Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
8 No.
April 2021, 111-125
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
WORK MEASUREMENT STUDY ON MOTOR-MANUAL PINE
TAPPING OPERATION: THE APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF
LEAN MANUFACTURING AND ALLOWANCES
Efi Yuliati Yovi*.
Diah Prasetiana, and Natasha Aquilla Nirmalasari Department of Forest Management.
Faculty of Forestry and Environment.
IPB University.
Jl.
Raya Dramaga.
Campus IPB Dramaga Bogor, 16680 West Java.
Indonesia
Received: 11 January 2021 Revised: 21 April 2021 Accepted: 22 April 2021
WORK MEASUREMENT STUDY ON MOTOR-MANUAL PINE TAPPING OPERATION: THE
APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF LEAN MANUFACTURING AND ALLOWANCES.
Derivated products of pine resin have been recognised as competitive commodities in global trade, increasing the need to use resources more efficiently.
A hand-held tapping machine with small hoe-shape cutters called AumujitekAy has been widely applied in Indonesia among efforts to answer this challenge.
In this study, a series of observed .
work time data were measured and analysed, adopting lean manufacturing to calculate the basic and standard time of the work and estimate the work produced on the tapping operation.
Work elements were identified based on their contribution to change or transform the product and were categorised as value-added, non-value-added, and special allowance.
Quantitative data on the work productivity in the tapping operation can be used as one fundamental data in determining a work plan to establish a continuous improvement process.
The variable fatigue allowances taken into account in this study were standing posture, abnormal posture, muscular energy, atmospheric conditions, and noise.
This study shows that non-value-added work elements .
epairing machines, chatting, and smokin.
cause inefficiency in tapping operation.
Analysis of added-value work elements proved that this hand-held tapping machine offers a higher .
7 time.
work productivity than conventional hand-held tapping tools.
However, since humans have limitations in the physical, physiological, and mental dimensions that limit their ability to carry out work at a certain level, the discovered work productivity level should also be validated with other thresholds, e.
, physical workload and risk perception.
Keywords: Ergonomics, pine resin, time work, standard time, work productivity PENGUKURAN KERJA PADA OPERASI PENYADAPAN GETAH PINUS SECARA MOTORMANUAL: APLIKASI KONSEP LEAN MANUFACTURING DAN KELONGGARAN.
Produk turunan getah pinus telah diakui sebagai komoditas yang kompetitif dalam perdagangan global, hal ini mendorong peningkatan efisiensi penggunaan sumber daya.
Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan untuk menjawab tantangan tersebut adalah penggunaan secara luas mesin sadap dengan pemotong berbentuk cangkul kecil yang disebut AumujitekAy.
Dalam penelitian ini, serangkaian data waktu kerja yang diamati .
aktu kerja aktua.
diukur dan dianalisis dengan mengadopsi konsep lean manufacturing untuk menghitung waktu dasar dan waktu standar dan menentukan produktivitas kerja penyadapan.
Elemen kerja diidentifikasi berdasarkan kontribusinya dalam proses mengubah atau mentransformasikan produk, dan dikategorikan sebagai elemen kerja dengan nilai tambah, non-nilai tambah, dan kelonggaran khusus.
Data kuantitatif produktivitas kerja pada operasi penyadapan dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu data dasar dalam menentukan rencana kerja untuk melangsungkan proses perbaikan yang berkelanjutan.
Variabel kelonggaran kelelahan yang diperhitungkan dalam penelitian ini adalah postur berdiri, postur abnormal, energi yang dikeluarkan, kondisi atmosfir, dan kebisingan.
Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa elemen pekerjaan yang tidak memiliki nilai tambah .
emperbaiki mesin, mengobrol, dan meroko.
menyebabkan ketidakefisienan dalam kegiatan penyadapan.
Analisis terhadap elemen kerja bernilai tambah membuktikan bahwa penggunaan mesin sadap genggam menawarkan produktivitas kerja yang lebih tinggi .
