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Indonesian Journal of Spatial Planning P-ISSN:
and E-ISSN: 2723-0619 http://journals.
id/index.
php/ijsp Vol 6.
No 1, tahun 2025, pp 1-9
BEHAVIORAL FACTORS AND INFRASTRUCTURE MODERATION IN
HOUSEHOLD WASTE SORTING: URBAN-RURAL COMPARISON IN
SLEMAN REGENCY
Alifia Farah Pramudita, bYori Herwangi Gadjah Mada University.
Bulaksumur.
Caturtunggal.
Kec.
Depok.
Kabupaten Sleman.
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, 55281.
alifiafarahpramudita@mail.
Info Artikel:
a Artikel Masuk: 2025-01-13
a Artikel diterima: 2025-04-04
a Tersedia Online: 2025-06-04
ABSTRACT
Waste management remains a critical environmental challenge, particularly in regions with significant urban-rural This study investigates household waste sorting behavior in Sleman Regency.
Indonesia, by applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).
The objectives are to examine the influence of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on the intention to sort waste, as well as to analyze the moderating effect of infrastructure on these relationships in urban and rural areas.
A quantitative approach using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed, with data collected from 796 households .
urban, 397 rura.
The findings reveal that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly influence sorting intentions, with subjective norms being more impactful in urban areas, while perceived behavioral control is more influential in rural areas.
Infrastructure significantly moderates the relationship between perceived behavioral control and intention in rural areas but shows no significant moderating effect in urban areas.
These results highlight the necessity of context-specific strategies in waste management.
The study contributes to the TPB literature by incorporating the moderating role of infrastructure and offers practical insights for policymakers to design sustainable waste management interventions tailored to urban and rural contexts.
Keyword: Household Waste Sorting.
Infrastructure.
Theory of Planned Behavior.
Urban-Rural Disparities.
Waste Management Strategies INTRODUCTION Environmental issues, particularly waste management, have emerged as critical global challenges in the face of rapid industrialization and urbanization.
These processes have degradation and posed substantial public health risks (Arbolino et al.
World Bank 2.
Projections indicate that global waste production will surge from 2.
01 billion tons in 2016 to 3.
billion tons annually by 2050, with Asia and Africa experiencing the fastest growth rates (World Bank 2.
While developed countries environmental quality, many developing nations struggle to address these challenges due to resource constraints and institutional limitations (Arbolino et al.
Among various strategies, household waste sorting has proven to be an effective approach, promoting sustainable recycling practices and waste management.
However, its success largely depends on community participation, shaped by sociocultural contexts and the availability of supporting infrastructure (Chen.
Wang, and Hou Nie et al.
In Indonesia, waste management remains an urgent issue.
The country generates 17 million tons of waste annually, with 34.
97%, or about 12.
3 million tons, left unmanaged (Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 2.
Households contribute the largest share, accounting for 3% of total waste, predominantly food waste .
6%) and plastics .
9%) (Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 2.
Poorly contributes to environmental pollution, including water quality degradation and adverse public Pramudia.
Herwangi Indonesian Journal of Spatial Planning.
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No 1, tahun 2025 health impacts (Hasibuan 2.
Various factors influence waste generation and management practices, such as population density, socioeconomic conditions, regional policies, and infrastructure availability (Dahlianah 2015.
Sulistyorini 2.
In Sleman Regency.
Yogyakarta Special Region, these challenges are particularly The region produces 707 tons of waste daily, much of which remains unmanaged, causing environmental and public health issues such as water pollution and air contamination (Hidayanti and Efendi 2.
This situation is further exacerbated by the closure of the Piyungan landfill in mid-2023 due to These developments underscore the urgency of adopting alternative solutions, such as Gerakan Pilah Sampah introduced through Surat Edaran No.
30 Tahun 2022, which encourages households to sort waste at its source to reduce landfill dependency.
However, the success of this initiative relies on understanding and addressing barriers related to household sorting intentions and supporting Ajzen's .
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) provides a robust framework for analyzing household waste sorting behavior.
TPB posits that behavior is shaped by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, which collectively influence behavioral Attitudes reflect an individualAos evaluation of waste sorting, subjective norms capture social pressures to engage in the practice, and perceived behavioral control refers to the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior (Govindan.
Zhuang, and Chen 2022.
Wang.
Chu, and Gu 2021.
Zhang et al.
Numerous studies have validated the application of TPB to pro-environmental behaviors, including waste sorting, across various contexts (Govindan et al.
Liang.
Song.
Liu, et al.
Building on TPB.
Nduneseokwu.
