Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2020, 27-42
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
COMPARATIVE WOOD ANATOMICAL PROPERTIES OF GENUS
SYZYGIUM (FAMILY MYRTACEAE) FROM MANIPUR.
INDIA
Mahesh Wangkhem.
Madhubala Sharma* and Chaman L.
Sharma Department of Forestry.
North Eastern Regional Institute of Science & Technology.
Nirjuli -791109.
Itanagar.
Arunachal Pradesh.
India Received: 19 February 2020.
Revised: 20 April 2020.
Accepted: 21 April 2020
COMPARATIVE WOOD ANATOMICAL PROPERTIES OF GENUS SYZYGIUM (FAMILY
MYRTACEAE) FROM MANIPUR.
INDIA.
Syzygium belongs to family Myrtaceae and comprises of mostly trees and a few shrubs.
This paper studies the anatomical and physical characteristics of five Syzygium species, namely Syzygium cumini.
Syzygium fruticosum.
Syzygium jambos.
Syzygium nervosum and Syzygium praecox and to see intra and inter-species variation among them.
The wood samples were taken at breast-height from straight bole and uniform crowned trees.
The present study showed that all the selected species shared common features like simple perforation plate, vestured inter-vessel pits, disjunctive ray parenchyma cells, diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate, vasicentric, aliform and confluent types of axial parenchyma, diffuse-porous and indistinct fruticosum were observed.
The vessels were mostly barrel-shaped with small or long tails at one or both ends in all species except tube-shaped in S.
jambos and drum-shaped in S.
Spiral thickenings were present in the tails of S.
nervosum and S.
Fibres were thin-walled and non-septate.
Occasional septate fibres and vasicentric tracheids were present in S.
nervosum and S.
Crystals in the ray of S.
nervosum and S.
fruticosum and silica bodies in axial parenchyma of S.
jambos were observed.
The fibre percentage and wood density were maximum in S.
jambos, whereas moisture content was minimum in S.
Principal Component Analysis revealed a close relationship among all species.
Therefore, the qualitative characteristics and all quantitative anatomical characteristics can be used for reliable identification of Syzygium species.
Keywords: Syzygium species, anatomical characteristics, wood density, moisture content
PERBANDINGAN KARAKTERISTIK ANATOMI KAYU GENUS SYZYGIUM (FAMILY
MYRTACEAE) YANG BERASAL DARI MANIPUR.
INDIA.
Syzygium merupakan Family Myrtaceae yang sebagian besar terdiri dari pohon dan semak.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari karakteristik anatomi dan sifat fisik dari lima spesies Syzygium, yaitu Syzygium cumini.
Syzygium fruticosum.
Syzygium jambos.
Syzygium nervosum, dan Syzygium praecox dan untuk melihat variasi intra dan antar spesies.
Contoh uji diambil dari batang lurus setinggi dada dengan kondisi pohon yang bertajuk relatif seragam.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik anatomi semua spesies yang dipelajari berciri relatif sama, yaitu bidang perforasi sederhana, noktah antar-pembuluh berumbai, sel parenkim jari-jari disjungtif, difus, difus-in-agregat, vasicentric, aliform dan konfluen aksial parenkima, difus porus dan frusicosum tidak jelas.
Pembuluh sebagian besar berbentuk silinder dengan ekor kecil atau panjang di satu atau kedua ujungnya di semua spesies kecuali berbentuk tabung di S.
jambos dan berbentuk silinder di S.
Penebalan spiral dijumpai di bagian ekor S.
nervosum dan S.
Serat berdinding tipis dan tidak bersekat.
Serabut bersekat sesekali dijumpai pada trakeid vasicentric jenis S.
nervosum dan S.
Sel kristal dalam jari-jari dijumpai pada jenis nervosum dan S.
fruticosum dan badan silika di parenkima aksial jenis S.
Persentase serat dan kepadatan kayu paling besar tercatat di S.
jambos, sedangkan kadar air minimum tercatat di contoh uji S.
Analisis komponen utama mengungkapkan hubungan yang erat di antara semua jenis.
Oleh karena itu, karakteristik kualitatif bersama dengan karakteristik anatomi kuantitatif dapat digunakan sebagai dasar identifikasi jenis Syzygium.
