International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol.
No.
October 2025, pp.
ISSN: 2088-8708.
DOI: 10.
11591/ijece.
A computational study of passive cooling of photovoltaic panels using hybrid material heat sink Dang Van Binh1,2.
Pham Quang Vu2.
Manh-Hai Pham2 Department of Science and Technology.
Hanoi University of Industry.
Hanoi.
Vietnam Faculty of New Energy.
Electric Power University.
Hanoi.
Vietnam
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Photovoltaic panels generate electricity from solar energy based on the photovoltaic effect.
The conversion efficiency of photovoltaic panels depends on many factors such as solar radiation, wind speed, dust, orientation, tilt angle, and operating temperature.
When the operating temperature increases by 1 C, the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic panels decreases by 0.
4% - 0.
Heat sink is a device used to cool electrical and electronic equipment, including photovoltaic panels.
This paper presents calculating the cooling capability of hybrid heat sink made from two materials in steady state using heat transfer theory.
Heat sink base is constructed from aluminum and copper layers, with copper layer thickness is 1 and 2 mm.
Under different conditions of radiation intensity, wind speed, and tilt angle of photovoltaic panel, results show that heat sink added copper layers of 1 and 2 mm, the operating temperature decreases by about 0.
2 K compared to the aluminum base.
Accordingly, the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic panel increased by 0.
1% and 0.
Received Dec 29, 2024 Revised Jun 6, 2025 Accepted Jul 3, 2025 Keywords:
Conversion efficiency Hybrid material heat sink Operating temperature Passive cooling Photovoltaic panels This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Dang Van Binh Department of Science and Technology.
Hanoi University of Industry 298 Cau Dien Street.
Bac Tu Liem District.
Hanoi.
Vietnam Email: binhdv@haui.
INTRODUCTION
Through the photovoltaic effect, photovoltaic (PV) panels convert sunlight into electricity.
The conversion efficiency is the ratio between the output energy .
lectrical energ.
and the input energy .
ncident light energ.
of PV panels.
This efficiency is affected by solar radiation, wind speed, dust, direction, tilt angle, and operating temperature.
For every 1AC increase in operating temperature of PV panels, the conversion efficiency decreases by 0.
4% - 0.
5% .
The amount of solar radiation converted into electricity accounts for about 6% - 20% of the total solar radiation received by PV panels .
The rest of the solar energy absorbed by PV panels is converted into heat, this heat increases operating temperature of PV panels .
, .
Cooling for PV is a solution to enhance energy efficiency and thermal management.
Active and passive cooling are two techniques that reduce the temperature of PV panels.
The advantages and disadvantages of these solutions are compiled from .
Ae.
and shown in Table 1.
Passive cooling of PV panels is less costly, no additional energy expenditure, no operating maintenance costs or less, so passive cooling is preferred over active cooling .
Heat sinks made from aluminum with flat plate fins are used for passive cooling of PV panels .
Ae.
Hernandez-Perez et al.
used plate aluminum fins with inclination for cooling of PV panels.
Hernandez-Perez et al.
added discontinuous plate aluminum fins to the back of PV panel to reduce operating temperature.
Heat sink with perforated aluminum fins was used to cool the PV panel, and evaluated Journal homepage: http://ijece.
ISSN: 2088-8708
the cooling ability .
Ae.
Circular aluminum is the fin shape of the heat sink used for passive cooling of monocrystalline solar panels .
, .
Sundarrajan et al.
used copper indium gallium selenide PV panel model in Solidworks to simulate the cooling capacity of circular aluminum fins.
In addition, heat sinks made from copper have also been studied to evaluate the effectiveness of cooling photovoltaic panels .
Ae.
Hudioteanu et al.
used copper heat sink with perforated and nonperforated fins for passive cooling of photovoltaic panels.
According to the experimental results, the heat sink reduced the panelAos operating temperature by 15 AC, and improved the conversion efficiency from 5.
28% to Van Binh et al.
were compiled and evaluated the results of passive cooling solutions for PV panels using heat sinks, heat sink added to the back of PV panels can reduce the operating temperature by 7 AC - 8 AC .
luminum heat sin.
and about 15 AC .
opper heat sin.