Qu, and Appolloni .
introduced infrastructure as a moderating factor to understand its role in influencing behavioral intentions.
Their findings indicated that adequate infrastructure enhances the positive effects of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on intentions to participate in formal electronic waste collection.
However, their research primarily focused on urban settings and specific waste streams, leaving rural contexts and general household waste sorting underexplored.
Recent studies emphasize the critical role of infrastructure in waste management, highlighting its potential to strengthen behavioral intentions (Govindan et al.
Adequate infrastructure facilitates waste sorting by reducing logistical and physical barriers, thereby enhancing the relationship between individual attitudes, social pressures, and intentions to act.
Nevertheless, most existing research centers on urban areas, with limited exploration of rural regions where infrastructure availability and social norms differ significantly(Guan et al.
Long et al.
Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of infrastructure in waste management, as it played a vital role in maintaining sorting practices during unprecedented behavioral shifts (Liang.
Song.
Wu, et al.
Urban and Braun Kohlovy However, post-pandemic conditions necessitate reevaluating these findings to ensure their continued relevance.
This study addresses these gaps by examining the relationships between attitudes (ATT), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) in shaping household waste sorting intentions (INT) and behavior (BEH) cross urban and rural contexts.
Furthermore, it investigates the moderating role of infrastructure (INF) in these relationships to determine its influence on strengthening behavioral intentions.
By integrating behavioral and infrastructural insights, this research contributes to developing waste management strategies aligned with sustainable development The findings aim to provide actionable recommendations for policymakers and urban planners to enhance waste management practices and improve environmental outcomes.
The article proceeds with an analysis of findings, discussion of results, and concludes with key insights and implications for waste management The theoretical framework of this article is illustrated in Figure 1.
DATA AND METHODS
Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is one of the most effective methods for examining Pramudia.
Herwangi Indonesian Journal of Spatial Planning.
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No 1, tahun 2025 causal relationships between latent variables and has been widely applied across various Figure 1.
Theoretical Model This study employs the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (SEMPLS) method to analyze the relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions, behaviors, and These latent variables are indicators, enabling the analysis of more complex relationships (Waluyo and W 2020.
Widhiarso 2.
SEM-PLS is used in this study due to its advantages in handling models with moderating effects, such as the influence of infrastructure on the relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control with the intention to sort waste.
Furthermore, this method is effective in analyzing data that is not normally distributed and with relatively small sample sizes, making it highly suitable for addressing the first and second objectives of this study (Hair.
Ringle, and Sarstedt 2.
By providing a relationships between latent variables.
SEMPLS offers analytical flexibility that is particularly heterogeneous data.
Questionnaire Design The questionnaire used in this study was designed to measure latent variables related to household waste sorting behavior, such as behavioral control, intentions, behaviors, and The survey instrument was divided into several main sections, including the collection of respondents' socio-demographic data and factors influencing their intention to sort The latent variables were measured using a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, where 1 indicates "strongly disagree" and 5 indicates "strongly agree.
" This scale was adapted from previous research, such as Govindan et al.
, to ensure its suitability for the research Each indicator in the survey was developed based on prior empirical findings to enhance its relevance and clarity for This approach allows for detailed recommended by Sugiyono .
, who emphasizes the use of Likert scales to assess participants' attitudes, opinions, and perceptions of social phenomena.
Additionally, the Likert scale facilitates the analysis of relationships between variables.
Study Area and Data Collection Sleman Regency, located in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, was selected as the study area due to its inclusion of both urban and rural regions with distinct social, economic, and environmental characteristics (BPS Kabupaten Sleman 2.
This region consists of 17 subdistricts, encompassing 61 villages classified as urban and 25 villages classified as rural, as Pramudia.
Herwangi Indonesian Journal of Spatial Planning.
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No 1, tahun 2025 stipulated in the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) of Sleman Regency 2021Ae2041.
Urban areas in Sleman are characterized by higher population density, better infrastructure access, and land use predominantly for non-agricultural activities.
Conversely, urbanization levels, with land use dominated by agricultural activities and more limited infrastructure access.
Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire survey from July 28, 2024, to August 29, 2024.
Respondents were selected using convenience sampling to facilitate survey implementation, with the inclusion criteria of being residents of Sleman Regency and willing to participate (Creswell and Creswell 2.
The study involved 399 households from urban areas and 397 households from rural areas, resulting in a total of 796 participating households.
these respondents, 256 were men .
%) and 540 were women .
%), highlighting the significant role of women in household waste All collected questionnaires were reviewed to ensure completeness and data consistency, and all were deemed valid for further analysis.