Kata kunci: spesies Syzygium, karakteristik anatomi, kepadatan kayu, kadar air Corresponding author: mbs_madhu@yahoo.
A2020 IJFR All rights reserved.
Open access under CC BY-NC-SA license.
doi:10.
20886/ijfr.
Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2020, 27-42
INTRODUCTION
The word Syzygium is derived from a Greek word AosyzgiosAy which means the presence of Aupaired/coupledAy branches and leaves (Janick & Paull, 2.
It is one of the most abundant genera in family Myrtaceae with 1200 species.
It is distributed from Africa eastwards to the Hawaiian Island.
India.
Southern China southwards to Australia and New Zealand (Parnell et al.
, 2007.
Govaerts et al.
, 2008.
Ahmad et al.
, 2016.
Christenhusz et al.
, 2.
It ranks on 16th position among the 57 most abundant genera of flowering plants (Govaerts et al.
Most of the workers have considered both Syzygium and Eugenia under genus Eugenia (Henderson, 1.
as there is no distinction between their morphological characters.
Ingle and Dadswell .
divided Eugenia into two sections based on anatomical structure Ae AoEugenia AAo is comprised of the species having similarity with the new world species and AoEugenia BAo has Syzygium and other Eugenia species which are similar in their anatomy.
The timbers of Eugenia A are characterized by the presence of vasicentric tracheids, solitary pores, apotracheal parenchyma, vessel ray pitting small and similar to inter vessel pits.
The timbers of Eugenia B are characterized by absence of vasicentric tracheids, presence of multiple pores, paratracheal parenchyma, simple to scalariform vessel ray pitting.
This grouping was also supported by Chattaway .
who observed substantial differences in bark structure between two groups.
The separation of Eugenia and Syzygium as different lineage by Schimid .
is further confirmed with molecular studies by several workers (Wilson et , 2001, 2005.
Biffin et al.
, 2.
In India.
Genus Syzygium is represented by 91 species, of which most are trees and few shrubs (Arisdason & Lakshminarasimhan, 2.
Syzygium aromaticum is the essential spices with high commercial value.
Species like Syzygium cumini.
Syzygium jambos are being cultivated in several parts of India for their fruits.
From timber point of view.
Syzygium cumini is the most important species.
Several other species ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195 like S.
grande etc.
also have good timber value and are being used for construction, furniture, flooring, telegraph poles, side props in mine shafts and galleries, railway sleepers, bottom boards of railway carriages, implements, packaging case, fibreboard, and veneer and The anatomical characteristics of wood are valuable storehouse for environmental studies (Fonti et al.
, 2.
to determine additional and new ecological information and to see the relationship between tree growth and environmental factors.
They also help to resolve taxonomical problems to separate the different Since there is no information on wood anatomical characteristics of selected Syzygium species, therefore, the present study was carried out .
to study anatomical and physical features of Syzygium species and .
to study intra- and inter-species variation in these characteristics.
II.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Study Site Five straight trees with uniform crown and no visible defects of each species were randomly selected from Kakching and Imphal West districts of Manipur.
India.
The geographical coordinates, height and diameter of selected species were given in (Table .
Methods Wood samples of 5 cm y 5 cm y 4 cm size at breast height were taken.
The wood samples were packed in polythene bags and brought to the laboratory for further processing.
Collected samples were cut into small blocks of 2 cm3 They were fixed in FAA (Formalin-acetoalcoho.
for 24Ae48 hrs and preserved in 50% alcohol for anatomical studies.
These blocks were cut in 3 planes namely Cross Section (C.
Tangential Longitudinal Section (T.
and Radial Longitudinal Section (R.
) with the help of a sliding microtome (Leica SM 2000R).
Standard methods were followed to prepare permanent slides.
Comparative Wood Anatomical Properties of Genus Syzygium.
(Mahesh Wangkhem et al.
Table 1.
List of Syzygium species collected from different sites of Manipur Species Latitude & Longitude 24A29.
938Ao N - 24A47.
829Ao N 93A58.
084AoE - 93A55.
463Ao E 24A29.
664Ao N - 24A29.
679Ao N 93A57.
