42 Journal of Applied Sciences.
Management and Engineering Technology.
Vol 6.
No 1, 2025: 42Ae56 Risk Mitigation of Workplace Accidents in Oil Palm Plantations by Using HIRADC and FTA Approaches (Case Study: PT.
XYZ)
Nur Rachmawati Sutriono Putri1.
Muhammad Nur2*.
Suherman3.
Nazaruddin4.
Muhammad Isnaini Hadiyul Umam5 Industrial Engineering Study Program.
Faculty of Science and Technology.
Sultan Syarif Kasim State Islamic University of Riau.
Pekanbaru Email: 111950220075@students.
uin-suska.
id, 2muhammad.
nur@uin-suska.
suherman@gmail.
com, 4nazaruddin@gmail.
com, 5umar@gmail.
Received: 2025-01-09 Received in revised from 2025-05-17 Accepted: 2025-05-21 Abstract This study addresses the mitigation of occupational accident risks in oil palm plantations using the Hazard Identification.
Risk Assessment, and Determining Control (HIRADC) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) approaches.
A case study was conducted at PT.
XYZ with the aim of identifying potential hazards, assessing risk levels, and determining effective control measures to reduce workplace accidents.
This study presents an integrated approach of HIRADC and FTA in the context of oil palm plantations, which successfully identified seven high-risk potential hazards and found their root causes.
The application of risk controls based on this analysis has proven effective in significantly reducing the risk level.
The HIRADC method was used to identify and assess the risk levels of various work activities in the plantation, while FTA was applied to analyze the root causes of workplace accidents in depth.
The results of the study indicate that the main hazards in the plantation include the use of heavy equipment, contact with chemicals, and hazardous environmental This study applied the HIRADC and FTA approach to identify seven hazards categorized as high risk (Risk Score RS Ou 8Ae.
, such as being pricked by palm thorns, struck by fronds, and hit by harvesting tools.
After implementing ISO 45001-based risk control measures, all risks were successfully reduced to medium (RS = 4Ae.
or low (RS O .
, demonstrating the significant effectiveness of the method in reducing workplace accident potential in oil palm plantations.
Keywords: FTA.
HIRAD.
Oil palm plantation.
Risk mitigation.
Workplace accidents Introduction The oil palm plantation industry plays a crucial role in the national economy, particularly in Indonesia, which is one of the world's leading producers.
Despite its significant contribution to national income, this sector also faces serious challenges in terms of occupational safety.
Workplace accidents in oil palm plantations can be fatal for workers and cause substantial losses for companies .
Workplace accidents do not occur by chance but are caused by specific factors that need to be investigated and identified .
These findings serve as a basis for corrective actions to address the root causes, enabling preventive measures in the future.
According to the domino theory, the causes of accidents are classified into two main categories: unsafe acts and unsafe conditions, as well as unsafe interactions between humans and machinery.
Modern occupational safety approaches aim to eliminate the root causes of workplace accidents.
Unsafe behavior is a major contributor to workplace accidents, accounting for 80-85% of cases due to human factors .
Therefore, improving human behavior in the workplace is essential to reduce or even preventing workplace accidents, in addition to implement mechanical techniques and ensuring a safe working environment.
PT.
XYZ holds a land-use permit (HGU) covering 4,235.
58 hectares, divided into two regions and four divisions .
A region is a work area consisting of several divisions, while a division encompasses a work area of approximately 1,000 hectares .
lat terrai.
or 800 hectares .
illy terrai.
PT.
XYZ operates as an agribusiness company focusing on oil palm production.
The company generates Putri.
Risk Mitigation of Workplace Accidents in Oil Palm Plantations by Using HIRADC and FTA Approaches (Case Study: PT.
XYZ) 43
an average daily yield of 2.
7 tons per division, making oil palm one of its primary products and Workplace Accident Figure 1.
Workplace Accident Data for PT.
XYZ Plantations .
0Ae2.
(Source: PT.
XYZ, 2.
In observations of the working environment in the oil palm plantation section of PT.
XYZ,
various tools with potential workplace accident risks were identified, including egreks, tojoks, dodos, gancus, machetes, axes, and wheelbarrows.
PT.
XYZ has yet to implement a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Occupational Health and Safety (OHS).
The government mandates that all organizations or companies implement an Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SMK.
in accordance with applicable regulations and standards.
This requirement aims to enable companies to proactively improve occupational health and safety performance within the workplace, preventing accidents and negative health impacts, including occupational diseases .
Workplace accidents result in worker injuries, disrupting the harvest production process and reducing productivity.
Each worker faces varying levels of risk, influenced by non-compliance with company regulations and unsafe working conditions .
To minimize these risks, companies should commit to protecting their workers by implementing OHS SOPs.
