JPAP (Journal of Public Administration Researc.
Vol 11 No 1
E-ISSN 2460-1586
Blue Economy Challenge:The Threat Of The Impact Of IndonesiaAos Sea Sand Export Policy Mhd Andika Wahyudi* E-mail: mhdandikawahyudi@mail.
Departemen Manajemen dan Kebijakan Publik.
FISIPOL.
Universitas Gadjah Mada Submitted: 23-10-2024.
Accepted:12-02-2025.
Publish:24-02-2025 DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
30996/jpap.
Abstract Thist research discusses the Indonesian government's sand export policy and its relationship with the Blue Economy challenge.
The sand export policy is regulated in Government Regulation Number 26 of 2023, the policy is feared to have a negative impact on the environment and society.
Through descriptive qualitative methods, this research discusses the history of Indonesia's sea sand exports, its impacts and its relationship as a blue economy The findings of this research show that there is a threat of damage to the marine environment, coastal areas, and negative effects on the economy of local communities.
In the future, it is hoped that this research can be developed with various other indicators and concrete case studies and further relationships to the Blue economy.
Keywords: Blue Economy.
Sea Sand Export.
Policy Impact Introduction Blue economy according to the World Bank in (Faisyal & Wulandari, 2.
is a new concept that is orientated towards the wise use of marine resources.
In (Alfarizi, 2.
Blue economy is about how to utilise marine resources for welfare by paying attention and striving for sustainability without any damage to the marine Blue economy speaks (Banu, 2.
about how the resources in the sea can be utilised by humans, both in terms of fisheries, corals, seawater, underwater energy and others.
Blue economy in Indonesia (Pane et al.
, 2.
is currently one of the sectors prioritised for national development.
This is not surprising (Alfarizi, 2.
because Indonesia is a country with the longest coastline in the world.
The vast marine biodiversity and abundance of marine resources are the main capital in terms of blue economy development in Indonesia.
Economic implementation should be linear from the government, private sector and community.
Government policies, private activities and communities must pay attention to the sustainability of the marine environment to support the concept of the blue economy.
Blue economy practices in Indonesia are currently quite diverse, such as (Ervianto, 2.
from infrastructure development with a blue economy Blue economy approaches (Alifa & Zahidi, 2.
in the utilisation of marine products by the community in the process of catching, cultivation and other marine activities.
Other community activities (Alifa & Zahidi, 2024.
Latupapua et al.
Nansi et al.
, 2024.
Saksono, 2013.
Febryaningrum et al.
, 2.
have also shown the process of blue economy application in the marine environment.
has also shown the process of blue economy application in Indonesia in the form of empowerment.
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coastal tourism management, marine tourism and others.
This shows that there has been a positive response from the community to realise this blue economy concept.
In this situation, government policies and programmes should continue to encourage the community in realising the blue economy.
The Indonesian government recently reopened the export of sea sand after a long period of closure.
In (Amri et al.
, 2023.
Nugraha, 2.
on 15 May 2023.
President Joko Widodo issued Government Regulation (PP) Number 26 of 2023 concerning the Management of Sedimentation Results in the Sea.
The issuance of this regulation is quite problematic (Amri et al.
, 2.
in the view of the general public.
One of the public's accusations of this policy is that it is a way for Singaporean countries to invest in the new capital city development project.
However, (Amri et al.
This has been emphasised by President Joko Widodo that the reopening of the export tap is not related to the IKN project but purely for general economic This regulation officially reopens the export tap which was banned through the Decree of the Minister of Industry and Trade Number 89/MPP/Kep/2/2002.
Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number SKB.
07/MEN/2002, and Minister of Environment Number 01/MENLH/2/2002, which was later replaced by Decree of the Minister of Industry and Trade Number 177/MPP/Kep/2/2003 signed by Rini Sumarno on 28 February 2003.
Export ban (Amalia et al.
, 2023.
Purwaka, 2014.
Yansen et al.
, 2.
Sea sand was once caused by several things, one of which was environmental issues.
Where environmental damage that occurs in coastal areas and until the loss of small islands, one of which is in the Riau archipelago due to sea sand mining.
The negative impact of environmental damage has also been widely felt by the community.
In anticipation of more severe damage, a policy on the prohibition of marine exports was issued, with the hope that marine sand mining activities would be reduced.
That way, it is hoped that it can restore and improve the condition of the former marine environment of marine sand mining activities.
The new sea sand export policy has many concerns for the community and the This is (Hasibuan et al.
, 2024.
Nugraha, 2024.
Sari, 2023.
Yansen et al.
will lead to further exploitation of marine sand.
This is not surprising because (Ido, 2019.
Jamika et al.
, 2023.
Nugraha, 2.
sea sand mining has several adverse impacts, one of which, according to Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (Walh.