Table 1.
Advantages and disadvantages of cooling techniques Advantages Disadvantages Impact Active cooling Efficient heat transfer, precise temperature control, high cooling capacity Using external energy, complex system, environmental impact, noise, large installation space, maintenance required, operating costs Enhanced performance, suitable for high heat load, applicable in important field.
Passive cooling Good effectiveness, energy and cost saving, reliability, lifespan, quiet, environmentally friendly, easy to integrate into the system.
Slow heat dissipation, limited cooling capacity, difficult to temperature control.
Energy efficiency, cost savings, low maintenance cost, environmentally friendly, natural convection, sustainable design.
Currently, heat sinks are often made from aluminum and copper.
Aluminum heat sink is lightweight, cheap, but average thermal conductivity.
copper heat sink has higher thermal conductivity, but heavy and Hybrid material heat sink is made from copper and aluminum.
it combines the advantages of two materials to help improve heat dissipation efficiency.
Nowadays, hybrid material heat sink is commonly used to cool electronic devices.
For passive cooling of PV panels, most studies have focused on single material heat sink.
In this study, we calculate the ability to cool PV panel using hybrid material heat sink, with aluminum fins and heat sink base is made from aluminum and copper based on heat transfer theory.
The following part of the study is organized as follows: Part 2 presents calculation method.
Part 3 presents parameters and data used for calculation.
Results and discussion are presented Part 4.
The last part is the CALCULATION METHOD The PV panel adds hybrid material heat sink for passive cooling.
Structural and heat transfer model shown in Figure 1.
This study uses the following assumptions: .
solar radiation is stable and similar across the entire PV panel surface, i.
the surface temperature is the same in all locations, and .
the heat flow in the system is considered steady, only allowed in one direction.
Figure 1.
PV panel using hybrid material heat sink for cooling Int J Elec & Comp Eng.
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October 2025: 4487-4499
Int J Elec & Comp Eng
ISSN: 2088-8708
Calculating the operating temperature A part of the energy of sunlight absorbed by the PV panel will be converted into heat.
This heat will be transferred to the surrounding environment through surfaces.
Applying Kirchhoff's law to the thermal resistance diagram shown in Figure 2, the total heat flow transferred to the front (Q.
and back (Q.
surface of the PV panel is equal the heat flow received by the PV panel .
cEycycuycoycayc ), and expressed as .
ycE1 ycE2 = ycEycycuycoycayc = yaycycuycoycayc .
Oe yuC).
yuycEycO where A: Area of PV panel, m2.
yaycycuycoycayc : Solar radiation.
W/m2.
yuycEycO : Adsorption coefficient of PV panel.
: PV conversion efficiency, is determined by .
yuC = yuCycIycNya.
Oe yu.
cNycEycO Oe ycNycIycNya )] where yuCycIycNya.
: PV conversion efficiency at STC.
: Temperature coefficient of PV panel at STC, %/K.
ycNycEycO : Operating temperature of PV panel.
ycNycIycNya : STC temperature, ycNycIycNya =298 K.
ycE1 = ycNycEycO OeycNyca Oc ycIyce ycE2 = ycNycEycO OeycNyca Oc ycIyca where Oc ycIyce : Total thermal resistance on the front side.
K/W.
Oc ycIyca : Total thermal resistance on the back side.
K/W.
ycNyca : Ambient temperature.
From .
, .
, and .
, we obtain:
Oc ycI Oc ycIyca yaycycuycoycayc .
Oe yuCycIycNya .
Oe yu.
cNycEycO Oe ycNycIycNya ))].
yuycEycO Oe .
cNycEycO Oe ycNyca ).
Oc yce ycIyce .
Oc ycIyca where TPV is the solution of .
, to determine T PV we need to calculate Oc ycIyce and Oc ycIyca .
Oc ycIyce and Oc ycIyca depends on TPV.
Figure 2.
Diagram of thermal resistance Determine the total thermal resistance on the front side Oc ycIyce is determined by .
Oc ycIyce = ycIycaycuycu,yce .
ycIycycaycc,yce ycIycaycuycu,yce ycIycycaycc,yce .
where ycIycaycuycu,yce : Thermal resistance convection on the front surface.
