are many special terms related to statehood, so simplification is carried out to maximize communication so that important messages can still be conveyed in a very short time even by using simpler forms.
This explained by Jones .
as that the speech is so technical that the interpreter, despite their best efforts to prepare a meeting and despite documentation made available to them, just cannot render all of the technical details.
In such a case, they must at least try to save the essentials by The Salami reformulation, generalization, summarizing and recapitulating, and explanations are very rarely used by interpreters because these techniques are not suitable for translating messages or technical terms that contain agreements between the two countries.
The speaker does not take too long when delivering his speech, so the sentences translated are also not too long.
Apart from that, there are many important discussions conveyed by the speaker relating to treaties and agreements between the two countries, so the interpreter must maintain these important messages without reducing them or immediately concluding the entire message so that it can be conveyed appropriately to the listener according to what is intended.
The audience who are listeners are also state officials who already understand the special terms that are often used in state meetings, 101 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 Eunike Felicia.
Eky Kusuma Hapsari.
Komara Mulya An Analysis of Techniques and Accuracy in Consecutive Interpreting from Indonesian to Japanese:
A Case Study of the Indonesian Presidential State Speech so the interpreter doesnAot need to explain these special terms again.
In the same speech, there can be more than one translation technique used.
The following is an example of a discussion of each interpreting Reformulation There are 21 data out of a total of 32 data that use reformulation techniques.
The reformulation technique is used by reformulating words or sentence structures with equivalent words or sentences that have the closest meaning to the actual meaning .
ee Data 22-.
Data 22-15 SL: Untuk kawasan Indo-Pasifik, tahun depan Indonesia akan menjadi ketua ASEAN dan Jepang akan menjadi ketua G7.
Kami akan terus berkoordinasi dalam merumuskan agenda prioritas keketuaan agar lebih memberikan kesejahteraan di kawasan dan di dunia.
For the Indo-Pacific region, next year Indonesia will become chairman of ASEAN and Japan will become chairman of the G7.
We will continue to coordinate in formulating the chairmanshipAos priority agenda to further contribute to peace and prosperity in the region and the world.
TL: AyayuACEEOUasA aoaCEEOEsCCA ASEAN A iuayAAuuA7 AiuAACO AAoACAyAIAEAIAeaniUAuAeU aOAAEAEaAoaiuaOeAE EIOcEEACeuOaEa iCeaECOAAEAAyAEAAoAC Soshite, rainen wa indotaiheiyou no hanashi ni tsukimashite wa desu ne.
Indoneshia wa ASEAN no gichoukoku, soshite Nihon wa G7 no gichoukoku to narimasu.
Sou iu koto de, sekai to chiiki no heiwa oyobi hanAoei ni kiyo subeku gichou-koku toshite otagai yuusen ajenda o sakuseishite iku naka de, tsuneni chousei o shite mairitai to Next year.
Indonesia will chair ASEAN and Japan will chair the G7.
As such, as chairing countries, we will continue to coordinate with each other in developing a mutual priority agenda to contribute to peace and prosperity in the world and the region.
In data number 22-15, the term AukeketuaanAy .
is reformulated into AU e AE As .
The definition of AukeketuaanAy according to KBBI Kemdikbud is Authe thing about the chairman/leaderAy.
The word AukeketuaanAy comes from the root word AuketuaAy which means Aua person who heads or leads a meeting, council, association.
Ay.
Indonesia and Japan are the lead organizers of ASEAN and G7.
The interpreter uses the word AUeAEAs.
which means Aueach other/mutualAy to refer to the two countries, so AuchairmanshipAos priority agendaAy is translated as AUAOeAEEIOCC C E EA As .
tagai yuusen ajend.
which means Aumutual priority agenda .
etween Indonesia and Japa.
Ay.
The Salami Technique There is 1 data out of a total of 32 data that uses the salami technique.
The Salami technique is an interpreting technique that is done by dividing one long utterance into several shorter utterances.
example of the use of the Salami technique is as Data 20-1 SL: AssalaamuAoalaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakaatuh1.
Yang Mulia Perdana Menteri Yoshihide Suga, merupakan suatu kehormatan bagi saya dan seluruh rakyat Indonesia, sore ini dapat menyambut kedatangan3 Perdana Menteri Jepang yang baru2.
Yang Mulia Yoshihide Suga beserta seluruh delegasi.
AssalaamuAoalaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakaatuh1.
It is an honor for me and all the people of Indonesia to welcome this afternoon3 the new Prime Minister of Japan2.