The urban and rural classification map of Sleman Regency, used as the reference for survey locations, is presented in Figure 2, while detailed sample characteristics are provided in Table 1.
This study offers valuable insights into waste sorting behavior and the geographical context of the study area.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The SEM-PLS analysis was conducted to identify the relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions, behaviors, and the moderating effect of infrastructure on the intention to sort household waste in urban and rural areas of Sleman Regency.
Data processing was performed using SmartPLS 3 software, which enables comprehensive testing of the structural model and the research hypotheses.
Table 1.
Characteristics of Survey Sample Demographic Characteristics Gender Age Education Occupatio Figure 2.
Urban and Rural Classification Source: RTRW Kabupaten Sleman Tahun 2021Ae2041
Monthly Amo
Frequenc
y (%) Male
Female 20 - 30
31 - 40
41 - 50
51 - 60
> 60
Elementary Junior High
Senior
High/Vocational Undergraduate Graduate/Postgrad Others Housewife Civil Servant
Farmer/Livestock Farmer
Trader/Business Owner
Healthcare Worker/Educator Construction Worker/Artisan Retiree Others < 1000000
1000001 - 2000000
2000001 - 3000000
3000001 - 5000000
> 5000001
Source: Primary Data, 2024 Pramudia.
Herwangi Indonesian Journal of Spatial Planning.
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No 1, tahun 2025 Measurement Model Analysis SEM-PLS consists of two components: the measurement model and the structural model (Marcoulides and Saunders 2.
In this study, the measurement model was tested to ensure the reliability and validity of the data.
Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's Alpha (CA) and Composite Reliability (CR), which measure the internal consistency of the constructs.
All constructs in this study demonstrated CA and CR values greater than 0.
70, the recommended minimum threshold (Bagozzi and Yi 1.
, indicating sufficient consistency.
The validity of the model was assessed through convergent and discriminant validity.
Convergent validity was evaluated using Average Variance Extracted (AVE), which indicates the extent to which the indicators of a construct are theoretically related (Ru.
Wang, and Yan 2.
All constructs in this study had AVE values greater than 0.
50, meeting the minimum criteria for convergent validity (Chin and Newsted 1.
Table 2 presents the reliability and validity analysis results for both urban and rural areas.
Table 2.
Reliability and Validity Analysis Results Construct
ATT
PBC
INT
BEH
INF
Area Cronbach's Alpha Composite Reliability AVE Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Source: Primary Data, 2024 The results presented in Table 2 indicate that all constructs demonstrate adequate reliability and validity.
The CronbachAos Alpha and Composite Reliability values for all constructs 70, indicating excellent levels of internal consistency.
Furthermore, the AVE values for all constructs are above 0.
signifying strong convergent validity (Chin and Newsted 1.
Discriminant validity in this study was evaluated using the Fornell-Larcker criterion, which confirms that all constructs meet the recommended criteria in both urban and rural areas (Fornell.
, & Larcker 1.
The square root of the AVE for each construct is greater than its correlations with other constructs, as shown on the diagonal of the correlation matrix.
These results suggest that each construct is distinct from the others, establishing adequate discriminant validity in both urban and rural Structural Model Analysis The structural model analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control with the intention and behavior of household waste sorting, as well as to test the moderating effect of infrastructure on these relationships.
The analysis was performed separately for urban and rural areas to understand the differences and similarities in the Path Coefficients The results in Table 3 indicate significant and positive relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control with the intention to sort household waste, with intention playing a critical role in driving sorting behavior.
The variation in relationships between urban and rural areas highlights the influence of local context on behavioral dynamics.
Subjective norms are stronger in urban areas, while perceived behavioral control is more dominant in rural Moderation test The moderation test results in Table 4 show that infrastructure does not have a significant moderating effect on the relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control with the intention to sort waste in urban areas.
However, in rural areas, infrastructure significantly strengthens the relationship between perceived behavioral Pramudia.
Herwangi Indonesian Journal of Spatial Planning.
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No 1, tahun 2025 control and the intention to sort waste.
These findings suggest that infrastructure plays a critical role in supporting individuals' capabilities to sort waste, particularly in areas with limited infrastructure access.
The absence of a significant moderating effect in urban areas indicates that individual behavioral factors are more dominant than the role of infrastructure.
Table 3.
Correlation Test Results Path Path Coefficient P-Value Correlation Significance Significant Positive Significant Positive Significant Positive Significant Positive Urban Rural ATT Ie INT SN Ie INT PBC Ie INT INT Ie BEH Source: Primary Data, 2024 Table 4.