,7 kali lipa.
dibandingkan dengan alat sadap genggam Namun, karena manusia memiliki keterbatasan dalam dimensi fisik, fisiologis, dan mental yang membatasi kemampuannya untuk melaksanakan pekerjaan pada tingkat tertentu, maka tingkat produktivitas kerja yang ditemukan juga harus divalidasi dengan ambang batas lainnya, antara lain beban kerja fisik dan persepsi terhadap risiko.
Kata kunci: Ergonomi, getah pinus, penelitian waktu, waktu standar, produktivitas kerja Corresponding author: eyyovi@apps.
A2021 IJFR All rights reserved.
Open access under CC BY-NC-SA license.
doi:10.
20886/ijfr.
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
8 No.
April 2021, 111-125
INTRODUCTION
Pinus (Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vrie.
is a native Indonesian species.
Pine yields resin .
ts subsequent productions are gum turpentine and gum rosin/gum naval store.
IndonesiaAUAU has managed pine on a large scale.
the estimated plantation area is 1.
8 million ha, 882,066.
53 ha area located in Java Island (Perhutani, 2.
The national export value of this non-timber forest product was recorded at USD 84.
7 million in 2019 (TrendEconomy, 2.
, far greater than the economic value of pinewood obtained in the same year (BPS, 2.
Pine tapping activity provides significant opportunities for local communities (Yovi & Amanda, 2.
Indonesia, pine resin tapping is carried out under manual or motor-manual operation.
Conventional tapping tool in the form of a small iron-made hoe .
(Sundanes.
(Javanes.
to chop the bark away .
apping fac.
in Hugue or square .
tapping technique (Yovi & Amanda, 2.
is the most common tapping practice.
However, in the last decades, the use of a hand-held tapping machine, local people call it AumujitekAy, has received wide This tool was invented in 2012 by Muji, a pine tapper from Malang Forest District.
Indonesia.
He constructed mujitek from a lawnmower with a modification to the cutting head.
Compared to the conventional tapping tool, this tapping machine offers convenience in completing the work, especially in the context of working speed.
In Java Island, almost all pine forests are managed by the state-owned company Perum Perhutani.
The pine tapping activities are carried out by local communities who hold a Autapping contractAy with a piece-rate payment system, where the wages are paid based on the volume of the tapped resin (Yovi & Amanda, 2.
This payment system is common among low-wage industries and widely adopted in developing countries (Davis, 2.
This payment system may offer higher earnings than the fixed-rate ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195 payment system (Hart, 2.
However, this payment system may drive workers to pursue higher production (Borino, 2.
and give less attention to their occupational safety and health.
The more resin collected, the greater the wages that can be received.
The same thing is valid for the company.
the more resin is harvested, the greater the profit.
This system leads on how to design the work to fit the tapping operation that benefits both workers and the plantation company.
Among the many questions pointed out to the humanmachine performance compared to motormanual tapping, productivity is crucial.
The information on work productivity will help both the tapper and the company determine a work plan to establish a continuous improvement process (Womack & Jones, 2.
Measuring work productivity is very difficult, especially when the work involves the presence of human activity.
Therefore, considering humansAo limitations, it is important to measure work productivity by using work and time study techniques that accommodate humansAo physical, physiological, and mental constraints.
In answering these requirements, a lean manufacturing concern (Mayer.
Maciel.
Baggio, & Siendenberg, 2.
is apt to be applied in time study analysis (Cury & Saraiva, 2.
Up to now, no work and time study analysis in motor-manual pine tapping operation had been carried out under the lean manufacturing Therefore, this research was aimed to measure work productivity in motormanual tapping operation, and at the same time, demonstrate how the lean manufacturing concept .
hat repositioning added-value and non-added-value work element.
is applied to estimate the standard time.
The time study analysis described in this study would enrich the time study analysis techniques in measuring the standard work productivity, especially in examining human-work relations in the forestry Work Measurement Study on Motor-Manual Pine Tapping Operation .
(Efi Yuliati Yovi et al.
II.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Tapping operation consists of wounding/ refreshing and collecting.
In this study, the time study analysis was carried out for wounding Primary data taken includes observed time and daily temperature at the workplace.