860Ao E - 93A57.
795Ao E 24A30.
107Ao N - 24A30.
329Ao N 93A58.
737Ao E - 93A58.
384Ao E 24o43Ao12AoAoN - 24o44Ao09AoAoN 93o55Ao47AoAoE - 93o54Ao49AoAoE 24A29.
938Ao N - 24A30.
784Ao N 93A58.
074Ao E - 93A58.
116Ao E Thin matchstick-size of wood was taken from the radial side of each sample of selected species and was macerated with FranklinAos solution at 60oC for 24 hours till they become soft and white.
The macerated material was washed with distilled water 2Ae3 times and gently shaken to get a fluffy mass of fibres.
2Ae3 drops of safranine were added, and temporary slides were prepared by using 50% glycerol.
The dimensions of anatomical parameters of vessels, fibres and rays were taken with the help of Scopeimage 9.
0 software at different For each sample of selected species, 30 random fibres, vessels and rays were chosen for measurement of their various Ten fields per sample of each species were randomly selected for counting the number of vessels per mm2 and ray per mm in cross-section.
Thus, a total of 250 fields were observed for both parameters.
Fibre, vessel, parenchyma and ray proportion were determined on cross-section by selecting ten The anatomical descriptions of species were given by following IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwoods identification (Wheeler et al.
, 1.
Different vessel shapes were identified as given by Helmling et al.
The photomicrographs of selected species were taken with the help of image analysis system at different magnifications for their anatomical Height .
Diameter .
2Ae8 48Ae38.
Mahadevching.
Kakching Sagolband.
Imphal west 5Ae9.
36Ae49 Mahadevching.
Kakching 9Ae8.
69Ae15.
Chumnang.
Kakching 5Ae6.
41Ae38.
Lilong chajing.
Imphal 8Ae7 10Ae23.
Ashram ching.
Kakching Locality Water displacement method (Smith, 1.
was used to determine the wood density.
Moisture content was determined, as mentioned by Panshin and deZeeuw .
Analysis The data were statistically analysed by using SPSS 16 software.
One way ANOVA followed by TukeyAos test was performed to compare the differences in anatomical characteristics among i.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Syzygium cumini (L.
) Skeels.
(Figure 1A-1F.
Figure 6A-6D) General features Ae Indistinct heartwood and wood colour ranges from pale grey or greyish brown in the outermost region to dark brown or reddish-brown towards the wood is moderately hard to hard and moderately dense to heavy.
grain generally shallowly interlocked, sometimes wavy.
to coarse-textured.
Anatomical features Ae A semi-ring porous, diffuse-porous wood.
Growth rings Ae Both distinct and indistinct.
Vessels Ae Mostly solitary in radial multiple of 2Ae4, circular in outline, barrel shape without the tail, with very long or small tail at one and/ or both ends, 500Ae1200 AAm .
83 A 147.
AA.
in length, 105.
77Ae193.
69 AAm .
18 AA.
in diameter, vessel frequency 6Ae20 Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2020, 27-42 .
per mm2, simple perforation plate, intervessel pit alternate, vestured, small to medium 87Ae9.
62 AAm .
2A0.
6 AA.
in size, vessel ray pits with much reduce borders to apparently simple: pits horizontal .
calariform, gash lik.
to vertical .
, tyloses present, vessel Fibres Ae Thin-walled, 1050Ae2300 AAm .
83A222.
13 AA.
long, 18.
28Ae35.
AAm .
13A3.
64 AA.
08Ae28.
05 AAm .
62A3.
32 AA.
in diameter and lumen diameter, 2.
19Ae6.
37 AAm .
26 A 0.
66 AA.
in wall thickness, fibre percentage 40.
Parenchyma Ae Mostly scanty, diffuse, diffusein-aggregate and confluent, parenchyma strand 4-12 cells, vestured pits present, parenchyma 55 %.
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Ray Ae Uniseriate, biseriate and multiseriate, mean ray height and ray width 352.
52Ae944.
AAm .
08A120.
59 AA.
and 30Ae77.
56 AAm .
98A8.