K/W.
ycIycycaycc,yce : Thermal resistance radiation on the front surface.
K/W.
ycIycycaycc,yce is determined by .
ycIycycaycc,yce = Eaycycaycc,yce .
ya = yuAycEycO .
cNycEycO ycNyca ).
cNycEycO ycNyca ) .
where Eaycycaycc,yce : Radiation heat transfer coefficient on the front surface.
W/m 2.
yuAycEycO : Emissivity coefficient of the front surface of PV panel.
E: Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
E=5.
67y10Oe8 W/m2.
K4.
A computational study of passive cooling of photovoltaic panels using A (Dang Van Bin.
A ISSN: 2088-8708 ycIycaycuycu,yce is determined by .
, .
ycIycaycuycu,yce = Eaycaycuycu,yce .
Eaycaycuycu,yce,ycu ya OoEaycaycuycu,yce,yce where Eaycaycuycu,yce : Convection heat transfer coefficient on the front surface.
W/m 2.
Eaycaycuycu,yce,yce .
Eaycaycuycu,yce,ycu : Heat transfer coefficient of forced and natural convection on the front surface.
K/W.
Eaycaycuycu,yce,yce is determined according to .
74ycO 0.
8 yaOe0.
ceycycoycoyc ycycycycaycycoyceycuyc yceycoycuy.
Eaycaycuycu,yce,yce = .
74ycO 0.
8 yaOe0.
2 Oe 16.
46yaOe1 .
coycnycuyceycc yceycoycuycy.
83ycO 0.
5 yaOe0.
coycaycoycnycuycayc yceycoycuy.
where V: Wind speed, m/s.
L: PV panel length, m.
Eaycaycuycu,yce,ycu is determined according to .
Eaycaycuycu,yce,ycu = ycAycyce,ycu.
ya where ycoycaycnyc : Air thermal conductivity (W/m.
K).
ycAycyce,ycu : Nusselt number of the font surface, and it is determined by .
ycAycyce,ycu = { 13 [.
3 Oe .
aycyca P.
3 ] 0.
aycyca Pr.
sinyuE)4 ifyuE > 30ycu ifyuE O 30ycu 13ycIyca 3 where yayc: Grashof number.
Pr: Prandtl number.
yaycyca : Critical Grashof number is determined by .
yuU yaycyca = 1.
327 y 1010 exp [Oe3.
708( Oe yuE)] .
where Ra: Rayleigh number, it is determined by .
for both the front and back surfaces of the PV panel.
ycIyca = yci.
cNycaycyciOeycNyca )ya3 .
25ycNycaycyci 0.
75ycNyca )yuOyu where ycNycaycyci : Average temperature of PV panel and environment.
g: Gravity acceleration, g=9.
81 m2/s.
: Air kinematic viscosity, m2/s.
: Air thermal diffusivity, m2/s.
Determine the total thermal resistance on the back side Oc ycIyca = ycIycNyaycA ycIyayc ycIycaEayc ycIycaycaycyce .
ycIyceycnycuyc ycIycaycaycyce ycIyceycnycuyc where ycIycNyaycA : Thermal resistance of thermal interface material (TIM).
K/W.
ycIyayc : Thermal resistance of copper layer.
K/W.
ycIycaEayc : Thermal resistance of heat sink base.
K/W.
ycIycaycaycyce : Convection and radiation thermal resistance of the base of fin.
K/W.
ycIyceycnycuyc : Convection and radiation thermal resistance of fins.
K/W.
ycIycNyaycA = yuycNyaycA ycoycNyaycA .
yaycNyaycA ycIyayc = yuyayc ycoyayc .
yayayc ycIycaEayc = yuycaEayc ycoycaEayc .
yaycaEayc where yuycNyaycA , yuyayc , yuycaEayc : Thickness of TIM, copper layer, heat sink base, m.
yco ycNyaycA , ycoyayc , ycoycaEayc : Thermal conductivity of TIM, copper, heat sink base.