The tools used in data retrieval and processing were a video camera and a WBGT meter.
The study was conducted from February to March 2020 in 3 tapping sites of P.
merkusii Jungh et de Vries .
ged 19 year.
The understorey conditions at the study sites were relatively similar, with slightly thicker shrubs in some locations.
The slope class is 6-15%, with an average temperature of 30AC.
Work productivity is defined as the ratio between the output to the input of a production process.
In this study, work productivity refers to labour productivity that describes the ratio between tapped trees to the used capacity .
iven in time unit.
Observations were made on three In total, they tapped 405 trees per day.
There were three days of observations for each respondent.
For the comprehensive application of the lean manufacturing concept, one working day is considered one work cycle in this analysis.
Observation time was measured by recording the tapping activities of the whole day using a video camera.
Before data collection, socialisation and habituation were carried out to avoid overacting that may arise due to awkward feelings when observed using a video camera all day long.
Determining Work Elements The work elements determination in this study adopts the Aulean manufacturingAy principle proposed by Mayer.
Maciel.
Baggio, and Siendenberg .
AuThe work can be divided into work that adds value and work that does not add value.
The work that does not add value can be considered a waste.
the other hand, work that adds value is the one that involves processing to change or transform the product or the assembly thereof.
It should also be considered that work that does not add value can be necessary due to the machines and processesAo characteristics.
Ay Mayer et al.
stated that one cycle of work may consist of several value-added work elements and nonvalue-added work elements.
This opinion was later adopted by Cury and Saraiva .
The value-added work elements are defined as all work elements needed for the whole cycle to take place.
Value-added work elements are further classified as effective and supportive work elements.
An effective work element is a work element that directly contributes to the cycle, therefore, standard work time is calculated only for this effective work element.
The supportive work elements are defined as all work elements that do not directly contribute to the work cycle but are still necessary to run the whole process.
This supportive work element is unintentional/unavoidable.
In general, these work elements can be classified as operative and mechanical supportive work elements.
These work elements needed to be minimised.
Non-value-added work elements are work elements that do not support and are not directly or indirectly related to the production process.
Apart from being unrelated to the production process, this elementAos main characteristic increase production costs, avoidable time delays, and unimportant.
In the concept of Aulean manufacturing,Ay this work element needs to be eliminated.
Mayer et al.
categorised it as AuwasteAy - so that the standard time for these non-value-added work elements is not This AuwasteAy is generally classified as a personal and mechanical interruption.
In a work cycle, there is another unavoidable delay that applies to work elements.
This delay is categorised as a special allowance that plays a role as an enabling element.
This allowance is directly added to the cumulative standard time of effective and supportive work elements in a standard time calculation.
A detailed work element classification is shown in Figure 1.
Standard Time Measurement Several terminologies used in this time study analysis, i.
, observed time, basic time, normal time, standard time, and allowances, are described as follows:
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
8 No.
April 2021, 111-125
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Figure 1.
Work elements classification based on the lean manufacturing concept Observed time The actual work time obtained as a result of observations is referred to as Auobserved time.
Ay Basic time .
ormal tim.
Basic time is obtained by multiplying the observed time to the respondentAos performance rating .
nown as a performance rating factor.
RF) (Equation .
RF is defined as the ratio between the operatorAos actual performance to the normal performance .
efers to workers with standard pac.
Standard pace is defined as the effective rate of performance of a conscientious, self-paced, qualified employee when working neither fast nor slow and giving due consideration to the specific jobAos physical, mental, or visual requirements (Niebel & Freivalds, 2.
RF value could be determined through preliminary observations, assessment of the co-workers, or using a predetermined The RF value is used as a correction factor to determine the basic time value from observation time (Equation .
BTwe-i = OTwe-i x RF Remarks:
BTwe-i = Basic time for work element-i OTwe-i = Observed time for work element-i = Rating factor for work element-i Allowances Allowance is an addition to basic time, allocated and valued proportionally based on the workersAo internal and external conditions.
Allowances accommodate the humansAo limitations in physical, physiological, and mental The allowance distribution in this study adopts NiebelAos method (Niebel & Freivalds.
