JOURNAL LA SOCIALE
VOL.
ISSUE 06 .
, 2025
DOI:10.
37899/journal-la-sociale.
The Influence of Music Tempo on Employee Productivity in Fabrication using the Cognitive Failure Rizka Triannisa Imasna Sukra1.
Tranggono1.
Rizqi Novita Sari1 The National Development University AyVeteranAy of East Java.
Industrial Engineering.
Surabaya.
Indonesia *Corresponding Author: Rizka Triannisa Imasna Sukra E-mail: rizkakacangsukro@gmail.
Article Info Article history:
Received 2 June 2025 Received in revised form 29 August 2025 Accepted 15 November 2025 Keywords:
CFQ
Cognitive Failure Music Tempo Noise Productivity Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of music tempo on work productivity and the level of cognitive failure among employees in the fabrication division of PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo.
Music is used as an intervention to address boredom and stress caused by monotonous work.
This research employs the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ) method distributed to 12 employees, and observations were made on production quantities over seven days under three conditions: without music, fast tempo music, and slow tempo music.
The results indicate that fast tempo music yields the highest productivity level with a total production of 26 units, followed by the no music condition .
and slow tempo music .
Validity tests show that all CFQ items are valid, and reliability tests yield a CronbachAos Alpha value of 0.
indicating reliability.
ANOVA tests show a significance value of 0.
< 0.
and an F value of 17.
078, indicating a significant effect of music tempo on cognitive failure levels.
Although fast tempo music can enhance work performance, the noise level reached 89 dB, disturbing other divisions.
This study concludes that fast tempo music can be used as a productivity enhancement strategy, provided that noise levels are controlled to avoid negative impacts on other work environments.
Introduction Productivity is a key performance indicator in the industrial sector and a primary concern in human resource management (Gagarinskaia et al.
, 2019.
Sun, 2025.
Tieber et al.
, 2.
One of the challenges faced by manufacturing companies is maintaining consistent employee performance, especially in divisions with repetitive and monotonous workloads such as This condition can lead to stress, boredom, and decreased concentration, ultimately negatively impacting productivity (Cleary et al.
, 2.
PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo, a company engaged in construction and manufacturing traffic equipment, experiences fluctuations in production levels believed to be caused by work-related stress in the fabrication environment.
Survey results indicate that 10 out of 11 fabrication employees experience stress while To address this issue.
Abrams .
and DeNora & Wigram .
said, one approach used is music therapy, which involves playing music during work processes.
Rickard et al.
and Franco et al.
said that.
Music is believed to stimulate emotions, improve mood, and influence cognitive performance.
Music tempo, measured in beats per minute (BPM), is an important variable as it affects the rhythm speed and the level of stimulation Fast tempo music can increase energy and work speed, while slow tempo music can create a calm atmosphere and enhance concentration (Setiadi & Yuliati, 2025.
Avandra & Mayar, 2023.
Handayani et al.
, 2.
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However, music played at excessively high volumes can become a source of noise, disturbing other employees and even exceeding the comfort threshold .
dB).
This study aims to analyze the effect of music tempo on work productivity and cognitive failure levels among employees in the fabrication division at PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo.
To measure cognitive failure levels, the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ) method is used, which is a psychological instrument to identify simple errors such as concentration disturbances and forgetting work procedures (Goodhew & Edwards, 2025.
Wagle et al.
, 1.
Additionally, this research also considers the impact of noise on other divisions located around the fabrication area.
The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of productivity enhancement strategies based on ergonomic and psychological workplace approaches, as well as provide input regarding the effective and non-disruptive application of music in industrial work environments.
Cognitive Ergonomics Cognitive Ergonomics (CE) is a field of science that explores and elaborates on how tasks, jobs, and environments or systems can be designed to interact or synergize with human cognitive abilities (Jati & Amalia, 2.
According Hutabarat in Jati & Amalia .
Cognitive ergonomics is a part of ergonomics that examines human mental activities.
Essentially, humans are not just passive receptors of stimuli.
they actively process and filter the information they receive, converting it into specific structures and classifications.
Experiences through visualization, memory, and problem-solving are all terms that describe phases of cognition (Wang et al.
, 2.
Productivity According Chen Lin in Thalibana .
, productivity is the relationship between the output produced and the input required to produce that output.
According to Husein Umar in Thalibana .
productivity means the comparison between the results achieved .
and the total resources used .
Human resource productivity can also be influenced by many factors, including compensation, work environment, and work stress (Riyadi, 2019.
HR et al.
, 2022.
Trang, 2016.
Anjanarko et al.
, 2.
Indicators of work productivity include ability, improving desired outcomes, work enthusiasm, personal development, quality, and efficiency (Sufriadi.
Abdelwahed & Doghan, 2023.
Westover et al.
, 2.