Results of the Moderation Effect Test Path ATT*INF Ie INT SN*INF Ie INT PBC*INF Ie INT Path Coefficient T-Statistic P-Value Moderation Effect Perkotaan Not Significant Perdesaan Not Significant Perkotaan Not Significant Perdesaan Not Significant Perkotaan Not Significant Perdesaan Significant Positive Area Source: Primary Data, 2024 Discussion The findings of this study reaffirm the validity of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in understanding household waste sorting behavior in Sleman Regency.
Positive attitudes toward waste sorting significantly influence intentions in both urban and rural areas, with path coefficients showing near equivalence .
350 in urban areas and 0.
348 in rural area.
This supports AjzenAos .
theory, which highlights attitudes as a universal predictor of intentions, and aligns with the findings of Govindan et al.
Shi.
Xu, and Duan .
, which emphasize that positive perceptions of the benefits of waste sorting encourage public participation in waste The importance of attitudes highlights the need for educational campaigns to environmental and health impacts of waste However, subjective norms have a stronger influence in urban areas .
compared to rural areas .
This indicates that social norms, formed through interactions within communities, families, and media, are more organized in urban environments, making them a primary driver of sorting intentions.
contrast, social norms in rural areas tend to be more informal and unstructured, resulting in a weaker influence on intentions.
This finding aligns with (Zhou et al.
, which suggests that social norms are more effective in environments with organized social networks.
Therefore, community-based programs in rural areas could be optimized to strengthen the impact of social norms, for instance, by involving local leaders or integrating group activities into cultural traditions.
Perceived behavioral control (PBC) exhibits an opposite pattern.
In rural areas.
PBC has a stronger influence on intentions .
than in urban areas .
This supports Bandura's .
concept of self-efficacy, which posits that individualsAo confidence in their abilities plays a key role in action-taking, resource-constrained Pramudia.
Herwangi Indonesian Journal of Spatial Planning.
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No 1, tahun 2025 In Sleman Regency, rural residents rely heavily on their personal capacity to sort waste due to limited infrastructure access.
Saleh et al.
highlight that PBC is more significant in rural areas due to the limited Therefore, enhancing individualsAo confidence in sorting waste through training and technical assistance can be a vital strategy to encourage this behavior in rural areas.
The moderating effect of waste management infrastructure shows differences between urban and rural areas.
In urban areas, infrastructure does not significantly moderate the relationship between attitudes, subjective norms, and PBC with intentions.
However, in strengthens the relationship between PBC and intentions .
ath coefficient 0.
117, p = 0.
These results differ from prior studies, such as Nduneseokwu et al.
, which highlight that infrastructure consistently strengthens the effects of attitudes and subjective norms.
This variation may be attributed to the unique characteristics of Sleman Regency, where infrastructure in rural areas remains limited, and its impact is more focused on enhancing individualsAo capabilities rather than supporting attitudes or social norms.
This finding suggests that infrastructure in rural areas is more effective when directed toward improving perceived behavioral control.
The findings reveal that waste sorting behavior in Sleman Regency is shaped by a of individual, social, and infrastructural factors that vary between urban and rural contexts.
Urban residents benefit from stronger social networks and greater access to infrastructure, making subjective norms a more prominent driver of intentions (Zhou et al.
In contrast, rural residents face challenges in infrastructure availability, making perceived behavioral control the key factor in their intentions to sort waste.
This divergence underscores the importance of context-sensitive strategies in waste management.
The results also suggest that existing infrastructure in urban areas may have already reached a threshold where its incremental effect on behavior is minimal, while in rural areas, even small infrastructural improvements can significantly impact residentsAo confidence and willingness to sort waste.
From a practical standpoint, the findings emphasize the need for tailored waste management strategies.
Urban areas should focus on leveraging social norms through media campaigns and community-based initiatives to sustain waste sorting behaviors.
Rural areas, on the other hand, require a dual approach:
education and training to empower residents.
The study demonstrates that the success of waste management in Sleman Regency depends not only on technical interventions but also on integrating socio-cultural approaches that address the unique needs of urban and rural
CONCLUSION
Based on this research, it can be concluded that the intention to sort household waste in Sleman Regency is significantly influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, with varying dynamics between urban and rural areas.
Infrastructure plays a critical role as a moderator in rural areas, strengthening the relationship between perceived behavioral control and sorting intentions, while its effect is less pronounced in urban areas.
These findings emphasize the importance of context-specific strategies in waste management planning, integrating behavioral and infrastructural approaches to address local needs.
This approach is expected to contribute to sustainable waste management practices and community participation in environmental conservation efforts.
REFERENCE