The function of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP.
includes streamlining work units, serving as a legal basis in case of deviations, clearly identifying obstacles and making them easy to trace, guiding employees to maintain discipline, and providing a framework for carrying out routine tasks .
Survey results indicate that workplace accident cases at PT.
XYZ from 2020 to 2023 involved 125 workers, ranging from minor to severe injuries, with the total number of incidents recorded as 39 cases in 2020, 24 cases in 2021, 35 cases in 2022, and 27 cases in 2023.
Workplace accidents in PT.
XYZ's oil palm plantations include incidents such as puncture wounds from thorns, being struck by fresh fruit bunches (FFB), being hit by fronds, injuries from egreks, and other types of accidents as detailed in the appendix.
In 2020, the number of workplace accidents at PT.
XYZ reached 39 cases but decreased to 24 cases in 2021.
However, the number rose again to 35 cases in 2022.
Several factors contributed to this increase, including inadequate safety training for workers, a lack of understanding of the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and unsafe work procedures.
Unsafe environmental conditions, such as slippery terrain, uneven roads, or landslide-prone areas, also played a role.
Additionally, extreme weather conditions, such as heavy rain or strong winds, impacted workplace safety.
Table 1.
Plantation Production Tonnage at PT.
XYZ .
0Ae2.
44 Journal of Applied Sciences.
Management and Engineering Technology.
Vol 6.
No 1, 2025: 42Ae56 Year Target Tonnage Production (To.
Tonnage Revenue Production (To.
Information 92,496.
86,021.
Not Achieved 89,159.
86,328.
Not Achieved 90,616.
95,831.
Achieved 101,283.
108,827.
Achieved (Sourece: PT.
XYZ, 2.
One recorded case of a workplace accident at PT.
XYZ occurred on August 10, 2023, when a harvester sustained a laceration injury from an axe while clearing oil palm fronds.
Immediate first aid was provided by coworkers and the foreman, after which the victim was taken to PT.
XYZ's clinic for medical treatment.
The impacts of workplace accidents at PT.
XYZ include the inability to meet daily production targets due to a shortage of labor, unachieved tonnage or work quotas, reduced attendance premiums because of absenteeism, and the company needing to hire temporary workers to complete the work left by injured harvesters.
As shown in Grafik 1.
PT.
XYZ's production tonnage increased by only 0.
36% from 2020 to This limited growth was influenced by workplace accidents, which were the highest among all recorded cases over the past four years at PT.
XYZ.
Several factors contributed to the failure to achieve production tonnage targets, including unmet output, ineffective working hours, extreme weather conditions, labor shortages, and a high rate of workplace accidents.
One of the primary causes of these accidents was employees' lack of awareness regarding the importance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
To address these issues comprehensively, detailed mitigation steps are necessary.
These steps include identifying hazards, assessing risks, reducing risks, and understanding the root causes of workplace accidents.
This approach is grounded in the application of the Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Determining Control (HIRADC) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) methods.
The HIRADC method is used to identify potential hazards, evaluate associated risks, and formulate controls to reduce or eliminate these risks.
Meanwhile, the FTA method provides a systematic and structured analysis of the fundamental causes of workplace accidents, offering clearer insights into the most effective mitigation measures to implement .
By integrating these two methods, it is expected that the primary causes can be identified, and effective preventive measures can be applied to manage workplace accident risks.
Based on this background, a study entitled AuRisk Mitigation of Workplace Accidents in Oil Palm Plantations Using the Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Determining Control (HIRADC) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Approaches at PT.
XYZAy is proposed.
Method This research was conducted at PT.
XYZ, an oil palm plantation located in Riau, focuses on the harvesting and loading divisions.
The study utilized both primary data, obtained through observation and interviews with employees, and secondary data from company records .
ccident logs, equipment data, and production tonnag.
Two main analytical approaches were applied: HIRADC (Hazard Identification.
Risk Assessment, and Determining Contro.
and FTA (Fault Tree Analysi.
HIRADC Method The HIRADC method is a structured approach used to identify workplace hazards, evaluate their risks, and determine appropriate control measures.
The process involved the following steps:
Hazard and Risk Identification: Activities were analyzed through field observation and worker interviews to identify potential hazards such as tool-related injuries, falling fronds, and environmental dangers.
Putri.
Risk Mitigation of Workplace Accidents in Oil Palm Plantations by Using HIRADC and FTA Approaches (Case Study: PT.
XYZ) 45
Severity Assessment (S): Each identified hazard was rated on a scale of 1 to 5 based on the potential impact or injury severity it could cause.
Likelihood/Frequency Assessment (L): The likelihood of each hazard occurring was similarly rated from 1 to 5 based on past incidents and observations.