According to Agus in (Safitri, 2.
there are five dimensions used to measure work productivity: Quality of Work.
Quantity of Work.
Timeliness.
Work Enthusiasm, and Work Discipline.
Music Tempo Music is an art form that expresses human thoughts and feelings through beautiful sounds with specific concepts and techniques.
Music is created by individuals with certain talents to express ideas that can arise spontaneously or through planning (Andaryani, 2.
Music can be described as a sequence of notes accompanied by beats, with the speed of music referred to as Tempo itself is the speed of a song's beat and has a specific measurement known as BPM (Beats Per Minut.
, indicating the number of beats per minute (Aryanto & Megananda.
Noise Noise is sound that can disturb human hearing.
According to Salter in Balirante et al.
the number of sound sources increases regularly in the surrounding environment, and when the sound becomes undesirable, it is referred to as noise.
The noise level is a measure of sound energy expressed in decibels .
B).
Based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment No.
KEP.
48/MENLH/11/1996, dated November 25, 1996, regarding the standard noise levels for area or activity purposes, the following table can be referenced:
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Tabel 1.
Noise Quality Standards No.
Area/Activity Purpose Residential and Settlement Trade and Services Offices and Trade Green Open Spaces Industry Airports Government and Public Facilities Recreation Hospitals or Similar Schools or Similar Places of Worship or Similar Noise Level dB(A) Source: Balirante et al.
, 2020
Cognitive Failure Questionerre (CFQ) According to Desrianty in Sari .
, the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire method is a measurement tool in the form of a questionnaire to assess the level of cognitive failure.
Cognitive ergonomics here seeks to delve into the mental processes present in humans during activities that significantly influence cognitive and mental aspects.
CFQ also aims to assess individuals' tendencies to make cognitive errors, both simple and complex, during daily By using this method, researchers can gain a clearer picture of an individual's cognitive behavior patterns and the extent to which these failures affect productivity and quality of life.
Respondents will choose answers based on a Likert scale of 0 - 4, and the scores will be assigned values from 0 - 100.
After the scores are determined, they will be analyzed based on three levels of cognitive failure categories from CFQ, as follows:
Tabel 2.
Cognitive Failure Categories of the CFQ Score Cognitive Failure Category Low Medium High Source : Septiani et al.
, 2023
Fishbone Diagram The Fishbone Analysis .
r Ishikaw.
is a structured approach that allows for a more detailed analysis in finding the causes of problems, discrepancies, and existing gaps.
This method divides problems into causes and effects, consisting of several factors: machines, management, materials, manpower, environment, measurement, and methods (Hidayat & Saefulloh, 2.
This diagram is also often referred to as a Cause-and-Effect Diagram.
It was first applied to manufacturing problems, but over time its application has expanded to more universal issues (Budianto, 2021.
Stavropoulos et al.
, 2.
Data Validity Test The validity test is conducted by comparing the calculated r value (Pearson correlatio.
with the r table value.
The calculated r value will be used as a benchmark to determine whether the questionnaire items used to support the research are valid or not.
The criteria for validity testing ISSN 2721-0960 (Prin.
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are as follows: .
If r calculated > r table, then the research instrument is considered valid.
If r calculated < t table, then the research instrument is considered invalid.
Thus, the hypotheses for this research are as follows:
H0 : The research instrument is not valid, so it cannot proceed to the next test.
H1 : The research instrument is valid and can proceed to the next test.
Data Reliability Test The reliability test is conducted by comparing the CronbachAos alpha value with the significance level used.
The significance level can be 0.
5, 0.
6, or 0.
7 depending on the research needs.
The criteria for reliability testing are as follows: .
If the CronbachAos alpha value > significance level, then the instrument is considered reliable.
If the CronbachAos alpha value < significance level, then the instrument is considered unreliable.
Thus, the hypotheses for this research are:
H0 : The research instrument is not reliable.
H1 : The research instrument is reliable.
Anova One-Way One-way ANOVA is a type of parametric statistical test aimed at determining whether there are differences in means among more than two sample groups.
The term "one-way" means that the source of variation analyzed occurs in one direction, namely between treatments .
etween The purpose of one-way ANOVA is to compare more than two means.
The usefulness of one-way ANOVA is to test the ability to generalize.
If the means between two groups are proven not to differ, then the two sample groups can be generalized .
he sample data is considered representative of the populatio.
(Prabowo et al.
, 2.
If the Sig value > 0.
then the data is normally distributed.
If the Sig value < 0.
05, then the data is not normally Thus, the hypotheses for this research are:
H0 : The average variable has no effect.
H1 : The average variable has an effect.
Methods This research was conducted at PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo, a construction implementation company located in Sidoarjo Regency.
East Java.
The research was carried out during September 2024 until the entire data collection and analysis process was completed.