79 AA.
, 1Ae3 cells wide, rays both homocellular and heterocellular, all homocellular rays of upright/square cells, heterocellular rays of body ray cells procumbent with one row of upright and/or marginal square cells, rays 5Ae10 .
per mm, disjunctive ray parenchyma cells present, ray percentage 27.
Syzygium fruticosum DC.
(Figure 2A-2F.
Figure 6E-6H) General features Ae Indistinct heartwood and sapwood, wood pale grey to reddish-brown, moderately hard and moderately heavy.
rarely straight grain.
Figure 1.
Syzygium cumini: C.
- Wood diffuse-porous, parenchyma diffuse and confluent type (A & B).
- Rays uniseriate, biseriate and multiseriate (C), vestured intervessel pits (D).
- Heterocellular ray of procumbent and upright and/or marginal square cells (E).
homocellular ray of upright/square cells (F) Comparative Wood Anatomical Properties of Genus Syzygium.
(Mahesh Wangkhem et al.
Anatomical features Ae A semi-ring porous, diffuse-porous wood.
Growth rings Ae Both distinct and indistinct.
Vessels Ae Mostly solitary in radial multiple of 2Ae4, oval in outline, drum and tube shape with spiral thickening in small and pointed tails, 275Ae925 AAm .
50A124.
327 AA.
in length, 63.
19Ae152.
47 AAm .
76A17.
63 AA.
in diameter, vessel frequency 6Ae10 .
per mm2, simple perforation plate, inter-vessel pit alternate, vestured, small to medium 7.
83Ae10.
AAm .
30 A 0.
67 AA.
in size, vessel ray pits with much reduce border to apparently simple pits horizontal .
calariform, gash lik.
to vertical .
, tyloses present, vessel percentage Fibres Ae Thin-walled, 900Ae1875 AAm .
83A186.
96 AA.
long, 15.
66Ae34.
AAm .
30A3.
04 AA.
44Ae27.
61 AAm .
66A2.
65 AA.
in diameter and lumen diameter, 2.
06Ae5.
22 AAm .
32A0.
61 AA.
in wall thickness, septate fibres present, fibre Parenchyma Ae Diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate, aliform and confluent, parenchyma strand 4Ae12 cells, bordered pits present, parenchyma Figure 2.
Syzygium fruticosum: C.
- Wood diffuse-porous, vessels mostly solitary in radial multiple of 2 Ae 4, parenchyma diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate, confluent type (A & B).
- Rays multiseriate, parenchyma strand 4Ae12 celled (C), crystals in ray and parenchyma cell (D).
- Heterocellular ray of procumbent and upright and/or marginal square cells (E).
Disjunctive ray parenchyma cell walls (F) Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2020, 27-42 Ray Ae Mostly multiseriate, mean ray height and ray width 226.
09Ae946.
21 AAm .
60A158.
AA.
02Ae68.
90 AAm .
71A8.
28 AA.
, 1Ae3 cells wide, rays both homocellular and heterocellular, all homocellular rays of square cells, heterocellular rays are consisting of body ray cells procumbent with 2Ae4 rows of upright and/or marginal square cells, rays 4Ae11 .
per mm, disjunctive ray parenchyma cells present, ray percentage 17.
Mineral inclusions Ae Crystals and crystal sand present in ray and parenchyma, black streaks present among fibres.
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Syzygium jambos (L.
) Alston (Figure 3A-3F.
Figure 6I-6L) General features Ae Indistinct heartwood and sapwood, reddish grey to brown, wood slightly soft, moderately heavy, with a reasonably regular wavy grain.
Anatomical features Ae A diffuse-porous Growth rings Ae Both distinct and indistinct.
Vessels Ae Mostly solitary in radial multiple of 2Ae4, clusters, circular in outline, tube shape with short/long tail at one or both ends, 475Ae1700 AAm .
A186.
66 AA.
in length, 61.
81Ae105.
78 AAm .
85 A 8.
62 AA.
in diameter, vessel frequency Figure 3.
Syzygium jambos: C.
- Wood diffuse-porous, vessels mostly solitary in radial multiple of 2Ae4 Parenchyma diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate, aliform type (A & B).
- Rays multiseriate, tyloses parenchyma strand 2Ae13 celled (C).