Risk Score (RS) and Risk Level (RL): A risk score was calculated using the formula RS = L y S.
Risk levels were then categorized (Low.
Medium.
High, or Extrem.
using a risk matrix.
Determining Control Measures: Based on the risk level, appropriate control strategies were chosen using the ISO 45001 hierarchy of controls:
A Elimination A Substitution A Engineering Controls A Administrative Controls A Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) The outcome of HIRADC guided the prioritization and implementation of controls to mitigate identified risks in activities such as harvesting, transporting, loading, and unloading oil palm Fresh Fruit Bunches.
FTA Method The Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method was applied to investigate the root causes of high-risk workplace accidents identified during HIRADC.
FTA uses a top-down deductive approach structured as follows:
Define the Top Event: Each fault tree starts with a specific workplace accident .
AuWorker injured by macheteA.
Identify Immediate Causes: Direct causes of the top event .
, unsafe tool use, poor positionin.
are identified.
Trace Root Causes: The analysis breaks down contributing factors further, such as lack of training, defective tools, or inadequate supervision.
Construct Logical Tree Diagrams: Each path is mapped using logic gates (AND/OR) to show how multiple failures may combine to cause an accident.
Determine Corrective Measures: By understanding root causes, targeted interventions, like safety training, equipment redesign, and SOP development, are recommended.
Data Collection Data plays a crucial role in producing scientific and accountable research.
Therefore, the data collected must be accurate and authentic, not fabricated.
Data represents facts or figures that form the basis of analysis.
In this study, data were obtained through both primary and secondary sources to develop a concrete dataset ready for processing and testing.
Primary data was collected directly by the researcher without intermediaries, using methods such as observation and interviews.
Observation involved directly observing the objects under study to gather relevant data.
Interviews were conducted with harvesting employees, loading employees, and division assistants of PT.
XYZ is to identify potential hazards and workplace accident risks.
Secondary data, on the other hand, consisted of preexisting information available within the company.
This included records and documentation such as Workplace Accident Recapitulation Data.
Work Equipment and Facility Data, and Production Tonnage Data.
Data Processing Once the data is collected, it will be processed in alignment with the literature studied earlier, utilizing the Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Determining Control (HIRADC) method and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA).
The outcomes of this data processing stage include:
Using HIRADC Methodology.
After conducting observations and interviews to directly assess the condition of the subjects and gather information about the issues under investigation, the HIRADC method is applied.
This method identifies potential hazards and risks, evaluates the severity and frequency of risks, assesses risk levels, and provides solutions and recommendations to address the identified risk levels.
46 Journal of Applied Sciences.
Management and Engineering Technology.
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No 1, 2025: 42Ae56 Hazard and Risk Identification.
Activities and observations are analyzed in detail to identify potential risks and hazards arising from these activities and field conditions.
Severity Assessment.
The severity of the potential risks and hazards is assigned a value .
Ae.
based on how severe the injury or loss could be.
This evaluation may also include the estimated number of lost workdays.
Frequency Assessment.
The frequency of occurrence is evaluated .
Ae.
simultaneously with This assessment is based on how often the hazard or risk might occur.
It can be measured qualitatively, estimating the likelihood of a hazard occurring, or semi-qualitatively, by analyzing historical accident data, such as less than once in 10 years, three times in 10 years, etc.
Risk Value and Risk Level.
The risk value is calculated by multiplying the severity value by the frequency value.
The resulting risk level is then classified based on a risk mapping scale .
ow, medium, high, extrem.
Using FTA Methodology.
The FTA method is used to identify risks contributing to failures through a top-down approach.
This begins with an assumption of failure or loss at the top event, followed by breaking down the root causes leading to the top event.
The process involves tracing back to fundamental causes .
oot cause.
of failures or accidents to develop a structured understanding of the risks and their interdependencies.
Result and Discussion Data Processing Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Determining Control (HIRADC) At this stage, the process of hazard identification and risk assessment (Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Determining Control/HIRADC) will be conducted at PT.
XYZ.
The aim of this stage is to recognize potential sources of hazards in the workplace, assess the risk levels associated with them, and determine effective control measures.
Through this approach.
PT.
XYZ is committed to creating a safe work environment that supports employee productivity while complying with applicable safety and health standards.
Hazard Identification Hazard identification is the process of recognizing potential hazards that may arise within an organization or company.
The primary goal of hazard identification is to identify and understand the various risks that may arise from work activities or the existing environment, as well as how these hazards can occur.
This process involves mapping out various factors that can lead to accidents or damage, such as physical conditions, work tools, and environmental factors.
Below is the hazard identification at PT.
XYZ, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
Hazard Identification at PT.