, is environmental damage.
The dark period caused by sea sand mining has the opportunity to happen again.
This reopened export tap will indirectly have an impact on attracting many parties to contribute to sea sand mining.
In (Gomareuzzaman.
Yansen et al.
, 2.
it has been mentioned that the mining of sea sand has the potential to adversely affect various sectors of both the marine environment and This phenomenon shows a mismatch between the expectations and ideal conditions that should be realised by the government and the current situation through the policies made.
This is what attracts the author to study more deeply related to this problem.
Research on the impact of this sea sand export policy in several previous Copyright A 2024.
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studies has discussed (Suhardi & Riaty Raffiudin, 2.
how in some cases, mining practices are not environmentally friendly and oligarchic.
This sea sand mining practice only benefits some parties, oligarchs and does not support coastal people.
the other hand, the practice of mining sea sand in the past was carried out by exploitation without paying attention to the environment.
Some others (Hasibuan et , 2024.
Korenelius, 2024.
Nugraha, 2024.
Sari, 2023.
Yulianti, 2024.
Yansen et al.
discuss how it impacts on environmental damage and the impact on the discuss the impact on environmental damage and the socio-economic impact of the community, especially on local communities.
This policy (Surianti et al.
has caused various damages to the environment, starting from the destruction of the marine ecosystem, the threat of natural disasters due to erosion and abrasion of coastal sand to the threat to the welfare of local residents who have lost their fishing livelihoods due to damage to the sea where they fish.
Interestingly, previous research has rarely examined this matter by linking it to the concept of blue economy.
Therefore, the author will examine the threat of environmental damage due to this sea sand export policy that this policy results in not achieving a blue economy.
The research question that will be discussed in this study is what are the threats to the reopening of Indonesian sea sand exports?.
The purpose of this research is to see the extent and what threats will arise from the sea sand export policy and its relationship with efforts to realise the concept of Indonesia's blue economy as a country with the longest coastline in the world and the diversity of its marine biota.
Methods This research methods used in this study (Harahap, 2020.
Miles & Huberman, 1.
Descriptive qualitative, will explain the research findings in the form of This aims to provide specific information that cannot be conveyed in the form of numbers.
The data used is secondary data (Harahap, 2020.
Miles & Huberman, 1.
Descriptive The data collection technique used is literature study from various relevant sources.
The author uses 18 articles by collecting research articles on the impact of sea sand mining from 2018-2024.
The author also uses the keywords impact of sea sand mining on marine ecosystems, causes of marine damage and socio-economic impacts of sea sand mining in various regions in Indonesia.
The author also uses several relevant internet sources such as news and social media.
Data analysis and processing techniques from (Miles & Huberman, 1.
First, data reduction will be carried out by summarizing the results of relevant research by separating damage from the results of sea sand mining or not.
Second, data presentation in descriptive form is poured into several categories, the impact of marine ecosystems, the environment and the socio-economic community.
Finally, the conclusion of the data, the author draws conclusions from the three categories of data obtained and poured into the research results.
Results and Discussion Copyright A 2024.
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History of Sea Sand Export in Indonesia Marine sand mining from Indonesia's maritime department in (Nugraha, 2.
first started in the 1970s until the 2000s.
Various motives for mining sea sand occur for the benefit of various parties, one of which is the government that exports sea Previously, the export of sea sand (Nurzal, 2.
in (Sari, 2.
The export of sea sand (Nurzal, 2.
in (Sari, 2.
was aimed at the country of Singapore, one of which was for Singapore's reclamation needs.
Export (Yulianti, 2.
sea sand from Indonesia that makes Singapore's land become wider as it is today.
Export of sea sand (Sari, 2.
is closely related to the mining and exploitation of marine sand.
That is (Korenelius, 2024.
Nugraha, 2024.
Sari, 2023.
Yulianti, 2.
has a negative impact on the environment.
Finally, the government banned the export of sea sand (Korenelius, 2024.
Nugraha, 2.
in Decree of the Minister of Industry and Trade No.
89/MPP/Kep/2/2002.
Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries No.
SKB.
07/MEN/2002, and Minister of Environment No.
01/MENLH/2/2002, which was later replaced by Decree of the Minister of Industry and Trade No.
177/MPP/Kep/2/2003 signed by Rini Sumarno on 28 February 2003.
The regulations prohibit the export of sea sand to protect the marine environment from the adverse impacts of sea sand mining.
In (Christiani, 2.
in 2009 the government also provided legal certainty to the community against sea sand mining to ensure the environment through Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Management and Protection.
After a long period of sea sand export bans, the Indonesian government through (Hasibuan et al.
, 2024.
Yansen et al.