- Vessel-ray pits with much-reduced border to simple pits rounded (D).
heterocellular rays of procumbent and upright and/or marginal square cells (E), silica bodies in axial parenchyma cells (F) Comparative Wood Anatomical Properties of Genus Syzygium.
(Mahesh Wangkhem et al.
14Ae30 .
per mm2, simple perforation plate, inter-vessel pit alternate, vestured, smallmedium 6.
87Ae8.
93 AAm .
72A0.
45 AA.
in size, vessel ray pits with much reduce borders to apparently simple: pits rounded, tyloses present, vessel percentage 14.
Fibres Ae Thin - thick-walled, 1175Ae2425 AAm .
83A237.
30 AA.
long, 17.
52Ae28.
AAm .
20A2.
06 AA.
20Ae17.
35 AAm .
62A1.
82 AA.
in diameter and lumen diameter, 3.
35Ae7.
92 AAm .
29A1.
02 AA.
in wall thickness, vascicentric tracheid present, fibre percentage 44%.
Parenchyma Ae Diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate, aliform, confluent and banded, parenchyma strand 4Ae12 cells, parenchyma percentage Ray Ae Uniseriate and biseriate, mean ray height and ray width 369.
16Ae870.
23 AAm .
13A106.
AA.
08Ae56.
90 AAm .
11A4.
44 AA.
, 1Ae3 cells wide, rays both homocellular and Homocellular rays of upright and/or square cells, heterocellular rays consisting of body ray cells procumbent with 1Ae2 rows of upright and/or marginal square cells, rays 7Ae14 .
per mm, disjunctive ray parenchyma cells present, ray percentage Mineral inclusions Ae Silica bodies present in the parenchyma.
and also scalariform, vestured, small-medium 08Ae10.
27 AAm .
82A0.
65 AA.
in size, vessel ray pits with much reduce borders to simple:
pits rounded, tyloses present, vessel percentage Fibres Ae Thin-walled, 1025Ae1850 AAm .
83A150.
88 AA.
long, 18.
85Ae36.
AAm .
04A3.
21 AA.
19Ae27.
79 AAm .
91A2.
96 AA.
in diameter and lumen diameter, 2.
21Ae4.
50 AAm .
07A0.
47 AA.
in wall thickness, septate fibres present, fibre Parenchyma Ae Scanty, vasicentric, diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate and aliform, parenchyma strands 2-13 cells, vestured pits present in the parenchyma, parenchyma percentage 21.
Ray Ae Multiseriate, mean ray height and ray 01Ae843.
77 AAm .
81A104.
AA.
34Ae71.
48 AAm .
84A8.
53 AA.
, rays both homocellular and heterocellular, all homocellular rays of square cells, heterocellular rays consisting of body ray cells of procumbent with one row of upright and/or marginal square cells, rays 4Ae9 .
per mm, disjunctive ray parenchyma cells present, ray percentage Mineral inclusions Ae Crystal in fibre and parenchyma, black streaks present among fibres.
Syzygium nervosum DC.
(Figure 4A-4F.
Figure 6M-6P) General features Ae Heartwood and sapwood not clearly demarcated, wood pale grey or greyish brown in the outermost region and gradually grading into dark brown or reddishbrown towards the centre, moderately hard to hard and moderately heavy to heavy, usually interlocked sometimes wavy grains.
Anatomical features Ae A diffuse-porous Growth rings Ae Indistinct.
Vessels Ae Mostly solitary in radial multiple of 2Ae4, oval or circular in outline, barrel-shaped without and with very long or small tail at one or both ends, 325Ae975 AAm .
50A134.
23 AA.
in length, 61.
81Ae204.
67 AAm .
58A29.
89 AA.
in diameter, vessel frequency 10Ae22 .
per General features Ae Indistinct heartwood, wood reddish grey, hard, rough.
moderately heavy Ae wavy grain to reasonably straight grain.
Anatomical features Ae A diffuse-porous Growth rings Ae Indistinct.
Vessels Ae Mostly solitary, in radial multiple of 2Ae3, circular in outline, barrel-shaped without and with spiral thickenings in very long/ small tails at one or both ends, 375Ae825 AAm .
67A114.