XYZ
Stages of Work Oil Palm Frond Cutting Work Process Cut the palm fronds before cutting the using axes and machetes Potential Danger Hit by palm fronds, scratched by palm frond thorns, hit by dodos, hit by machete and axe, eye stabbed by dodos Cutting of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches Harvesting oil palm fruit by cutting the fruit from the branches using tools such as dodos, tojok, axes and machetes.
Impaled by palm thorns, hit by a sledgehammer, hit by palm oil FFB, palm dust in eyes Putri.
Risk Mitigation of Workplace Accidents in Oil Palm Plantations by Using HIRADC and FTA Approaches (Case Study: PT.
XYZ) 47
Transportation of FFB to TPH (PlacePengumpulan Hasi.
Transporting TBS (Fresh Fruit Bunche.
using wheelbarrows, motorized vehicles, or manually Back pain due to overloading, falling and slipping at the market, being stabbed by a palm thorn, foot in a hole Loading of oil palm FFB into dump trucks The process of loading oil palm FFB from TPH using a tojok into the dump truck body Hit by a corner, hit by oil palm fruit bunches, eyes hit by oil palm pollen, stabbed by oil palm thorns, caught in the door of a dump truck Unloading of oil palm FFB on a pontoon .
Unloading oil palm FFB and stacking them onto a pontoon .
Impaled by a palm thorn, impaled by a Risk Assessment The next step is to conduct a risk assessment of the potential hazards that have been identified.
The following is a risk assessment that can be seen in the Table 3.
Table 3.
Risk Assessment No.
Work activity 1 Palm Frond Cutting Process Potential danger Tertimpa pelepah sawit Scratched by palm leaf thorns Hit by a machete and an axe Hit by dodos Eyes pierced by dodos handle Cutting of Oil Palm Impaled by palm thorn Fresh Fruit Hit by a egrek Bunches Hit by oil palm fruit bunches Palm oil powder in eyes Transportation of Back pain TBS to TPH Fell and slipped at the market Feet go into the hole Impaled by palm thorn Loading of oil Stabbed by a knife and a stick palm FFB into Hit by oil palm fruit bunches dump trucks Palm oil powder in eyes Impaled by palm thorn High Medium High High Low High High High Medium Low Low Low High High High Medium High Stuck in the dump truck door Impaled by palm thorn High High High Unloading of oil palm FFB on a pontoon .
Hit by a corner and a hook Control Measures (Determining Contro.
The identified potential hazards can be managed by first determining a priority scale, which helps in selecting the appropriate risk control measures, known as the hierarchy of risk control.
reduce risks, efforts focus on minimizing the likelihood of hazards occurring and reducing the severity of the consequences resulting from high-risk activities .
Risk control measures are guided by the risk hierarchy according to ISO 45001, which consists of five levels of risk control: Elimination.
Substitution.
Engineering Controls.
Administrative Controls, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) .
48 Journal of Applied Sciences.
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Hazard Risk Control for Palm Frond Cutting Process No.
Potential Hazard 1 Falling Palm Fronds Hierarchical Eliminat Substitut Engineering Controls Administrative PPE Control Solutions Controls Ensure the work Installation of Work area Helmets, body yU yU area is clear of automatic barriers to arrangement and protectors, safety fallen palm fronds hold falling fronds, inspection of palm shoes.
and use protective such as protective nets fronds or supports.
vulnerable body 2 Hit by Ensure machetes Use machetes and axes Supervise the use Protective yU yU Machete and axes are in with ergonomic handle of machetes and safety shoes, leg or Axe good condition and designs and sharp edge axes, and provide guards.
used safely.
3 Scratched Use Install automatic Clear division of Protective yU yU by Palm equipment barriers to hold falling work areas to avoid body Frond sturdy gloves that as injuries while safety shoes.
Thorns protective nets or clearing debris.
4 Hit by Use dodos with Redesign dodos with Clear task Protective yU yU Dodos secure grips and ergonomic grips and allocation to avoid body ensure the tool is in additional blade guards crowding or safety shoes.
good condition.
direct accidents.
5 Eyes Use dodos with Redesign dodos handles Supervise and Safety goggles, face yU yU Struck by handles equipped with safer materials and regulate proper shields.
Dodos with guards or ergonomic shapes to tool usage by Handle reduce eye injury risks.
Table 5.
Controlling the Risk of Hazards in the Oil Palm FFB Cutting Process No.
Potential Hazard Hierarchical Eliminati Substituti Engineering Controls Administrative PPE Control Controls Solutions Hit by Use automatic Identify hazardous Safety helmet, body yU yU Implement Falling Oil helmets during harvesting systems for zones and avoid them, protector, safety Palm FFB falling FFBs, such as ensuring safe walking shoes.
conveyor systems or paths catching devices.