This research is quantitative with a quasi-experimental approach to determine the effect of music tempo on productivity and cognitive failure of employees in the fabrication division.
Data were collected through three main methods: direct observation of daily production quantities, distribution of the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ), and measurement of noise levels using a decibel meter.
The research was conducted under three different conditions: without music, fast tempo music (Ou110 BPM), and slow tempo music (O80 BPM).
Each condition was applied for several days in rotation to obtain representative data.
The population in this study is all employees of PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo, with a purposive sample of 12 individuals from the fabrication division.
Data analysis was performed using validity and reliability tests on the CFQ instrument, as well as one-way ANOVA statistical tests to examine the significance of differences in cognitive failure levels among treatments.
Validity was determined based on Pearson Correlation values, and reliability was measured using CronbachAos Alpha values.
This research also considers noise ISSN 2721-0960 (Prin.
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factors in the work environment to assess the impact of music on other divisions not directly involved in the research.
Results and Discussion Based on observations over seven working days under three different conditions: without music, fast tempo music, and slow tempo music, data on daily performance scores show variations based on the influence of the type of music played.
The following is a recap of production data:
Tabel 3.
Production data Recap Day Total Without Music Fast Tempo Slow Tempo From Table 3, it shows that fast tempo music has the most positive influence on employee performance, with a total production of 26 box units and experiencing performance improvement each day.
The no music condition produced 23 box units, while slow tempo music showed a decrease in productivity with only 21 box units.
Although fast tempo is effective in increasing productivity, the noise level .
dB) exceeds the ideal comfort threshold for work.
Noise levels exceeding the ideal comfort threshold can potentially trigger cognitive Therefore, a test was conducted using the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ) The respondents used as research samples for filling out the cognitive failure questionnaire were 12 employees from the fabrication division at PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo.
Tabel 4.
Cognitive Failure Questionerre (CFQ) Recap Respondent Score Percentage (%) 41,67% Next, a validity test was conducted on the CFQ questionnaire to determine whether the items used are valid for supporting the research.
The hypothesis for this test is as follows:
H0: The research instrument is not valid, so it cannot proceed to the next test.
H1: The research instrument is valid and can proceed to the next test.
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The following table presents the results of the validity test for the CFQ questionnaire:
Tabel 5.
CFQ Questionerre Validity Test Results Statement
Have you ever forgotten the tools or materials being used during the production process? Have you ever forgotten the work sequence established in the fabrication SOP? Have you ever not heard instructions from your supervisor while focusing on your work? Have you ever forgotten to check the quality of the production results? Have you ever accidentally discarded or moved components that were still needed? Have you ever forgotten to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) before entering the work area? Have you forgotten to turn off machines or equipment after use? Do you often make mistakes in reading technical drawings or work instructions? Have you forgotten the work schedule or shifts that apply? Do you often forget the names of colleagues even
though you frequently work together in a team? Do you often forget the procedures for operating machines even though you frequently use them in daily work? Have you ever forgotten the deadline for completing production? Have you ever stored tools in the wrong place, making them hard to find again? Have you ever left the work area and realized that a procedure was missed? Have you ever felt you lost documents/tools, but they were actually in a location you already Rtable Rcalculated Decision 0,576 0,644 Valid
0,576
0,736
Valid
0,576
0,618
Valid
0,576
0,626
Valid
0,576
0,778
Valid
0,576
0,638
Valid
0,576
0,666
Valid
0,576
0,607
Valid
0,576
0,592
Valid
0,576
0,590
Valid
0,576
0,852
Valid
0,576
0,692
Valid
0,576
0,734
Valid
0,576
0,847
Valid
0,576
0,787
Valid In this study, a variable is considered valid if the Pearson Correlation value .
s r calculate.
is greater than the r table value .
df = 12 - 2 = 10.
two-tailed with a significance level = 5%/2 = 0.
Based on the validity test results, all questions in each item in Table 5 have r calculated values greater than r table, meaning that the decision H1 is accepted, and the data is declared valid and suitable for use in the research.
If the questionnaire items are declared valid, the next step is to conduct a reliability test.
The hypothesis for this research is:
H0 : The research instrument is not reliable H1 : The research instrument is reliable.
This test is conducted to measure a questionnaire that serves as a tool for this research.
questionnaire is considered reliable if respondents' answers to the presented questions are ISSN 2721-0960 (Prin.
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consistent or stable over time.
This test uses a significance level of 0.
025, with df = 10, and employs CronbachAos alpha technique.
The output results from the reliability test using SPSS software are as follows:
Tabel 6.
Overall Reliability Test
Reliability Statistics N of Items Condition >0,60 CronbachAos alpha
0,921
Information Reliabel Based on Table 6, it shows that the variable has been declared reliable because it has a CronbachAos alpha value above 0.
60, which is 0.
Table 7.