His Excellency Yoshihide Suga, and his TL: 1.
AAouoaCOCOAAoIoACUCU AeACeuIaoAC Mazu kamisama no onkei ni yori, minasama ni otozureru koto o kitai shimasu.
We hope that it will come to you first by GodAos grace.
AyaOcAIAuuAACEEOEsCCA uAnAAnEAUACCOAAoAC Soshite, wareware wa honjitsu.
Indoneshia ni Nipponkoku no aratana shunou ga arimasu.
And we have today a new Head of State of Japan in Indonesia.
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aIAOoCeaAOaOCOAAoay AAOaAOAACCyAIOEAAyAEA AoAC Suga Yoshihide-sama o mukae shite orimasunode, sono omukae shite mo hijou ni kouei ni omoimasu.
We are very honored to welcome Mr.
Yoshihide Suga.
In data number 20-1, the interpreter divides one long utterance into three shorter utterances so that the three utterances can be connected with the same meaning as the original.
The first utterance AuAssalaamuAoalaikum Warahmatullahi WabarakaatuhAy is translated into AUAAouoaCOCOAAoIo ACUCUAeACeuIaoACAs (Mazu kamisama no onkei ni yori, minasama ni otozureru koto o kitai ) which means Auwe hope that it will come to you first by GodAos graceAy.
The second utterance was divided and changed toAUAyaOcAIAuuCE EOEsCCAuAnAAnEAUACCOAAoACAs (Soshite, wareware wa honjitsu.
Indoneshia ni Nipponkoku no aratana shunou ga arimasu.
) which means AuAnd we have today a new Head of State of Japan in IndonesiaAy.
The third utterance was divided and changed toAUaIAOoCeaAOaOCO AAoayAAOaAOAACCyAIOEAAyAE A Ao AC As (Suga Yoshihide-sama o mukae shite orimasunode, sono omukae shite mo hijou ni kouei ni ) which means AuWe are very honored to welcome Mr.
Yoshihide SugaAy.
Efficiency in Reformulation There is 1 data out of a total of 32 data that uses efficiency in the reformulation technique.
The efficiency in the reformulation technique is used by reformulating and using the shortest form possible so that the reformulation technique applied can be used more efficiently .
ee the following Data 22-.
Data 22-8 SL: Kemudian, .
industri di Papua Barat.
Then, .
of industrial areas in West Papua.
TL: EcECuEAuAnUoAC Papua seibu no kougyou chiiki no kaihatsu.
Development of industrial areas in western Papua.
In data number 22-8, the conjunction AuthenAy is omitted because its existence is only complementary and does not affect the important message conveyed by the speaker.
The interpreter also added the word AU nU o As .
AudevelopmentAy to clarify the speakerAos intention that the matter being discussed is about the development of an industrial area in West Papua.
Thus, the translation becomesAUEcECuE AuAnUoACAs (Papua seibu no kougyou chiiki no kaihatsu.
) which means Audevelopment of industrial areas in western PapuaAy.
Simplification There are 4 data out of a total of 32 data that use simplification techniques.
The simplification technique is used by using simpler words and sentence structures to save the things that are important to convey.
Examples of the use of simplification techniques are as follows.
Data 22-14 SL: Terkait isu-isu regional dan global, saya menyampaikan penghargaan atas dukungan Jepang terhadap Presidensi Indonesia di G20 untuk memberikan kontribusi signifikan bagi pemulihan ekonomi global.
Regarding regional and global issues.
I express my appreciation for JapanAos support for the Indonesian Presidency at the G20 to make a significant contribution to global economic TL: AyAAuayAAuouoEAUasA AACCAaOAECeauuAUCOA G20 AiuaCEEOEsCCAAi aAoaCeAEasayaeA G20 Ce uouoEAAUOsAAUCOAuaeCUAA AsaEaEAsAAEAAyAEAAoAC Soshite chiiki, soshite kokusai-tekina kadai ni tsukimashite mo hanashiai o shimashite.
Nihon kara wa G20 no gichou-koku to shite no Indoneshia e no shien no hyoumei o itadaki, soshite kono G20 o kokusai-tekina keizai kiki no kara no kaifuku, kore ni tsukimashite kiyo shite ikitai to omoimasu.
We will also discuss regional and international issues, and hope that Japan will express its support for Indonesia as the chair country of the G20, and that this G20 will contribute to IndonesiaAos recovery from the international economic crisis.
103 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 Eunike Felicia.
Eky Kusuma Hapsari.