29 AA.
in length, 103.
02Ae181.
AAm .
15A16.
42 AA.
in diameter, vessel frequency 11Ae21 .
per mm2, simple perforation plate, inter-vessel pit alternate Syzygium praecox (Roxb.
) Rathakr.
Nair (Figure 5A-5F.
Figure 6Q-6T) Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2020, 27-42
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Figure 4.
Syzygium nervosum: C.
- Wood diffuse-porous, vessels mostly solitary and in radial multiple of 2Ae3, banded Parenchyma (A & B).
- Rays uniseriate, biseriate and multiseriate.
parenchyma strand 2Ae13 celled, crystals in fibre and parenchyma cells (C).
scalariform vestured intervessel pits (D).
- With a homocellular ray of square cells and heterocellular rays of procumbent body ray cells with 1 row of upright and/or marginal square cells, the crystal in fibre and parenchyma cells (E) and Vessel-ray pits with much-reduced border to simple pits rounded pits (F) mm2, simple perforation plate, inter-vessel pit alternate, vestured, small-medium 6.
05Ae8.
AAm .
61A0.
51 AA.
in size, vessel ray pits with much reduce borders to apparently simple: pits rounded, tyloses present, vessel percentage Fibres Ae Thin-walled, 975Ae1875 AAm .
5A179.
5 AA.
long, 16.
07Ae26.
59 AAm .
76A2.
07 AA.
53Ae19.
39 AAm .
39A1.
95 AA.
in diameter and lumen diameter, 1.
99Ae4.
76 AAm .
18A0.
64 AA.
in wall thickness, fibre percentage 38.
Parenchyma Ae Diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate, vasicentric, confluent and banded, 4Ae16 cells per parenchyma strand, vestured pits present in the parenchyma, parenchyma percentage Ray Ae Uniseriate, biseriate and multiseriate, mean ray height and ray width 348.
60Ae737.
AAm .
75A80.
13 AA.
03Ae52.
36 AAm .
46A5.
45 AA.
, rays both homocellular and heterocellular, all homocellular rays of upright and/or square cells, heterocellular rays consisting of body ray cells procumbent with Comparative Wood Anatomical Properties of Genus Syzygium.
(Mahesh Wangkhem et al.
Figure 5.
Syzygium praecox: C.
- Wood diffuse-porous, vessels mostly solitary and in radial multiple of 2Ae4, diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate and confluent type of parenchyma (A & B).
- Rays uniseriate, biseriate and multiseriate, parenchyma strand 4Ae16 celled (C).
- Heterocellular ray with procumbent square and upright cells mixed throughout the ray (D), a homocellular ray of upright and/or square cells (E).
disjunctive ray parenchyma cell walls (F) mostly 2Ae4 rows of upright and/or marginal square cells, rays 6Ae15 .
per mm, disjunctive ray parenchyma cells present, ray percentage The results given in Table 2 show that the anatomical parameters exhibiting significant variation within species were vessel diameter in cumini and S.
jambos, vessel length and vessel frequency in S.
nervosum, fibre wall thickness in cumini, fibre diameter in S.
jambos, fibre lumen diameter, ray height and width in S.
number of cells in parenchyma strand and ray per mm in all species.
The vessel, fibre and ray characteristics exhibited significant variation among species except for several cells in parenchyma strand.
Vessels were significantly longer in S.
cumini and jambos than other species.
Vessel diameter was substantially larger in S.
cumini whereas intervessel pits were larger in S.
Vessel frequency was significantly more in S.
than other species.
Fibre length, fibre diameter and fibre lumen diameter were substantially higher in S.
cumini, and fibre wall thickness was more in S.
jambos than other species.
Ray heights were significantly longer in S.
cumini and Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2020, 27-42
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Figure 6.
Vessel elements shape: Syzygium cumini Ae Tube shaped (A), barrel-shaped with and without tails (B - D).
Syzygium fruticosum Ae Barrel-shaped with a small and pointed tail (E - F), spiral thickenings in the tail (G), tube-shaped (H).
Syzygium jambos Ae Vasicentric tracheid with the vessel (I), tube-shaped vessels (J - L).