W/m.
ya ycNyaycA , yayayc , yaycaEayc : Area of TIM, copper layer, heat sink base, m2.
ycIycaycaycyce = ycIycycaycc,ycaycaycyce .
ycIycaycuycu,ycaycaycyce ycIycycaycc,ycaycaycyce ycIycaycuycu,ycaycaycyce Int J Elec & Comp Eng.
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October 2025: 4487-4499
Int J Elec & Comp Eng
ISSN: 2088-8708
where ycIycycaycc,ycaycaycyce : Thermal resistance radiation of the base of fin.
K/W.
ycIycaycuycu,ycaycaycyce : Thermal resistance convection .
orced and natura.
of the base of fin.
K/W.
ycIycycaycc,ycaycaycyce = .
Eaycycaycc,ycaycaycyce .
yaycaycaycyce where hrad,base: Radiation heat transfer coefficient of the base of fin.
W/m2.
Abase: Area of the base of fin, m2.
yaycaycaycyce = .
a C ycOEayc ) Oe .
cACyaCyuyceycnycu ) .
where ycOEayc : Width of heat sink, m.
N: Number of fins.
yuyceycnycu : Fin thickness, m.
Eaycycaycc,ycaycaycyce is determined by .
, .
Eaycycaycc,ycaycaycyce = yuAycaycaycyce yua.
cNycaycaycyce ycNyca2 ).
cNycaycaycyce ycNyca ).
Oe 2yaycaycaycyceOeyceycnycu ) OO 4yuAycaycaycyce yuaycNyca3 .
Oe 2yaycaycaycyceOeyceycnycu ) .
where yuAycaycaycyce : Emissivity of the base material.
yaycaycaycyceOeyceycnycu : View factor of the base and fin of heat sink, and it is determined according to .
ycO ycycaycuOe1 yaycaycaycyceOeyceycnycu = yuUycO where ycO = ycayceycnycu ya ya = ycIycaycuycu,ycaycaycyce = yayceycnycu ya ycO ya ycycaycu Oe1 Oe .
a2 ycO 2 )2 ycycaycuOe1 .
ycO 2 ).
ya 2 ) 1 ycO 2 ya 2 ycoycu [ ya ycO 2 .
ycO 2 ya 2 ) .
ycO 2 ).
cO 2 ya ) ycO2 .
a 2 ycO 2 )2 ya 2 .
ycO 2 ya 2 ) .
ya 2 ).
cO 2 ya ) .
ya2 with ycayceycnycu : Fin spacing, m.
yayceycnycu : Fin height, m.
Eaycaycuycu,yca .
yaycaycaycyce where Eaycaycuycu,yca : Convection heat transfer coefficient of heat sink.
W/m 2.
Convection heat transfer coefficient is combined natural and forced convection, is determined according to .
Eaycaycuycu,yca = OoEa3ycaycuycu,yca,ycu Ea3ycaycuycu,yca,yce .
Eaycaycuycu,yca,yce : Forced convection heat transfer coefficient of heat sink, is determined by .
Eaycaycuycu,yca,ycu : Natural convection heat transfer coefficient of heat sink, is determined according to .
Eaycaycuycu,yca,ycu = 02772yycAycyca,ycu .
ya ycAycyca,ycu of the back surface of PV panel, is determined as .
cIyca.
sinyuE)4 ifyuE > 2ycu ycAycyca,ycu = { 58ycIyca5 ifyuE O 2ycu ycIyceycnycuyc = ycIycycaycc,yceycnycuyc .
ycIycaycuycu,yceycnycuyc .
ycIycycaycc,yceycnycuyc ycIycaycuycu,yceycnycuyc where ycIycycaycc,yceycnycuyc : Thermal resistance radiation of fin.
K/W.
ycIycaycuycu,yceycnycuyc : Thermal resistance convection .
orced and natura.
of fin.
K/W.
ycIycycaycc,yceycnycuyc = .
Eaycycaycc,yceycnycuyc .
yayceycnycu where Eaycycaycc,yceycnycuyc : Radiation heat transfer coefficient of fin.
W/m2.
yayceycnycu : Area of a fin, m2.
yayceycnycu = 2ya y .
ayceycnycu yuyceycnycu A computational study of passive cooling of photovoltaic panels using A (Dang Van Bin.