Hit by Use egrek with Assign clear tasks to Protective yU yU Redesign egrek with Egrek secure grips and ergonomic grips and avoid crowding or body ensure the tool is additional blade guards accidents.
safety shoes.
to prevent direct contact.
Eyes Use face shields designated Safety goggles.
yU yU Use cutting tools with an Provide Exposed to or safety goggles automatic dust-catching cutting areas far from Palm Dust to protect eyes system or more effective other zones to reduce from palm dust or protective devices.
Pricked by Use automatic Use gloves made of Gloves, safety shoes.
yU yU Implement Palm Thorns equipment, such harvesting systems for materials as sturdy gloves falling FFBs, such as synthetic or genuine conveyor systems or leather to resist thorn catching devices to avoid penetration.
Putri.
Risk Mitigation of Workplace Accidents in Oil Palm Plantations by Using HIRADC and FTA Approaches (Case Study: PT.
XYZ) 49
Table 6.
Controlling Hazard Risks in Transporting TBS to TPH No.
Potential Hazard Back Pain Slipping in Carrying Path Foot Falling Ground Hole Pricked by Palm Thorns Hierarchical Elimin Substitut Engineering Controls Administrative Control Solutions ation Controls Use Design wheelbarrows Even distribution yU yU with of loads and load supervision distribution systems for prevent capacity, such as weight overloading.
wheelbarrows or larger vehicles.
Use safety shoes Install wheelbarrows Ensure safer paths yU yU non-slip with and braking areas, systems to prevent regular when inspections Use Create movable work Regular yU yU work platforms platforms for uneven inspections or cover boards ground areas.
for areas with and closing off areas with holes.
Use protective Implement automatic Use gloves made yU yU equipment, such harvesting systems for of synthetic or as sturdy gloves FFB, such as conveyor genuine leather to catching resist devices to avoid direct penetration.
contact with palm
PPE
Protective back safety shoes.
Anti-slip safety shoes, knee Safety Gloves, safety Table 7.
Controlling the Risk of Hazards in the Process of Loading Palm Oil Fruit Bunches into Dump Trucks No.
Potential Hazard Hierarchical Eliminati Substituti Engineering Controls Control Solutions Pricked by Use Equip tools with yU yU sharp tool shoes automatic protective steel-toe covers for sharp parts when not in use.
Hit by oil palm
FFB
Use safety helmets during the harvesting yU yU Eyes to palm Use face shields or safety glasses to protect eyes from dust or palm debris.
yU yU Pricked by palm Use protective such as durable gloves resistant to thorns.
Pinched by Use truck door warning signs.
yU yU yU yU Administrative Controls PPE Provide training on Protective proper tool usage and gloves, safety and shoes.
inspect tools before Identify and avoid Safety hazardous zones, and body use safe paths when safety shoes.
moving within the Provide designated Safety glasses.
areas for cutting that are distant from other zones to reduce risks.
Implement automatic harvesting system for FFB, such as conveyor belts or catching devices.
Use cutting tools equipped with automatic dust catchers or more effective protective Use automatic Use gloves made of harvesting systems for synthetic or genuine FFB, such as conveyor leather to resist thorn catching penetration.
devices to avoid direct Install hydraulic Display opening systems for such as AuCaution! Do truck doors to prevent not stand near the sudden movements.
truck door.
Ay Gloves, safety Protective gloves, safety 50 Journal of Applied Sciences.
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Controlling the Risk of Hazards in the Process of Unloading Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches on Pontoons (Barge.
No.
Potential Hazard Pricked by palm thorns Hierarchical Elimin Substitu Control Solutions Use protective yU yU body equipment, such as durable gloves resistant to Pricked by sharp Use safety shoes with steel-toe yU yU Engineering Controls Administrative Controls PPE Implement an automatic Use gloves made of Gloves, safety harvesting system for synthetic or genuine oil palm FFB, such as leather to resist thorn or penetration.
catching devices to avoid direct contact with palm thorns.
Equip with Provide training on Protective gloves, protective proper and safe tool safety shoes.
covers for sharp parts usage, and inspect when not in use.
tools before use.
After Risk Control is Conducted in Each Process The next step is to conduct brainstorming sessions to evaluate whether there is a reduction in the risk levels of the identified hazards.
Through these sessions, comparisons can be made between the conditions before and after implementing the control solutions.
The new risk assessment results show a significant reduction in the risk levels of all identified hazards.
When control solutions are effectively applied to each activity, the overall risk level decreases from moderate to low.
Similarly, hazards previously categorized as high risk have been reduced to moderate risk levels.
Based on the analysis conducted, seven hazards were identified as high-risk categories.