In this study, the allowance structure was categorised into constant and variable fatigue Constant allowances consist of personal needs and basic fatigue allowances.
The first constant allowance refers to all cessation in work taken to maintain the workersAo general well-being.
Including in this category are personal delays for drinking water and going to the restroom.
According to globally adopted consensus, a value of 5% for personal allowance and 4% for basic fatigue allowance are considered adequate (ILO, 1.
The second allowance is defined as the delay required to compensate for the energy expended to carry out the work (Niebel & Freivalds, 2.
, which may vary depending on the process, equipment, and materials.
The common variable fatigue allowances are .
ut not limited t.
standing, abnormal posture.
Work Measurement Study on Motor-Manual Pine Tapping Operation .
(Efi Yuliati Yovi et al.
use of force, illumination level, visual strain, atmospheric condition, close attention, noise level, mental strain, monotony, and tediousness.
In this study, the variable fatigue allowances used were only needed according to the tapping work characteristics, identified as standing, abnormal posture, use of force energy, atmospheric conditions, and noise.
Constant and variable fatigue allowances applied in this study, determined by several previous studies and widely adopted, are tabulated in Table 1.
Standard time Standard time is required for a qualified worker to perform the work at a standard pace and exert average effort (Niebel & Freivalds.
It means that the standard time for a work element is a function of both basic time and allowance factors.
Standard time is measured Table 1.
Constant and variable rest allowances applied in this study, its equation, and references No.
Allowance Constant allowances Personal needs Description Reference Basic fatigue ILO .
Niebel and Freivald .
ILO .
Niebel and Freivald .
Variables, fatigue allowances Standing ILO .
Abnormal posture Awkward .
: 10% Very awkward .
tretching or lyin.
: 10% Garg et al.
Use of force/muscular Weight lifted 25 lb: 4% Weight lifted 30 lb: 5% Weight lifted 35 lb: 7% ILO .
Atmospheric conditions RA = Explanation:
= rest allowance (%) = energy expenditure .
WBGT = wet-bulb globe temperature (AF) NIOSH .
Noise .
sing the OSHAPermissible Noise Leve.
, for an 8-h RA = 100 (D-.
D = C1/T1 C2/T2 .
For intermediate noise levels:
OSHA .
Niebel and Freivald .
ILO .
Where:
RA = rest allowance (%) D = noise dose .
ecimal valu.
C = time spent at specified noise level .
T = time permitted at specified noise level .
(OSHA L = noise level .
BA) 5% for intermittent-very loud/high pitched-loud for less than 8-h workday.
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
8 No.
April 2021, 111-125
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Figure 2.
The workflow on standard time measurement Remarks: RF = Rating Factor.
Alwi = allowance for work element only for value-added work elements.
In one work cycle, the standard time is calculated as the sum of elementalAos standard time (Equation .
, in which the standard elemental time is calculated by multiplying the elementalAos basic time by .
allowance multiplier (Equation Thus, if 20% of allowances are provided on an operation, the multiplier is equal to 1.
The flow of standard time estimation activities in one work cycle are described in Figure 2.
STcycle = .
Remarks:
STcycle = Standard time for one cycle with n valueadded work elements Where:
STwe-i = BTwe-i .
Alwe-.
Remarks:
STwe-i = Standard time for work element-i BTwe-i = Basic time for work element-i Alwe-i =Allowance for work element-i i.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The Motor-manual Tapping Tool In this study, the hand-held tapping machine was modified from STIHL FR 3000 weeding machine with a hand-made cutting head .
cm diameter of gea.
(Figure .
The total weight of this machine was approximately 13 kg .
Refreshing work in a tapping face, bark removal activity, was repeated periodically .
nce per three day.
Three times refreshing was followed by resin collecting work .
sually once per 10 days tapping perio.
Thus, the readers can get a broader insight into how the lean manufacturing concept should be applied in a time study analysis.
Special Allowances (SA) The added-value work element in one work cycle of tapping operation consists of three effective work elements (EF: walking, cleaning Work Measurement Study on Motor-Manual Pine Tapping Operation .