Syzygium nervosum Ae Barrel-shaped with small, pointed and long-tail (M - O), spiral thickenings in the tail (P).
Syzygium praecox- Barrel-shaped vessels with a small and long-tail (Q Ae T) Comparative Wood Anatomical Properties of Genus Syzygium.
(Mahesh Wangkhem et al.
Table 2.
Analysis of variance of anatomical characteristics within the selected Syzygium species Parameters Syzygium Syzygium Vessel length Vessel diameter Vessel frequency Inter vessel pit size Fibre length Fibre diameter Fibre lumen diameter Fibre wall thickness Ray height Ray width Ray frequency 003 ns 249 ns 911 ns 122 ns Syzygium (F valu.
268 ns 259 ns 248 ns 826 ns Syzygium Syzygium 216 ns 220 ns 785 ns 193 ns 424 ns Remarks: The levels of significance used are: ns = Not-significant, * = Significant at P O 0.
05 level, ** = Highly significant at P O 01 level Table 3.
Anatomical characteristics variation among Syzygium species Parameters Syzygium cumini Syzygium Syzygium jambos Syzygium Syzygium praecox (MeanA SD) Vessel length (AA.
Vessel diameter (AA.
Inter vessel pit size (AA.
Vessel frequency .
/mm.
Fibre length (AA.
Fibre diameter (AA.
Fibre lumen diameter (AA.
Fibre wall thickness (AA.
Ray height (AA.
83 A 147.
50A124.
00A186.
67A114.
50 A134.
02 A 17.
76 A 17.
85 A 8.
15 A 16.
58 A 29.
20 A 0.
30 A 0.
72 A 0.
82 A 0.
61 A 0.
00 A 3.
00 A 3.
00 A 4.
00 A 3.
00 A 3.
83 A 222.
83A186.
83A237.
83A150.
50A179.
13 A 3.
30 A 3.
20 A 2.
04 A 3.
76 A 2.
62 A 3.
66 A 2.
62 A 1.
91 A 2.
39 A 1.
26 A 0.
32 A 0.
29 A 1.
07 A 0.
18 A 0.
08 A 120.
60 A158.
13 A106.
81A104.
75 A 80.
Ray width (AA.
98 A 8.
71 A 8.
11 A 4.
84 A 8.
46 A 5.
Ray frequency 8 A 2b 7 A 2ab 10 A 2c 6 A 1a 9 A 2c Remarks: Values with the same letter in the same row are not significantly different at the 0.
05 probability level On the other hand.
cumini and S.
fruticosum had wider rays as compared to other The number of rays per mm was higher in S.
jambos than other species (Table .
The maximum fibre percentage was in S.
%) and the minimum in S.
91%).
Likewise, highest vessel percentage, ray percentage and parenchyma percentage were observed in S.
91%).
64%) and S.
09%) respectively Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2020, 27-42
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Figure 7.
Tissue percentage of the selected Syzygium species Figure 8.
Wood density of selected Syzygium species Figure 9.
The moisture content of selected Syzygium species (Figure .
The results presented in Figure 10 revealed that S.
cumini was closely related to S.
There was a more close relationship between S.
fruticosum and S.
Though S.
jambos was also in the same axis, but it forms a separate group.
The result given in Figures 8 showed maximum wood density in S.
jambos and minimum in S.
On the contrary to it, the maximum wood moisture content was in nervosum and minimum in S.
jambos (Figure .
The wood structure in Syzygium species is uniform as reported in other genera of family Myrtaceae (Dias-Leme et al.
, 1.
All the selected species were diffuse-porous with indistinct rings except both diffuse-porous and semi-ring porous in S.
cumini and S.
The vessels were mostly barrel-shaped with small or long tails at one or both ends in all species except tube-shaped in S.
jambos and Comparative Wood Anatomical Properties of Genus Syzygium.
(Mahesh Wangkhem et al.
Figure 10.
Scattered plot for principal component analysis of selected Syzygium species drum-shaped in S.
Spiral thickenings were present in the tails of S.
nervosum and S.
Presence of spiral thickenings in vessel elements and simple perforation plate, small to medium-sized vestured pits and tyloses were common features in all selected species.
Similar observations are reported in other genera of family Myrtaceae by Metcalfe and Chalk .