These include: Pricked by palm thorns.
Hit by falling palm fronds.
Struck by falling oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB).
Injured by machetes and axes.
Pricked by sharp tools .
, spikes and gancu hook.
Hit by harvesting tools .
, dodos and egre.
, and Trapped by dump truck tailgate doors.
These hazards require special attention and effective control measures to reduce the risk levels and ensure worker Proposed Risk Control for Workplace Accidents Using the FTA (Fault Tree Analysi.
Method At this stage, risk control proposals are developed using the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method.
This method is utilized to identify the root causes of each hazard that could lead to workplace accidents.
FTA aids in analyzing the relationships between various causal factors and presents them in a logical tree diagram to determine effective control measures.
Fault Tree Analysis for Pricked by Palm Thorns.
In this analysis, various factors contributing to workers being pricked by palm thorns are identified, including tool conditions, work methods, and the work environment.
These factors are analyzed to design effective control measures.
Figure 2.
Fault Tree Analysis for Pricked by Palm Thorns Fault Tree Analysis for Being Hit by Palm Fronds Putri.
Risk Mitigation of Workplace Accidents in Oil Palm Plantations by Using HIRADC and FTA Approaches (Case Study: PT.
XYZ) 51
This analysis aims to identify the root causes of workers being struck by palm fronds, focusing on safety factors during the cutting and felling of fronds, as well as workers' awareness of surrounding Figure 3.
Fault Tree Analysis for Being Struck by Palm Fronds Fault Tree Analysis for Being Struck by Palm Oil Fruit Bunches (FFB) Through this analysis, the main causes of workers being struck by FFBs are mapped, ranging from transportation techniques to work positioning arrangements, in order to significantly reduce this risk.
Figure 4.
Fault Tree Analysis for Being Struck by Palm Oil Fruit Bunches (FFB) Fault Tree Analysis for Injury from Machetes and Axes This analysis aims to identify the root causes of accidents caused by the use of machetes and axes in the workplace, as well as to pinpoint factors that increase the risk of injury to workers.
Figure 5.
Fault Tree Analysis for Injury from Machetes and Axes Fault Tree Analysis for Puncture from Tojok and Gancu This analysis aims to identify the root causes of accidents caused by punctures from the tojok or gancu, as well as to evaluate the factors that contribute to injuries among workers when using these 52 Journal of Applied Sciences.
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Fault Tree Analysis for Puncture from Tojok and Gancu Fault Tree Analysis for Injury from Dodos and Egrek This analysis aims to identify the root causes of accidents resulting from injuries caused by dodos and egrek, as well as to find the underlying causes of injury risks in the use of these tools in the field.
Figure 7.
Fault Tree Analysis for Injury from Dodos and Egrek Fault Tree Analysis for Pinched by Dump Truck Tailgate This analysis aims to identify the root causes of accidents caused by workers being pinched by the dump truck tailgate, as well as to identify preventive measures that can be applied to reduce the risk of injury.
Figure 8.
Fault Tree Analysis Trapped in Dump Truck Door Conclusion Based on the research conducted, the following conclusions can be drawn: .
Risk Assessment Findings Using the HIRADC Approach: Seven potential workplace hazards were identified in the palm oil plantation of PT.
XYZ, classified as high-risk.
These hazards include injury from palm thorn punctures, falling palm fronds, falling Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB), being struck by machetes and axes, punctured by tojok and gancu, injuries from dodos and egrek, and being pinched by the dump truck The following are proposed improvements that can be implemented to reduce or eliminate these hazards: .
Palm Thorn Puncture: .
To reduce the risk of palm thorn punctures, it is essential to ensure Putri.
Risk Mitigation of Workplace Accidents in Oil Palm Plantations by Using HIRADC and FTA Approaches (Case Study: PT.
XYZ) 53
that all workers use adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as thorn-resistant gloves.
Regular training on proper PPE use is also necessary to ensure workers understand the importance of using PPE effectively.
Human error and lack of focus are major contributors to this risk.
Therefore, the company should conduct comprehensive training for workers, which should include information on the dangers of palm thorns, safe work practices, and correct PPE usage.
This training should be conducted regularly, at least once a month.
Additionally, implementing a work rotation system can help reduce fatigue, which contributes to decreased concentration.
Daily supervision by field supervisors should also be conducted to provide direct feedback on unsafe work practices.
The condition of the harvest area, such as hidden thorns among fronds, slippery terrain, and palm tree condition, requires intervention through workplace maintenance.
Preventive actions include regular cleaning of pruned palm fronds to reduce the risk of workers unintentionally touching hidden thorns.
Furthermore, harvest paths should be leveled and anti-slip materials used, particularly in high-sloped areas, to reduce the risk of slipping.