(Efi Yuliati Yovi et al.
Figure 3.
Tapping a pine tree: .
hand-held tapping machine, .
the head cutterAos shape understorey, wounding the tapping fac.
and two supportive operative elements (SO:
reinstalling resin pot and cleaning wood chip.
The identified non-value-added work elements were two personal interruption elements (PI: chatting and smokin.
and the other two mechanical interruption elements (MI: machine repairing and procuring repairing tool.
Further, work preparation and tidying up .
fter work activit.
were defined as work elements that did not meet the supportive work element These work elements caused a delay.
This delay was unavoidable but yet necessary to effort effective work elements.
Tapping work will not go well, if workers do not wear personal protective equipment, starting the machine, and set the machine properly on their back before the operation.
Therefore, work preparation and tidying up were categorised into special allowances (Table .
Observed time The distribution of observed time shows that worker 1 (W.
and worker 2 (W.
spend 40% and 37% of their total work time on nonvalue-added work elements, namely repairing machines, chatting, and smoking (Table .
The activity of repairing machines .
aused by improper and/or regular maintenanc.
, chatting, and smoking were intentional delays (Niebel & Freivalds, 2.
, which is no way supported the tapping operation.
Thus, these activities were categorised as AuwasteAy (Mayer.
Maciel.
Baggio, & Siendenberg, 2.
and were not further calculated (Cury & Saraiva, 2.
Given that apart from tapping, workers also have other activities to be carried out after tapping, waste activities must be eliminated.
Conducting regular maintenance on the tapping machines, stopping or reducing smoking habits, and stopping chatting about unnecessary subjects will reduce waste elements.
Regular maintenance will reduce the risk of delay in the middle of the operation.
In terms of smoking, apart from time-consuming, this habit is Yovi and Yamada .
revealed that cigarette consumption expenditure could reach up to 17% of a householdAos monthly total Basic time Preliminary supervisorsAo assessment showed that worker 3 (W3, 26 years of work experienc.
worked Thus this RF was set as 1.
W1 tend to work faster than others (RF = 1.
, while W2 was slower (RF= 0.
The observed time for the value-added work element (Table .
was then multiplied by the RF value to obtain the basic time for each work element (Figure .
The basic time distribution shows that the dominant work element in tapping is walking (EF.
and Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
8 No.
April 2021, 111-125
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Table 2 The added-value, non-added-value, and special allowances in a work cycle of tapping operation Work elements Effective work elements EF1
Walking Descriptions EF2
EF3
Clearing of undergrowth.
Any activity performed when workers make a wound on the tapping face.
Cleaning understory Making refreshing wound Special allowance .
navoidable delay.
SA1
Work preparation SA2
Tidying up Supportive operation SO1
Reinstalling/relocating resin pot
SO2
Cleaning wood chips Personal interruption PI1 Chatting PI2 Smoking Mechanical interruption MI1 Machine repairing MI2 Procuring repairing tools Walking from the work hut to the work area or walking among the trees.
Work preparation activities consisted of wearing PPE .
ask and safety shoe.
, start the tapping machine, and put on the machine on their back.
This preparatory activity was carried out in the work hut.
Turning off the engine, putting off the machine, and taking out PPE.
This activity was carried out when workers find a resin pot not correctly positioned to hold resin.
Refreshing work caused by small pieces of wood which get stuck all over the body.
The cleaning of wood chips activity was carried out when the tappers felt being disturbed by the chips.
Chatting was defined as talking about topics with no relation .
irectly and indirectl.
to work activities.
Smoking was done while resting in the hut after the refreshing Machine repair activities consisted of checking the engineAos condition, spark plugs, and repairing the cutter head.
This element consisted of taking screwdrivers or spare spark plugs and a grind to sharpen the cutter.
Remarks : EF = effective working element.
SA = special allowances.
SO = supportive operative.
PI = personal MI = mechanical interruption wounding (EF.
The basic time distribution also shows that W3, the standard worker, performed cautious tapping.