Schmid and Baas .
and Patel .
In S.
nervosum, scalariform inter-vessel pits were seen in some parts of vessels which may be due to fusion of adjacent pits.
Fibres were thin-walled and non-septate in all species.
Occasional septate fibres and vasicentric tracheids were observed in S.
nervosum and S.
Vasicentric tracheids play an essential role in xylem conduction efficiency and decrease the chances of embolism in vessels (Barotto et al.
, 2.
The presence of septate fibres in S.
jambos and S.
nervosum may be due to presence of less percentage of parenchyma in these species as septate fibres are liable for transportation and also storage of photoassimilates in plants with less parenchyma (Evert, 2.
The axial parenchyma was diffuse, diffuse in aggregate, vasicentric, aliform and confluent Hence, there was no variation in types of axial parenchyma.
Vestured bordered pits were seen in S.
nervosum and In the present study, disjunctive ray parenchyma cells were present in all species and corroborated the findings of Patel .
Mineral inclusions are also important features for identification of wood.
In the present study, prismatic shaped crystals were found in fibres and axial parenchyma of S.
nervosum and even in ray and axial parenchyma of S.
Silica bodies were observed in axial parenchyma of S.
jambos in radial section.
The present investigation is in agreement with the findings of van Vilet and Bass .
who reported crystals in genus Lophomyrtus.
Most of the anatomical characteristics existed significant variation within species which may be due to the collection of samples from unknown age of selected trees.
On the contrary to it.
Pande et al.
5, 2.
reported nonsignificant variation in wood elements within The highly significant difference in anatomical parameters among species confirms the findings of other workers (Sharma et , 2011a, 2011b.
Singh et al.
, 2.
who reported the similar results in other hardwood Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol.
No.
April 2020, 27-42 Thus, the present study indicates that Syzygium species can be differentiated based on quantitative anatomical characteristics.
The present investigation reveals a close relationship among selected species.
Though S.
jambos was also in the same axis, but it forms a separate cluster.
There was a close relationship between S.
fruticosum - S.
nervosum and S.
- S.
The present study is in agreement with the findings of Biffin et al.
who reported S.
jambos and S.
in the same group by using cpDNA sequence from matK and ndhF genes and rpl16 intron.
The wood density and moisture content of Syzygium species showed maximum density and minimum moisture content in S.
as compared to other species.
Higher fibre percentage with thick-walled fibres in S.
may be the probable reason for its highest density and lowest moisture content.
The identification key for investigated species is given below:
Homocellular and heterocellular rays, vessels barrel to tube-shaped without spiral thickenings in tail .
Homocellular and heterocellular rays, vessels barrel to tube-shaped without spiral thickenings in tail .
Vessel diameter more than 100 AAm, vasicentric tracheids and silica bodies absent Vessel diameter was less than 100 AAm, vasicentric tracheids and silica bodies Uniseriate, biseriate and multiseriate rays, diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate and confluent parenchyma, vessel-ray pits horizontal to vertical --------------------------------- S.
Uniseriate, biseriate and multiseriate rays, diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate and confluent parenchyma, vessel-ray pits simple and rounded .
Multiseriate rays present, aliform, confluent parenchyma and crystals present in rays .
ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195
Multiseriate rays present, vasicentric parenchyma and crystals present in IV.
CONCLUSION
The detailed anatomical characteristics of five Syzygium species of Manipur.
India revealed that both qualitative features and quantitative anatomical characteristics could be used for Diffuse porous and indistinct growth rings were present in all selected species except Syzygium cumini and Syzygium fruticosum .
emi-ring porous and distinc.
Vasicentric tracheids were present in Syzygium jambos, and septate fibres were observed in Syzygium nervosum and Syzygium fruticosum.
Silica bodies were present in axial parenchyma of Syzygium jambos whereas crystals were observed in the ray of Syzygium nervosum and Syzygium fruticosum.
Syzygium jambos had maximum fibre percentage, wood density and minimum moisture content.
All the selected species showed significant variations in their quantitative anatomical and physical characteristics.
Identification key was prepared for investigated species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to Director.
NERIST for providing laboratory facilities.
REFERENCES