A ISSN: 2088-8708 Eaycycaycc,yceycnycu is determined according to the .
, .
Eaycycaycc,yceycnycu = yuAyceycnycu yua.
cNyceycnycu ycNyca2 ).
cNyceycnycu ycNyca ).
Oe yayceycnycuOeyceycnycu Oe yayceycnycuOeycaycaycyce ) OO 4yuAyceycnycu yuaycNyca3 .
Oe yayceycnycuOeyceycnycu Oe yayceycnycuOeycaycaycyce ) .
where yuAyceycnycu : Emissivity of the fin material.
yayceycnycuOeycaycaycyce : View factor of the fin and base of heat sink, is determined by .
W' ycycaycuOe1 yayceycnycuOeycaycaycyce = yuUW' yayceycnycu H' ycycaycuOe1 .
ycOA2 ).
yaA2 ) 1 W'2 yaA2 ycoycu [ Oe .
aA2 W'2 )2 ycycaycu Oe1 W'2 .
W'2 yaA2 ) .
ycOA2 )(W'2 yaA2 ) W'2 .
aA2 W'2 )2 ya A2 .
ycO A2 ya A2 ) .
ya A2 .
yaA2 )(W'2 yaA2 ) ycayceycnycu where W'= ya'= ya ya yayceycnycuOeyceycnycu : View factor of the fin and fin of heat sink, is determined by .
ycU 2 ).
ycU 2 ) 2 yayceycnycuOeyceycnycu = ycoycu [ yuUycUycU where ycU = ya ycayceycnycu yaA = ycIycaycuycu,yceycnycu = 1 ycU 2 ycU 2 ] X.
ycU 2 )2 ycycaycuOe1 ycU ) ycycaycu Oe1 ycU 2 )2 Oe ycU ycycaycu ycU 2 )2 Oe1 ycU Oe ycU ycycaycu Oe1 ycU yayceycnycu ycayceycnycu Eaycaycuycu,yca .
yuCyceycnycuyayceycnycu where yuCyceycnycu : Fin effeiciency, and it is determined according to .
yuCyceycnycu = ycycaycuEa yco.
a 2 ) yuyceycnycu a with m is constant, yco = Oo 2Eaycaycuycu,yca ycoyceycnycu yuyceycnycu PV panel does not add heat sink, the total thermal resistance on the back side is determined as .
Oc ycIyca = ycIycaycuycu,yca .
ycIycycaycc,yca ycIycaycuycu,yca ycIycycaycc,yca .
where ycIycaycuycu,yca : Thermal resistance convection of back side.
K/W.
ycIycycaycc,yca : Thermal resistance radiation of back side.
K/W.
Thermal resistance radiation of back side is determined as .
Thermal resistance convection of back side is determined by .
, .
ycIycaycuycu,yca = 3 OoEa3 ycaycuycu,yca,yce Eaycaycuycu,yca,ycu .
where Eaycaycuycu,yca,yce .
Eaycaycuycu,yca,ycu : Forced and natural convection heat transfer coefficient of back surface of PV panel and surrounding environment.
K/W.
Eaycaycuycu,yca,yce is determined as .
Eaycaycuycu,yca,ycu is determined as .
PARAMETERS AND CALCULATION DATA
Table 2 shows basic parameters of PV panel and heat sink.
TIM is used to connect heat sink to PV panel, and it has thickness yuycNyaycA = 1 mm, thermal conductivity yco ycNyaycA = 1.
5 W/m.
The environmental conditions used for calculation are the ambient temperature at certain times on 27 April 2024 in Hanoi .
he hottest day of 2024 in Hano.
, as shown in Table 3.
The calculations use data from the Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration.
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
Vietnam.
Int J Elec & Comp Eng.
Vol.
No.
October 2025: 4487-4499
Int J Elec & Comp Eng
ISSN: 2088-8708
Table 2.
Parameters of PV panel and heat sink No.
Parameters Value PV panel Maximum power.
Pmax Cell type Monocrystalline No.
of cell Dimensions (LCWCH) 710C540C30 mm Efficiency, 6 Temperature coefficients of Pmax, 38%/K Emissivity.