During tapping, he also removed the dirt and reinstalled the position of the resin pot.
Proper pot installation will reduce the chance of spilling resin, saving the volume of resin being harvested.
Constant and Variable Allowances In this study, allowances were calculated for each work element.
The allowance type and its value follow the activityAos characteristics and its specific workplace environment (Niebel & Freivalds, 2.
Tapping activities were often carried out at tapping points exceeding 2.
above the forest floor, causing an exceeding shoulders flexion.
The concept of natural Range of Motion (Openshaw & Taylor, 2.
has classified this shoulder movement as Auextreme.
Ay Yovi.
Takimoto.
Ichihara, and Matsubara .
state that physiological workload during making refreshing wounds at breast height may burden workers with 51% VdotO2max, which could be higher in an awkward posture.
Awkward postures trigger musculoskeletal stress, cause higher physical work and musculoskeletal disorders (Yovi & Andriyani, 2.
addition, the use of a tapping machine in this work may cause unintended noise exposure that triggers psychological stress to the worker Work Measurement Study on Motor-Manual Pine Tapping Operation .
(Efi Yuliati Yovi et al.
Table 3.
Observed time in motor-manual pine tapping operation Work elements Work situation Effective work elements EF1
Walking EF2
Cleaning understorey
EF3
Making refreshing Special allowances SA1 Putting on PPE Starting Put the engine on the SA2 Total S1 Set off tapper machine Putting off PPE Total S2 Supportive operative SO1 Reinstalling/relocate the resin pot Observed time .
Worker 1 Worker 2 Worker 3 Standing, carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, exposed by low noise level .
achine idlin.
Standing, carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, exposed by noise Standing, carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, exposed by noise Standing, not carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, not exposed by noise Bending, not carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, not exposed by noise Standing, carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, exposed by low noise level .
achine idlin.
Standing, not carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, exposed by low noise level .
achine Bending, not carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, not exposed by noise Mostly bending, carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, exposed by low noise level .
achine Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
8 No.
April 2021, 111-125
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Table 3 Continued Work elements SO2 Cleaning body from wood chips Personal interruption PI1 Chatting PI2 Smoking Mechanical interruption MI1 Maintaining the MI2 Taking things from the work hut Total cycle time Work situation Observed time .
Worker 1 Worker 2 Worker 3 Standing, carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, exposed by low noise level .
achine idlin.
Sitting, not carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, not exposed by noise Sitting, not carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, not exposed by noise Sitting, not carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, not exposed by noise Standing, not carrying tapper machine, exposed by atmospheric conditions, not exposed by noise Remarks: EF = effective work element.
SA = special allowances.
SO = supportive operative.
PI = personal MI = mechanical interruption (Ising & Kruppa, 2.
Another concern that should also be addressed is the effects of excessive atmospheric heat, as has been verified by Krishnamurty.
Ramalingan.
Perumal.
Kamalakanman.
Chinnadurai, and Shanmugam .
and Notley.
Meade.
Souza.
McGarr, and Kenny .
as this outdoor work is carried out in Indonesia.
Given that humans have limitations on physical, physiological, and psychological mechanisms (Kroemer & Grandjean, 1.
, constant fatigue .
ersonal needs and basic fatigu.
allowances were added to all value-added work elements, both for effective and supportive work elements.
The constant allowance was set at 9%.
According to the work characteristics, the variable fatigue allowances taken into account in this study were standing, abnormal posture, muscular energy, atmospheric conditions, and In contrast, other variable relaxation allowances, i.
, illumination level, visual strain, mental strain, monotony, and repetitiveness, were excluded from the calculation (Table .
Postural relaxation allowances for almost all elements were set at 2% because it was carried out in a standing position.
Fatigue allowance for muscular energy is based on whether or not the load .
is carried when completing an element (ILO, 1.
(Table .
In the case of relaxation allowances caused by atmospheric conditions, the amount of energy expenditure for each work element was calculated based on Yovi.
Takimoto.
Ichihara, and Matsubara .
For EF1.
EF2.