, 2.
reopening the sea export licence is contained in President Joko Widodo issued Government Regulation (PP) Number 26 of 2023 concerning Management of Sedimentation Results in the Sea.
History of Blue Economy in Indonesia Formerly (Banu, 2.
attention to ocean sustainability .
lue econom.
was still minimal.
During the government of President KH Abdurahman Wahid, the blue economy did not have a place in government priorities.
Among other things, the government prioritised continental over maritime, fear of nomenclature changes and the lack of knowledge of Indonesian intellectual economists about the ocean.
Indonesia follows up on the blue economy concept (Alfarizi, 2.
since it was first conceptualised at an international conference in Rio De Janeiro.
Brazil in 2012 by the United Nations.
Where (Alifa & Zahidi, 2024.
Nansi et al.
, 2024.
Virna Febryaningrum et al.
, 2.
every country agreed that the sea is one of the sectors that can be utilised as an economic driver.
The utilisation of marine resources into the economic sector can be managed with various approaches both traditional and In the concept of blue economy, every blue economy actor must be responsible for utilising marine products without damaging the sea itself.
This is because the blue economy is conceptualised to respond to the preservation and sustainability of marine-related industries.
This is because the blue economy is conceptualised to respond to the preservation and sustainability of marine-related (Pane et al.
, 2.
the Indonesian government with as one of the national Copyright A 2024.
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development priorities.
In the era of Joko Widodo's presidency (Prayuda et al.
, 2.
the focus of marine development began to be promoted by making Indonesia the world's maritime axis.
Several programmes have been encouraged by the government to realise the blue economy.
Some of them are (Latupapua et al.
, 2022.
Nansi et al.
Saksono, 2013.
Virna Febryaningrum et al.
, 2.
focus on tourism development, community empowerment, coastal development and others.
This shows that there are efforts and community participation to contribute to supporting government programs in realizing a blue economy according to the concept of government collaboration (Annisa & Sampurna, 2024.
Purboningsih et al.
, 2.
in Indonesia.
The Threat of Export Mining of Ocean Sand Mining and Export of Sea Sand (Nugraha, 2.
is something that is closely related to exploitation.
From exploitation (Ren-el et al.
, 2.
there is a threat of damage to the process.
From the literature collected by the authors the mining and export of marine sand has negatively impacted various sectors.
Threat (Sari, 2.
that will occur with marine sand mining include:
Environmental Damage: (Christiani, 2020.
Hasibuan et al.
, 2024.
Jauhari & Surono, 2023.
Korenelius, 2024.
Sari, 2023.
Suhardi & Riaty Raffiudin, 2023.
Yansen et al.
, 2.
Excessive sand extraction will damage marine ecosystems, damage coral reefs that cause damage to the natural habitat of marine life.
One study that shows how environmental damage is felt by the community by (Rahman & Sumktaki, 2.
in Murotai Regency, the percentage of environmental damage caused by sand mining for the community is 71%.
This means that the community feels the impact of environmental damage in various aspects of the mining activities that occur.
Beach Erosion: retrieval (Agustina et al.
, 2023.
Alfarizi, 2024.
Kim & Yoo, 2020.
Sari, 2.
This coastal sand extraction results in the erosion of the sea water support around the beach.
Causing the support of sea water before going to the beach to be weak so that the potential for flooding/tsunami becomes greater and very dangerous for the community around the beach.
In addition, erosion (Liawan & Haris, 2021.
Ren-el et al.
, 2.
the erosion that occurs due to marine sand mining can cause abrasion which is more dangerous for communities around the coast.
Abrasion hazards, for example, occur on the island of Tiban.
Kendal, which experiences abrasion on average 1.
23 ha per This has resulted in smaller land masses, fewer settlements and worse impacts on coastal communities.
Another example mentioned in (Rahmawan et , 2.
shoreline shifts in serang regency waters that have been carried out since 1991-2001 are 96.
47 ha.
Then in 2001-2013 it has experienced abrasion 98 ha.
So that the total abrasion that occurs in these waters is 384.
15 ha.
From these data we can see that the impact of marine sand mining is very significant and has a negative impact on the marine ecosystem.
Loss of natural resources: Excessive extraction of marine sand for export will Copyright A 2024.
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deplete marine sand from its area of origin.
Recovery of marine sand takes a long time, leading to a loss of natural resources that impacts the wellbeing of local communities.
Sustainable demand for ocean sand (Yulianti, 2.
will force mining that will eventually deplete the marine sand, causing the area to lose its natural resources.
Shoreline change: marine sand extraction (Kim & Yoo, 2.
The slowing of the sea will destabilise the beach as a buffer for sea water to enter the land.
Shoreline change (Ren-el et al.
, 2.
further impacts the excessive erosion that occurs during climate change.
Ironically (Sari, 2.