APV Adsorption.
PV No.
Parameters Value Heat sink II.
Material .
in and bas.
Aluminum.
Copper II.
Dimensions (LCW) 710C540 mm II.
Fin height.
Hfin 15 mm II.
Fin thickness, fin 5 mm II.
Fin spacing, afin 5 mm II.
6 Base thickness .
opper and aluminum layer.
3 mm II.
Number of fins II.
Aluminum thermal conductivity 205 W/m.
II.
Copper thermal conductivity 380 W/m.
II.
Emissivity of aluminum Table 3.
Ambient temperature on 27 April 2024 in Hanoi (Unit: AC) No.
Time Temperature RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We calculated the operating temperature of PV panel with the parameters and environmental conditions in section 3 with the following cases:
Case 1: PV panel without cooling Case 2: PV panel is cooled by aluminum heat sink .
hickness of aluminum base: 3 m.
Case 3: PV panel is cooled by heat sink, with base consisting of 2 layers .
opper: 1 mm and aluminum: 2 m.
Case 4: PV panel is cooled by heat sink, with base consisting of 2 layers .
opper: 2 mm and aluminum: 1 m.
Operating temperature at solar radiation levels The operating temperature was calculated with wind speed of v=2 m/s, tilt angle =15A, and solar radiation of 600, 800, and 1000 W/m 2.
The results are shown in Figure 3.
The operating temperature of PV panel cooled by heat sink is lower than PV panel without cooling.
At solar radiation of 600 W/m 2, the average operating temperature for Case 1 is 329.
2 K.
for Case 2 is 324.
2 K, reduced by 5 K.
for Case 3 is 6 K, reduced by 5.
6 K.
and for Case 4 is 323.
0 K, reduced by 6.
2 K in Figure 3.
At solar radiation of 800 W/m2, the average operating temperature for Cases 2, 3, and 4 are 336.
5, 329.
7, 329.
1, and 328.
5 K,
respectively, reduced by 6.
8, 7.
4, and 8 K compared to without cooling in Figure 3.
At solar radiation of 1000 W/m2, the average operating temperature for Cases 2, 3, and 4 are 335.
2, 334.
6, and 334.
0 K,
respectively, reduced by 8.
7, 9.
3, and 9.
9 K compared to Case 1 in Figure 3.
This result is quite similar to the simulation results in research .
Figure 4 shows the efficiency of PV panel at solar radiation levels with and without cooling.
PV panel without cooling (Case .
, the efficiency is 14.
8% .
t 600 W/m .
, 14.
3% .
t 800 W/m.
, and 9% .
t 1000 W/m.
In Case 2, the efficiency is 15.
1% .
t 600 W/m .
, 14.
8% .
t 800 W/m.
, and 14.
t 1000 W/m.
In Case 3, the efficiency is 15.
2% .
t 600 W/m .
, 14.
9% .
t 800 W/m.
, and 14.
t 1000 W/m.
All levels of solar radiation, the efficiency for Case 4 is 0.
1 higher than Case 3.
Operating temperature at different wind speeds The operating temperature was measured with solar radiation of 800 W/m 2, tilt angle =15A, and wind speeds of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 m/s.
The result is presented in Figure 5.
When wind speed increases, the heat transfer coefficient between PV panel, heat sink, and the environment also increases, resulting in better cooling for PV panel.
At wind speed of 0 m/s, the operating temperature decreased by 22 K (Case .
, 22.
(Case .
, and 23.
2 K (Case .
compared to Case 1 in Figure 5.
At wind speed of 1 m/s, the operating temperature decreased by 13.
6 K (Case .
, 14.
2 K (Case .
, and 14.
8 K (Case .
compared to Case 1 in Figure 5.
At wind speed of 2 m/s, the operating temperature decreased by 6.
8 K (Case .
, 7.
4 K (Case .
, and 8 K (Case .
compared to Case 1 in Figure 5.
At wind speed of 3 m/s, the operating temperature reduced by 4.
3 K (Case .
, 4.
9 K (Case .
5 K (Case .
compared to Case 1 in Figure 5.