Komara Mulya An Analysis of Techniques and Accuracy in Consecutive Interpreting from Indonesian to Japanese:
A Case Study of the Indonesian Presidential State Speech In data number 22-14, the clause Aumemberikan kontribusi yang signifikanAy .
ade a significant contributio.
is translated into AUEas .
iyo shit.
which means AucontributedAy.
The sentence is simplified by the interpreter to make it easier for the listeners to understand the speakerAos intention of making a AucontributionAy to the global economic Thus, it can be understood that the interpreter used the simplification technique to simplify the clause Aumemberikan kontribusi yang signifikanAy .
ade a significant contributio.
Generalization There is 1 data out of a total of 32 data that uses the generalization technique.
The generalization technique is used by using one general term to express specific things.
Examples of the use of the generalization technique are as follows.
Data 22-3 SL: Dalam pertemuan saya dan Perdana Menteri Kishida, kami telah menyepakati banyak hal.
Kita sepakat protokol perubahan IJEPA dapat diselesaikan dan ditandatangani pada KTT G20 di Bali.
November mendatang.
In my meeting with Prime Minister Kishida, we have agreed on many things.
We agree that the IJEPA amendment protocol can be finalized and signed at the G20 Summit in Bali, next November.
TL: AyaIOaoAAOAsaoAa AAeasainuaOEaA NCOaCAyaUausAAuOA EaEAnUCAiCUCU G20 ACAeOAAOAE aEPA AiouAasCeAoCUAAE AIAeaNCeAEaC Soshite, sakihodo no kaigi ni okimashite, ooku no koto ni tsukimashite.
Kishida shushou to wa goui ni itarimashita.
Sono naka ni wa, honAonen juu ichi gatsu ni Baritou de kaisaisareru G20 no samitto ni oite.
EPA no kaisei giteisho no shomei o suru to iu koto de itchi o itashimashita.
At the recent meeting, we reached an agreement with Prime Minister Kishida on several matters.
Among them, we agreed to sign the Protocol on the Amendment to the EPA at the G20 Summit to be held in Bali in November this year.
In data number 22-3, the term AoIJEPAAo stands for AuIndonesia-Japan Economic Partnership AgreementAy.
The interpreter uses the term AoEPAAo which stands for AuEconomic Partnership AgreementAy.
The interpreter uses the more general term AoEPAAo, which means that an economic partnership agreement has been concluded between Indonesia and Japan.
Omission There are 23 data out of a total of 32 data that use the omission technique.
The omission technique is used to clarify the core of the message by retaining important elements and eliminating only additional Examples of the use of omission techniques are as follows.
Data 22-2 SL: Kepada kekaisaran, pemerintah, dan juga masyarakat Jepang, saya atas nama masyarakat Indonesia, sekali lagi menyampaikan dukacita yang mendalam atas meninggalnya mantan Perdana Menteri Jepang Shinzo Abe.
To the Japanese empire, government, and people.
I, on behalf of the Indonesian people, once again express my deep condolences for the death of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.
TL: AyaCEEOEsCCucCeAEa auuAoNAAiuAAucAoIoAA OAsIEaaIAUAiAyaAiAEAAeasAA aCeAAEeACAEaCeaEAAyAE AAoAC Soshite.
Indoneshia kokumin o daihyou itashimashite.
Nihon no koushitsu, seifu, kokumin no minasama ni wa Abe moto souri ga goseikyo saita koto ni tsukimashite, shinde fukai aitou no you o arawashitai to omoimasu.
On behalf of the Indonesian people.
I would also like to express our deepest condolences Japanese Imperial Family, government, and people on the passing of former Prime Minister Abe.
In data number 22-2, the word Ausekali lagiAy is not translated by the interpreter because it is only an addition and does not affect the core of the message.
The interpreter only conveys what needs to be conveyed to the listener that President Jokowi as a representative of the Indonesian people expresses his deep sorrow, so the translation becomes AUCe AAEeACAEaCeaEAAyAEAAoACAs .
hinde fukai aitou no you o arawashitai to omoimasu.
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which means AuI would also like to express our deepest condolencesAy.
Summarizing and Recapitulation There is 1 data from a total of 32 data that uses summarizing and recapitulating techniques.
Summarizing and recapitulating techniques are used by summarizing the speakerAos speech.
The summary serves to replace the complete speech by adding the summary to the complete speech and recapitulating the main idea.