EF3, and SA13, the amount of physical workload was equivalent 8 kcal/h, while the amount of energy Work Measurement Study on Motor-Manual Pine Tapping Operation .
(Efi Yuliati Yovi et al.
Figure 4.
Basic time distribution of added-value and operative work element in motor-manual pine tapping operation Remarks: EF1 = walking.
EF2 = cleaning understorey.
EF3 = making refreshing wound.
SA11 = putting on PPE.
SA12 = starting the tapping machine.
SA13 = putting engine on the back.
SA21 = putting off tapper machine.
SA22 = putting off PPE.
SO1 = reinstalling the resin pot.
SO2 = cleaning wood chips expenditure on the rest activities was considered to be 93.
8 kcal/h.
Rest allowance calculations for atmospheric conditions was 12.
5% AUAUfor WGBT= 86AF and W= 264.
8 kcal/h, and 1% for WGBT= 86AF and W= 93.
8 kcal/h.
For noise factor, a high rotational speed engine can produce 94-96 dB(A) of noise, which according to OSHA-Permissible Noise Level, its permissible time is four hours.
However, since the actual workday duration was less than two hours, 5% of the allowance was applied for working elements exposed by loud noise, and 0% applied for idling machines .
onsidered as continuous-low level nois.
(ILO, 1.
Standard Time Lan et al.
underline the importance of work measurement in determining reasonable working time quota.
Measuring standard time value is beneficial for both employers and tapping workers because pine resin harvesting is mostly considered a side economic activity (Yovi & Amanda, 2.
The standard time required to complete the tapping operation per tree was obtained by multiplying the standard time by its allowances multiplier (Table .
(Niebel & Freivalds, 2.
The total time required to complete tapping per tree .
ith two or three tapping face.
was 48-49 seconds.
It means that by putting aside the house-workout travel time, tapping a 20 years pine stand with 150 trees is expected to be completed within approximately 2 hours of effective work.
This verifies that hand-held machines offer far higher work productivity than conventional tapping tools.
According to Yovi et al.
, the duration of initial observations of tapping productivity using conventional tapping tools was about 81 seconds per tree.
It means that for the same number of trees, a worker needs 3.
4 hours, which is 1.
7 times The average number of trees tapped per day by a worker who does tapping using the conventional tool only reaches 100-120 trees .
r les.
per day (Yovi & Amanda, 2.
This study verified that the tapping operation, due to its uncontrollable work environment factors (Maughan.
Otani, & Watson, 2012.
Notley.
Meade.
DAoSouza.
McGarr, & Kenny, 2.
, should be carried out in the morning.
If tapping is carried out from 7 AM, the whole operation will be finished before 10 AM.
This time range is the proper working duration to avoid excessive heat.
This Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
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April 2021, 111-125
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Table 4.
Basic time and allowances of added-value work elements in motor-manual pine tapping Basic time .
EF1
EF2
EF3
SA11
SA12
SA13
SA21
SA22
SO1
SO2
Allowances (%) Constant Personal Variable fatigue allowances Basic Abnormal Use of force/ Atmospheric Noise Remarks: WE = work element.
W1 = worker 1.
W2 = worker 2.
W3 = worker 3.
EF1 = walking.
EF2 = cleaning EF3 = making refreshing wound.
SA11 = putting on PPE.
SA12 = starting the tapping SA13 = putting engine on the back.
SA21 = putting off tapper machine.
SA22 = putting off PPE.
SO1 = reinstalled the resin pot.
SO2 = cleaning wood chips Table 5.
Multiplier and standard time of added-value work elements in motor-manual pine tapping operation Work elements EF1
EF2
EF3
SA11
SA12
SA13
SA21
SA22
SO1
SO2
Total allowances Standard time .
Multiplier (%) Total standard time per cycle .
Total tapped trees Duration per tree .
Remarks: W1 = worker 1.
W2 = worker 2.
W3 = worker 3.
EF1 = walking.
EF2 = cleaning understorey.
EF3 =
making refreshing wound.
SA11 = putting on PPE.
SA12 = starting the tapping machine.
SA13 = putting engine on the back.
SA21 = putting off tapper machine.