Test Results One Way ANOVA Cognitive Failure Questionerre Between Groups Within Groups Total
ANOVA
Results Sum of Squares Mean Square Sig.
After conducting the One-Way ANOVA test.
H0 will be accepted if the significance value is greater than 0.
In Figure 1, the significance value (Sig.
) is obtained at 0.
000, which is less than the significance level = 0.
This indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between the treatment groups, namely the conditions without music, fast tempo music, and slow tempo music on the level of cognitive failure (Cognitive Failur.
of employees in the fabrication division.
The calculated F value of 17.
078 indicates that the variation between groups is much greater than the variation within groups.
Therefore, it can be concluded that music tempo has a significant effect on the level of cognitive This means that changes in the type of music played during work processes have a real impact on concentration and cognitive errors experienced by employees while working in the fabrication environment.
The percentage calculation of cognitive failure is conducted to determine the extent of cognitive failure levels among fabrication employees at PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo.
According to Bridger et al.
, there are three levels of cognitive failure assessment in the CFQ as follows:
Percentage 1-35% : Low Cognitive Failure Percentage 36-60% : Medium Cognitive Failure Percentage 61-95% : High Cognitive Failure Tabel 8.
Cognitive Failure Percentage Respondent Score Percentage (%) 41,67% Category Low Medium Medium Low Low Low Medium Low Medium ISSN 2721-0960 (Prin.
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Low Low Low The calculation of the cognitive failure level percentage among employees in the fabrication division at PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo is as follows:
Low Category % yaycuyciycuycnycycnycyce yaycaycnycoycycyce yayceycyceyco = Number of Respondents in Low Category ycu100% Total Respondents = 12 ycu100% = 67% Medium Category %yaycuyciycuycnycycnycyce yaycaycnycoycycyce yayceycyceyco = Number of Respondents in Medium Category ycu100% Total Respondents ycu100% = 33% Tabel 9.
Cognitive Failure Level Recap Category Low Medium High Total Number Percentage (%) Based on Table 9 using the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ), it is known that the majority of respondents are in the low cognitive failure category, with 8 individuals or 67%.
Meanwhile, 4 respondents or 33% fall into the medium category, and no respondents fall into the high category.
If employees in the fabrication division show cognitive failure levels in the medium to high category, improvements to the work system implemented at PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo need to be proposed.
The Fishbone Diagram analysis identifies six main factors causing cognitive failure and decreased work productivity in the fabrication division of PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo, namely:
human, method, machine, material, environment, and measurement.
The human factor includes stress and boredom due to monotonous work.
From the method side, work procedures are The machines do not have significant issues, but the lack of safety support systems poses a risk of errors.
Materials and an ergonomically inadequate work layout slow down the process (Suhardi et al.
, 2019.
Arezes et al.
, 2.
The work environment is disturbed by noise from music and machines, affecting concentration.
Meanwhile, the lack of routine performance measurement leads to delays in identifying problems.
All these factors are interconnected and require integrated handling.
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Figure 1.
Fishbone Diagram Conclusion Based on the objectives of the research conducted at PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo, it can be concluded that music tempo has a significant influence on work productivity and cognitive failure levels of employees, particularly in the fabrication division.
The production recap results show that during the seven days of observation, playing fast tempo music resulted in the highest total production of 26 box units, compared to the no music condition of 23 units and slow tempo music of 21 units.
This indicates that fast tempo music can optimally enhance employee work However, this increase is also accompanied by potential disturbances due to noise, especially since the decibel level exceeds the comfort threshold for work.
Furthermore, the results of the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire indicate that the majority of employees experience cognitive failure at low to medium levels, with the majority of respondents .
%) in the low category.
Validity and reliability tests on the CFQ instrument yielded a Pearson Correlation value greater than 0.
576 and a CronbachAos Alpha value of 0.
921, indicating that the instrument is valid and reliable.
Additionally, the one-way ANOVA test supports this research with a significance value of 0.
< 0.
and an F value of 17.
078, proving that differences in music tempo statistically affect cognitive failure levels.
Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that playing fast tempo music can be a strategy to enhance work productivity while still considering noise limitations to minimize the risk of cognitive disturbances and hearing health issues.
Suggestions This research also recommends improvements to the work environment and music volume regulation so that the optimal benefits of music usage can be achieved without causing negative impacts on other employees in the surrounding work area.
Acknowledgment I would like to express my deepest gratitude to PT.
Adi Joyo Kusumo for providing the opportunity and support to conduct this research within their organization.
My heartfelt thanks also go to my academic mentor, and my lecturers, for their invaluable guidance.
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encouragement, and insights throughout the research process.
Additionally.
I am immensely grateful to my family and friends for their unwavering support and motivation, which have been instrumental in completing this study.
Finally.
I extend my sincere appreciation to all respondents and colleagues who contributed their time and knowledge to make this research
References