Examples of the use of summarizing and recapitulating techniques are as Data 22-6 SL: Beberapa proyek strategis yang saya sampaikan agar dipercepat penyelesaiannya, antara lainA Some of the strategic projects that I conveyed so that completion could be accelerated TL: AyaOiuoEACEEOEsCCAUuAA aoCOAAiAnAEAAoAC Soshite, senryaku-tekina Indoneshia no jigyou to shimashite wa tsugi no toori degozaimasu.
And our strategic Indonesian operations are as follows.
Explanation There is 1 data from a total of 32 data that uses the explanation technique.
The explanation technique is used by providing a brief explanation at the beginning of the term mentioned regarding a term that still sounds foreign.
An example of the use of explanation technique is as follows.
Data 22-11 SL: Kami pengetahuan dan teknologi baru Jepang untuk mendukung beberapa proyek strategis Indonesia, terutama untuk hilirisasi komoditas alam, pengembangan mobil dan motor listrik, serta sektor kesehatan dan pangan.
We continue to expect the support of JapanAos new knowledge and technologies to support some of IndonesiaAos strategic projects, especially for the downstream of natural commodities, the development of electric cars and motorcycles, as well as the health and food sectors.
TL: AyaCEEOEsCCAAOAcCUOiuoEAU uAUACCOAAoACNENaAunayAA CEEnCAAuUiEaCCayAAEUCAECE nEEnUoayCUAUCOyAuUoCAAnoAOI NauuAUUAAnAAuUAOAeAia CeOcAIAAOoAECeAEaC Soshite.
Indoneshia ni okeru senryaku-tekina jigyou ga arimasu.
Shizen shigen no kougyouka, soshite bui, dendou baiku, soshite Nusantara shintoshin kaihatsu, sorekara hoken iryou, shokuryou no bunAoya de no Nihon ga motsu aratana chiken to gijutsu no shien o wareware wa onegai o itashimashita.
Then there are the strategic projects in Indonesia.
We have asked for support for the industrialization of natural resources, e-bikes, electric motorcycles, the development of the Nusantara new urban center, and new Japanese knowledge and technology in the fields of healthcare and food.
In data number 22-11, the interpreter uses the term AoEVAo .
lectric vehicl.
which means Aumachine with electric powerAy to translate the words Aumobil dan motor listrikAy.
The interpreter briefly explains the term AoEVAo, namely AuiEaCCAs .
endou baik.
which means Aumotor with electric powerAy.
Thus.
Aumobil dan motor listrikAy is translated as AUCEEnC AAuUiEaCCAs .
ui, dendou baik.
which means AuEV .
lectric vehicl.
, a motorbike driven by electric powerAy.
The Accuracy of Interpreting Table 2 is the result of the assessment of the accuracy of the interpreting results from 32 data.
Based on Table 2, it can be seen that the interpreter produced the most less accurate translations of as many as 19 data .
38%),
accurate translation results of as many as 10 data .
25%), and inaccurate translation results of as many as 3 data .
38%).
The interpreter produced translations that are less accurate because they can be influenced by interpreting techniques that are not suitable for translation.
The techniques that are most widely used and produce less accurate translations are omission and reformulation.
The use of omission techniques often results in less accurate translations because the message from the SL is not conveyed completely in the TL.
The use of reformulation techniques also produces translations that are less accurate because the interpreter uses many forms of words or other sentence structures 105 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 Eunike Felicia.
Eky Kusuma Hapsari.
Komara Mulya An Analysis of Techniques and Accuracy in Consecutive Interpreting from Indonesian to Japanese:
A Case Study of the Indonesian Presidential State Speech with meanings that are less accurate and less appropriate to the original meaning so the message conveyed by the interpreter is less complete and less Table 2: Recapitulation of Interpreting Accuracy Assessment Results.
Accuracy Level Accurate Less Accurate Inaccurate Data
Total
Data Number
20-7, 20-12, 20-13,
20-15, 20-17, 22-2,
22-3, 22-7, 22-8,
20-1, 20-2, 20-3,
20-5, 20-6, 20-8,
20-9, 20-10, 20-11,
22-1, 22-4, 22-5,
22-6, 22-10, 22-11,
22-12, 22-13, 2214, 22-15
20-4, 20-14, 20-16
Percentage 31,25% 59,38% 9,38% From the results of the analysis, it is known that the quality of interpreting in this study and previous research conducted by Saragih and Solikhan .
cannot be equated because the focus of assessing the quality of interpreting is different.
Saragih and Solikhan .
focus on assessing the overall quality of interpreting by assessing accuracy, fluency, and clarity based on SaehuAos theory .