At wind speed of 4 m/s, the operating temperature decreased by 3 K (Case .
, 3.
6 K (Case .
2 K (Case .
compared to Case 1 in Figure 5.
At wind speed of 5 m/s, the operating temperature decreased by 2.
(Case .
, 2.
9 K (Case .
5 K (Case .
compared to Case 1 in Figure 5.
Calculation results confirm A computational study of passive cooling of photovoltaic panels using A (Dang Van Bin.
A ISSN: 2088-8708 that as the wind speed increases, the operating temperature of the PV panel decreases.
However, with high wind speed, the cooling efficiency of the heat sink is not much higher than without cooling.
Figure 6 presents the efficiency of PV panel at different wind speeds with and without cooling by heat At wind speeds of 0, 1, 2 m/s, the efficiency of PV panel with cooling (Cases 2, 3, .
increases significantly compared to without cooling (Case .
However, at wind speeds of 3, 4, 5 m/s, the efficiency of PV panel with and without cooling is not much different, because the operating temperature is not too different.
Operating temperature at different tilt angles We calculate the operating temperature with solar radiation of 800 W/m 2, wind speed of 2 m/s, tilt angles of PV panel of 0A, 15A, 30A and 45A.
The results are shown in Figures 7.
, 7.
, 7.
, and 7.
The results show that the PV tilt angle has little effect on its operating temperature in both with and without At different tilt angles, the operating temperature decreases by about 6.
8 K (Case .
, 7.
4 K (Case .
, 2 K (Case .
compared to without cooling (Case .
Figure 8 presents the PV efficiency at different tilt angles with and without cooling by heat sink.
The results show that the PV conversion efficiency at different tilt angles has very small differences, which is similar to the operating temperature.
Figure 3.
Operating temperature at solar radiation levels: .
600 W/m 2, .
800 W/m2, and .
1000 W/m2 Figure 4.
PV efficiency at solar radiation levels Int J Elec & Comp Eng.
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ISSN: 2088-8708
Figure 5.
Operating temperature at different wind speeds: .
0 m/s, .
1 m/s, .
2 m/s, .
3 m/s, .
4 m/s, and .
5 m/s Figure 6.
PV efficiency at different wind speeds A computational study of passive cooling of photovoltaic panels using A (Dang Van Bin.
A ISSN: 2088-8708 .
Figure 7.
Operating temperature at different tilt angles: .
=0A.
=15A.
=30A.
=45A Figure 8.
PV efficiency at different tilt angles CONCLUSION The heat sink is a device that helps cool and manage heat for PV panels.
Heat sink is added to the back of the PV panel.
it increases the ability of convective heat transfer to the environment due to increasing the surface area in contact with the surrounding environment.
Heat sink with a base consisting of copper and aluminum layers cool better than aluminum heat sink because the thermal conductivity of copper is better than Calculations show that, the PV panel is installed with heat sink, its base has additional copper layer with thickness of 1, 2 mm, the operating temperature of the PV panel is reduced by an average of 0.
6 K and 2 K compared to the aluminum base.
Accordingly, the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic panel increased by 0.
In the next study, we will conduct experiments to evaluate the cooling and economic efficiency of the solution in real conditions, and to investigate optimization of heat sink parameters.
FUNDING INFORMATION
Authors state no funding involved.
Int J Elec & Comp Eng.
Vol.
No.
October 2025: 4487-4499
Int J Elec & Comp Eng
ISSN: 2088-8708
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS STATEMENT
This journal uses the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to recognize individual author contributions, reduce authorship disputes, and facilitate collaboration.
Name of Author Dang Van Binh Pham Quang Vu Manh-Hai Pham ue ue ue C : Conceptualization M : Methodology So : Software Va : Validation Fo : Formal analysis ue ue ue ue ue ue ue ue ue ue I : Investigation R : Resources D : Data Curation O : Writing - Original Draft E : Writing - Review & Editing ue ue ue ue ue ue ue ue Vi : Visualization Su : Supervision P : Project administration Fu : Funding acquisition CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT Authors state no conflict of interest.
DATA AVAILABILITY
All data used and generated during the analysis in this study are clearly presented within this paper.
REFERENCES