SA22 = putting off PPE.
SO1 = reinstalled the resin pot.
SO2 = cleaning wood chips information can also be used to organise the work shift of a workersAo group who share the same machine.
For plantation owners, this standard time information is useful guidance in managing tapping operation, e.
, regulate the optimum tapping area for each worker according to management objectives .
he distribution of tapping income, characteristics of local economics, or the availability of Given that, globally, pine resin is Work Measurement Study on Motor-Manual Pine Tapping Operation .
(Efi Yuliati Yovi et al.
one of the potential Indonesian commodities (BPS, 2.
, the use of machine tools should be considered as one promising alternative strategy in improving pine resin production.
However, operating .
anuvering and controllin.
this machine may require a higher physical workload as noted by the study of Hansen.
Rasmussen.
Kyed.
Nielsen, and Andersen .
and vibration-noise exposure as mentioned by Ljungberg.
Neely, and Lunstrom .
, not to mention the environmental factors of the work.
A wellknown environmental factor that negatively influences human physiology is the heat at the workplace, as was noted by Krishnamurthy et al.
Before this study.
Maughen et .
noted that relative humidity is a potential environmental factor that should also be considered and may cause severe effects in human with prolonged exercise capacity.
relating to the climate change issue.
Otani et .
also underline the negative effect of solar radiation on human health.
This study revealed that two major work elements dominate refreshing work: walking .
hile carrying the 13 kg tapping machin.
and wounding a tapping face.
AuWalkingAy in this study refers to AucarryingAy (Table .
, a part of manual material handling because, during tapping, the machine was set on the back of the worker.
Walking is one major work element.
the issue on the excessive low back (L5/S1 lumbosacral dis.
compression force should be further considered (Hasegawa.
Katsuhira.
Oka.
Fujii, & Matsudaira, 2.
This human health-work environment issue should get serious attention as humans are complex creatures with limitations in the physical, physiological, and mental dimensions that limit their ability to carry out work (Kroemer & Grandjean, 1.
Therefore, more in-depth work analysis on physiological and psychological costs (Kroemer & Grandjean, 1.
during motor-manual tapping should be carried out in the next research stage.
The energy expenditure, the effect of vibration noise, postural analysis .
ncluding the psychophysical analysi.
, and the risk perception (Schmidt, 2.
are other ergonomic aspects that need to be analysed.
This research will provide useful, necessary information in determining the optimum tapping management for the sake of workerAos well-being, which in the long run will improve the companyAos overall performance.
IV.
CONCLUSION
The concept of lean manufacturing that considers the relationship of work elements to work productivity has offered an objective approach to work productivity calculations.
this time study analysis, the lean manufacturing concept shows that personal interruption and machine interruption are significantly time-consuming and have no contribution to effective work.
Therefore, periodic machine maintenance and chatting-smoking during tapping work should be classified as nonvalue-added work elements.
These non-valueadded work elements must be reduced or fully eliminated to increase work productivity.
Other work elements do not directly support tapping activities, but their existence is still required so that tapping operations can be carried out.
This supportive work element needs to be categorised as value-added work elements but should be minimised.
This study identifies reinstalling resin pots and cleaning wood chips as supportive work elements, while work preparation and tidying up as unavoidable delays existed in pine tapping activities.
The variable fatigue allowances .
hat accommodates the humanAos limitatio.
that should be applied in standard time calculation of tapping operation are standing, abnormal posture, use of force/ muscular energy, atmospheric conditions, and The multiplier .
llowances factor.
for tapping operation using the hand-held tapping machine ranges from 1.
34, depending on the specific work characteristics per work This study shows that a handheld tapping machine offers higher work productivity .
7 times highe.
than the tapping by using conventional tools.
However, there is also a need to carry out the physical workload.
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
8 No.
April 2021, 111-125 postural analysis, and risk perception analysis on motor-manual tapping.
A continuously improved tapping process can be formulated not only for efficient operation but also for the workersAo well-being.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank our colleagues from IPB University and Perum Perhutani for their valuable insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research.
REFERENCES