, while this research only focuses on assessing the level of accuracy by combining proprietary theories of Nababan.
Nuraeni, and Sumardiono .
and Saehu .
Saragih and SolikhanAos .
research also focuses on assessing the quality of translation results carried out by students, while this research focuses on assessing the quality of translation results carried out by official interpreters, and the assessment is assisted by an expert judgment, resulting in research results that are different from each other.
The following is an example of a discussion of each category of accuracy level of interpreting.
Accurate There are 10 data out of a total of 32 data which are accurate translation results because the message from the source language does not change even if it is converted into the target language, there is no distortion of meaning at all, and technical terms, meanings of words, phrases, sentence clauses, or text from the language the source is translated accurately into the target language.
An example of an accurate translation result is as follows.
Data 20-13 SL: Saya tadi juga mendorong Jepang untuk ikut berpartisipasi dalam Sovereign Wealth Fund Indonesia.
I also encouraged Japan to participate in IndonesiaAos Sovereign Wealth Fund.
TL: AyAACEEOEsCCACEnEECCECEi CEEOaeCUaEACCuuAUaCiaE acCUCOAIAOoAEaOCOAAoAC Soshite Indoneshia no soburin werusu fando, kore ni tsuite mo Nihon ga sankaku shite itadakeru you onegai shite orimasu.
We have also asked Japan to participate in IndonesiaAos sovereign wealth fund.
In data numbers 20-13, the main message of SL does not change even though it is translated into TL.
The verb AumendorongAy .
according to the KBBI Ministry of Education and Culture dictionary can mean Auto urge or force someone to do somethingAy and this verb is translated asAUAOoAEAs .
which means Auto askAy.
The verb Auto askAy according to the KBBI Ministry of Education and Culture dictionary can mean Auto say something in order to be given or get something.
pleaseAy.
From the speakerAos speech, there is the impression that the speaker AurequestedAy that Japan participate in IndonesiaAos Sovereign Wealth Fund.
Thus, the main message that must be conveyed to listeners has not changed, that Indonesia asks Japan to participate in IndonesiaAos Sovereign Wealth Fund.
Less Accurate There are 19 data out of a total of 32 data which are the result of less accurate translation because there is a reduction of the message from the source language and important messages from the source language are not conveyed completely in the target language, mostly technical terms, meanings of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, or texts from the source language have been translated accurately into the target language, and there are still distortions of meaning, translations with double meanings, or meanings have been omitted that disrupt the integrity of the message.
Examples of less accurate translation results are as follows.
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Data 20-1 Inaccurate SL: AssalaamuAoalaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakaatuh.
Yang Mulia Perdana Menteri Yoshihide Suga, merupakan suatu kehormatan bagi saya dan seluruh rakyat Indonesia, sore ini dapat menyambut kedatangan Perdana Menteri Jepang yang baru.
Yang Mulia Yoshihide Suga beserta seluruh delegasi.
AssalaamuAoalaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakaatuh.
It is an honor for me and all the people of Indonesia to welcome this afternoon the new Prime Minister of Japan.
His Excellency Yoshihide Suga, and his TL: AAouoaCOCOAAoIoACUCUAeA CeuIaoACAyaOcAIAuuAACE EOEsCCAuAnAAnEAUACCOA AoACaIAOoCeaAOaOCOAAoay AAOaAOAACCyAIOEAAyAEAAoAC Mazu kamisama no onkei ni yori, minasama ni otozureru koto o kitai shimasu.
Soshite, wareware wa honjitsu.
Indoneshia ni Nihonkoku no aratana shunou ga arimasu.
Suga Yoshihide-sama o mukae shite orimasunode, sono omukae shite mo hijou ni kouei ni omoimasu.
First, by GodAos grace, we hope to visit you all.
And we have today a new Head of State of Japan in Indonesia.
We have Mr.
Yoshihide Suga, and we are very honored to welcome In data number 20-1, the words AuAmenyambut kedatangan Perdana Menteri Jepang yang baruAy was translated toAuAnAAnEAUACCOAAoAs (Nihonkoku no aratana shunou ga arimas.
which means Authere is a new Prime Minister of JapanAy.
The interpreter does not translate it according to the message conveyed by the speaker, so there is a reduction in the message from SL to TL.
According to expert judgment, this speech can be translated as AUnAAEnuCeAOUuAsAEas .
tarashii shushou o omaneki itashimashit.
which means Auwe invite the new Prime Minister of JapanAy to protect the message from the SL so that the meaning of the message remains intact in the TL.