Simple sensing tools, such as lightweight thorn detection sticks, can help workers identify potentially hazardous areas before transporting palm fruit bunches.
A clear and standardized SOP must be designed and implemented for all processes in the palm plantation.
This SOP should cover how to transport fruit bunches, proper hand positions when using tools, and correct use of tools like tojok and egrek.
SOP
documentation should be published in work areas in the form of visual guides that are easy for all workers to understand.
Additionally, periodic evaluations of SOP implementation are required to ensure that field practices align with the established procedures.
Work scenario simulations focusing on safe body and hand positions should also be incorporated into regular training.
Using PPE, such as Kevlar gloves and anti-slip boots, should be mandatory for all field workers.
To improve compliance, the company can provide high-quality PPE for free and ensure an adequate supply.
Additionally, regular inspections and maintenance of tools like tojok and egrek should be part of the safety management Broken or dull tools must be repaired or replaced immediately to prevent accidents from using faulty equipment.
As an additional measure, innovations such as polymer transport containers can be implemented to minimize direct contact with palm thorns.
These containers should be designed ergonomically to facilitate safe transport without compromising worker safety.
Falling Palm Fronds: To address the risk of falling palm fronds, it is crucial to improve safe cutting techniques in accordance with established procedures.
Training workers on proper cutting techniques will help prevent this hazard.
Additionally, regular monitoring of the work environment is necessary to ensure that the work area is free from hazards like falling palm fronds.
Lack of worker awareness during harvesting activities is a major cause of accidents involving falling palm fronds.
Therefore, the company should hold routine training to increase awareness of this danger.
The training should include lessons on environmental observation techniques, identifying hazard zones, and safety procedures before cutting fronds.
Scenario simulations of falling fronds can be conducted to train workers in quickly avoiding dangerous situations.
Moreover, implementing a communication system using voice or visual signals among workers will help improve coordination, especially when cutting fronds.
A work area without a clearly marked safe zone poses a significant risk.
To address this, the company must implement a system of marking work zones using safety tape or visible signs.
Before cutting begins, workers must mark the area where fronds will fall within a certain radius to ensure no other workers are in that area.
Furthermore, the work environment should be periodically organized to avoid piling up dry fronds, which could create additional hazards like slipping or increasing the workload during removal.
This organizing should be supervised by personnel qualified in safety Cutting techniques that do not consider the direction of falling fronds are a primary cause of accidents.
Therefore, the company should develop and socialize an SOP for safe cutting techniques.
The SOP should explain the optimal cutting angles to ensure the fronds fall in a controlled manner and do not harm workers.
Additionally, using tools such as frond hooks or supports can help direct the fronds to a safe location.
These tools also enhance worker control over the direction of the falling fronds, especially when working with tall or hard-to-reach trees.
Regular inspections of these tools should be conducted to ensure their functionality.
Appropriate PPE, such as safety helmets and anti-slip boots, must be applied to all workers involved in harvesting.
The company must ensure that sufficient PPE is available and that workers wear it at all times while working.
Additionally, field supervision by safety officers should be enhanced to ensure compliance with SOPs and PPE usage.
This supervision will also 54 Journal of Applied Sciences.
Management and Engineering Technology.
Vol 6.
No 1, 2025: 42Ae56 provide direct evaluations of the implementation of taught cutting techniques and correct unsafe Periodic evaluations of the effectiveness of these measures should be conducted to ensure continuous improvement in workplace safety.
Falling Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB):
To reduce the risk of falling FFB, an improvement is implementing safe FFB transport The use of appropriate transport equipment, such as trucks or transport vehicles that are strong and stable, can reduce the likelihood of accidents during FFB transportation.
Workers should also be trained on safe transport methods, including how to properly load and manage the weight to prevent uncontrolled transportation and accidents.
Intensive safety training should be a priority to prevent accidents caused by inattention or human error.
This training should include recognizing signs of overripe or unstable FFB on trees at risk of falling.
Workers should also be taught techniques for assessing the environment before starting the harvesting process, ensuring a safe position away from the risk of falling FFB.
To enhance awareness, the company can provide a simple alarm system using whistles or visual signals, which workers can use to alert colleagues when FFB is about to be cut.
A safe work environment is crucial for reducing the risk of injury.
The company should ensure that only FFB with optimal ripeness is harvested to reduce the risk of overripe fruit falling by itself.
Regular monitoring of tree conditions should be carried out by dedicated personnel to assess the stability of FFB.
Additionally, work paths around harvest areas should be designed to be free from obstacles and equipped with signs indicating safe positions for workers.
This step can minimize potential injuries from mispositioning or accidentally being under a tree at risk of falling fruit.