The use of AUu IaoAs .
itai shimas.
can also be adjusted by using a more polite form, namely AUuIaOCO AAoAs .
itai shite orimas.
The speaker is expressing his gratitude to the Almighty, so the form used must be very polite to show a sense of majesty to the Almighty.
There are 3 data out of a total of 32 data which are the result of inaccurate translation because the message conveyed in the target language does not accommodate the message from the source language at all.
Technical terms, word meanings, phrases, sentence clauses, or text from the source language are translated inaccurately into the target language or even omitted, thereby disrupting the integrity of the message.
Examples of inaccurate translation results are as follows.
Data 20-4 SL: Beberapa hal yang telah kita bahas dalam pertemuan antara lain yang pertama, kerja sama pengelolaan pandemi covid-19.
Some of the things we have discussed in the meeting include the first, cooperation in managing the Covid-19 pandemic.
TL: IOaoaOAAnUCEEOaE aOAEAUUAACUaC Saki hodo no kaigou no naka de shingata korona nado ni tsuite hanashiai ga motaremashita.
The new Corona and other models were discussed during the meeting just mentioned.
In data number 20-4, the message conveyed in TL does not accommodate messages from SL at all.
The speaker conveyed the message Aukerja sama pengelolaan pandemi covid-19Ay .
ooperation in managing the Covid-19 pandemi.
, but this message was not conveyed by the interpreter.
The interpreter said that Indonesia and Japan had discussed a new form of the coronavirus, even though what was discussed at the meeting was cooperation in managing the Covid-19 pandemic with the emergence of a new form of the virus.
The interpreter also uses the verb AUUAACUas .
which means Auhas been discussedAy.
It would be more accurate if translated asAUAiAnAE as.
which is a form of Keigo, remembering that the language used in official situations is respectful or Keigo so the interpreter must also adjust the use of Keigo in the translation.
Unique Findings In this study, there is an interpreting technique that is not used, which is the anticipation technique.
According to Jones .
, an interpreter has very little time to process and translate the speakerAos 107 | P a g e e- ISSN 2528-5548 | p-ISSN 27764478 Eunike Felicia.
Eky Kusuma Hapsari.
Komara Mulya An Analysis of Techniques and Accuracy in Consecutive Interpreting from Indonesian to Japanese:
A Case Study of the Indonesian Presidential State Speech speech into the target language, especially in simultaneous translation which requires the interpreter to translate what the speaker says right The interpreter can anticipate the direction of the conversation when starting a sentence by using the words that come to mind to translate the speakerAos words before the speaker utters them because the interpreter has understood the direction of the conversation and understands the context that the speaker is talking about.
Thus, the anticipation technique is more suitable for simultaneous interpreting which has less time lag compared to consecutive interpreting.
In addition, some data were reduced because the interpreter did not use the interpreterAos technique in accordance with the theory of interpreterAos technique proposed by Jones .
According to Syahputra.
Amri, and Sagala .
, consecutive interpreting has the same basic principles as simultaneous interpreting, namely in terms of listening, understanding, analyzing, and reexpressing, so the application of the technique is also not much different.
However, based on the analysis conducted in this research, it is found that the theory of interpreting techniques proposed by Jones .
cannot accommodate all the speakersAo utterances because there are no data that use anticipation techniques and there are interpreting processes that do not use interpreting techniques at all based on the theory proposed by Jones.
Thus, it can be concluded that the theory of interpreting techniques proposed by Jones .
is not suitable to be applied in consecutive interpreting.
CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis of 32 data, it was found that the most widely used interpreting technique in this study is the omission technique.
The omission technique is widely used by interpreters because it aims to clarify the important message to be conveyed in the target language by omitting things that are only additional or not very important to However, the use of the omission technique results in many less accurate translations because there are still messages from the source language that are not fully conveyed in the target language.
Through the analysis conducted in this study, it is found that the theory of interpreting techniques proposed by Jones .
cannot accommodate all utterances in consecutive interpreting because there are no data that use anticipation techniques and there are interpreting processes that do not use interpreting techniques at all based on the theory proposed by Jones .
Thus, it can be concluded that the theory of interpreting techniques proposed by Jones .
is not suitable for consecutive Future researchers can use more than one technique or can use other theories that can strengthen, support, and even deepen to analyze consecutive interpreting techniques and assess their Future researchers can also assess the quality of an interpretation with several experts so that the results can be more objective.
REFERENCES