The development and socialization of an SOP for FFB cutting is an important step in preventing accidents.
This SOP should include guidelines for safe positions during harvesting, correct cutting techniques to prevent uncontrolled FFB falls, and steps to take if FFB begins to move.
Tools such as extended poles with supports or collecting baskets should also be provided to ensure FFB does not fall directly onto the ground or workers.
Workers should receive regular training on how to implement these SOPs, and field supervision should be conducted to ensure compliance with the procedures.
Workers are required to use PPE designed to protect from falling FFB.
Safety helmets with additional impact-absorbing protection should be standard equipment.
Additionally, the company needs to provide transport vehicles with added safety features, such as load restraints made of mesh or strong tarpaulins, to ensure FFB does not fall during transport.
Routine inspections of the transport equipment should be conducted to ensure structural This inspection should also cover transport paths to ensure there are no obstructions or terrain conditions that could increase accident risks.
Pinched by Dump Truck Bed Door.
To prevent accidents caused by being pinched by a dump truck bed door, the first step is to ensure the presence of a clear Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) regarding the operation of the bed door.
Dump truck operators should be trained to open and close the bed door carefully and check for the presence of other workers around the vehicle before continuing their operations.
Additionally, the use of communication tools, such as whistles or radios, will help operators coordinate with workers on the ground to avoid accidents.
The first step is to implement safe work procedures for opening and closing the dump truck bed door.
It is recommended that this process be carried out by more than one person to ensure proper control and reduce the risk of accidents.
Alternatively, the use of automation technology, such as hydraulic systems or automatic hinges, could be a safer solution.
This system allows the door to be opened and closed without direct human involvement, thus avoiding the potential for pinching that often occurs due to accidents or lack of Workers interacting with the dump truck door must be equipped with appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
The use of anti-slip safety shoes is crucial to prevent workers from falling or slipping when near the dump truck bed door.
Additionally, upper body protection .
uch as vests or chest protector.
can help reduce the impact of injuries if pinched.
This PPE must always be worn by any worker interacting with the dump truck, whether opening or closing the bed door.
Workers must receive specialized training covering safe methods for opening and closing the dump truck bed door and how to act when near a moving door.
This training should include the proper techniques for using safety tools and avoiding risky positions when close to the bed door.
Additionally, workers need to be educated on the importance of maintaining a safe distance and always adhering to the established safety Putri.
Risk Mitigation of Workplace Accidents in Oil Palm Plantations by Using HIRADC and FTA Approaches (Case Study: PT.
XYZ) 55
Regular inspections of the dump truckAos condition are essential to prevent potential accidents caused by equipment failure.
Components related to the opening and closing of the bed door, such as hinges, hydraulic systems, and door locking mechanisms, should be inspected regularly to ensure everything is functioning properly.
If damage or wear is found, immediate repairs or replacement of components should be carried out to prevent accidents that could harm workers.
The area around the dump truck bed door must be kept clean and free of obstacles or objects that could obstruct the door when it is opened or closed.
Before opening the door, ensure that no objects block the doorAos movement.
By maintaining cleanliness and orderliness in the work area, the likelihood of Strict supervision is also needed to ensure that all safety procedures are correctly implemented.
Supervisors should always monitor dump truck operations to ensure that workers are wearing protective equipment and following safe procedures when interacting with the dump truck bed door.
With consistent supervision, the potential for accidents can be reduced, and workplace safety will be better .
After conducting an analysis using Fault Tree Analysis, the root causes of potential hazards with the highest risk levels were identified.
The root cause of the potential hazard of being punctured by palm thorns is the use of improper tools or negligence in using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
The root cause of the potential hazard of being hit by palm fronds is unsafe cutting techniques or lack of supervision of the working environmentAos conditions.
The root cause of the potential hazard of being hit by Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) of palm oil is unsafe transportation processes of FFB, and insufficient attention to FFB placement or transportation.
The root cause of the potential hazard of being struck by machetes and axes is the improper use of tools or lack of attention to the positions of other workers nearby during work, as well as insufficient training in using the tools.
The root cause of the potential hazard of being punctured by a tojok .
alm harvesting too.
and gancu .
is negligence in storing tools in safe places, careless tool usage, or workers not understanding the correct usage of the tools.
The root cause of the potential hazard of being struck by a dodos or egrek .
alm harvesting tool.
is unsafe working techniques, such as swinging these tools without ensuring that the surrounding area is clear of other workers.
Poor tool conditions can also worsen this risk.
The root cause of the potential hazard of being pinched by the dump truck bed door is a lack of attention or communication between workers during the transportation and closure process of the bed door.
The heavy bed door and the lack of safety mechanisms also contribute to this risk.
References