History has recorded that Indonesia has already lost and (Jerry, 2.
in the past.
(Yulianti, 2.
damage to several small islands in the Riau archipelago due to marine sand mining activities exported to Singapore for reclamation projects.
Incidents like this must get more attention from the government so that in the future even if this policy must continue, similar things do not happen again in all mining locations in Indonesia.
Coral reef destruction: marine sand mining is a threat (Christiani, 2020.
Korenelius, 2.
to the destruction of the natural habitat of many marine life, namely coral reefs.
This marine sand mining causes coral reef degradation, and reef recovery now takes a long time, with long-term impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems.
One example of this is mentioned in research (Wahyudi et al.
which mentioned the damage to coral reefs that occurred due to marine sand mining in Tunda Island.
Indonesia.
The results of the study showed that the percentage of coral reef cover in West Tunda Island was 66%.
East Tunda 69% and South Tunda 28.
Disruption of local livelihoods: the damage that will occur to the marine Adversely affecting the livelihoods of local communities, especially (Korenelius, 2024.
Nugraha, 2024.
Sari, 2023.
Yansen et al.
, 2.
Marine degradation caused by marine sand mining.
Declining marine fish production makes it difficult for fishermen to catch fish.
In fact, it causes the loss of fish in the former marine sand mining area because the habitat of fish, squid, crabs and others has been damaged.
One example occurs in research (Anggariani et al.
, 2.
on the coast of Galesong.
Makassar.
Small-scale fishermen have to fish towards the deeper sea to find fish.
This disturbance has caused a decrease in the productivity of fishermen, firstly because they have to spend a lot of operational costs.
Secondly, the limited tools and technology of fishermen who have been operating on the coast make the catch in the deeper sea not optimal.
For example, in the research results (Awan et al.
, 2.
occurred in fishermen in the Labu beach area of Deli Serdang who experienced a 50% decrease in fishing productivity since the existence of this marine sand mining activity.
that this affects the welfare of fishermen due to sea sand mining.
Social Conflict: Conflict (Saputra, 2.
in (Syahida et al.
, 2.
often occurs with the pros and cons of a policy.
(Nugraha, 2024.
Suhardi & Riaty Raffiudin.
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The opening of the sea sand export tap will certainly invite various parties to be able to take roles and benefits for this access.
Entrepreneurs, coastal communities, fishermen and other sea sand industries.
All parties will (Saputra, 2.
tug of war over interests so that there is the potential for this policy conflict.
An example of a case occurred in the coastal community of Pantai Labu Deli Serdang in research (Awan et al.
, 2.
stated that 70% of the community claimed to feel disadvantaged both in terms of environmental, social and economic aspects in this mining process.
Then 80% of the community also demanded compensation from the process of sea sand mining activities in this area.
Conflicts of interest occur between the interests of mining groups that prioritise 100% profit and the interests of local communities with various considerations.
In fact, (Kurniawan et al.
, 2.
in (Zulatsari & Sampurna, 2.
the community must be involved in every regional policy and development.
So that this tug of interest is what causes social conflict between mining groups and the community.
The Relationship of Sea Sand Exports and Blue Economy Blue Economy (Banu, 2.
Minopolitan / accelerated development of the marine and fisheries economy like a city.
In (Darajati, 2023.
Latupapua et al.
The blue economy is expected to be an alternative to Indonesia's economic growth.
Marine economic development aims to maximise economic impact for all levels of society.
Local residents are the closest people who should benefit from blue economy practices in Indonesia.
So that the practice of the blue economy with all its programmes must consider the welfare of local communities by improving their economy.
However, based on some literature (Nugraha, 2.
the mining and export of sea sand has had the opposite impact on local residents.
One of them is (Christiani, 2020.
Korenelius, 2.
impact is the loss of marine biota habitats, namely coral reefs.
As a result of the damage that occurred from mining activities (Sari, 2.
provide losses for coastal micro-enterprises and especially fishermen.
Damage (Korenelius, 2.
The sea makes fish production from the sea becomes less, the sea becomes deeper which makes it difficult for fishermen to find fish.
This could have a sustainable impact with fish production in the market decreasing, affecting several business actors.
So that things (Yulianti, 2.
This actually complicates the economy of the local community.
So that the threat that occurs with the export of sea sand threatens the economy of the local community.
Blue Economy (Alfarizi, 2024.
Choudhary et al.
, 2021.
Nansi et al.
, 2.
The Blue Economy promotes a balance between economic activity and marine In Blue Economy (Hardiansyah et al.
, 2024.
Supriyadi et al.
, 2022.
Virna Febryaningrum et al.
, 2.
asserted is the implementation of the green economy to the marine sector where (Saksono, 2.
the use of marine resources must be sustainable.
Resources in the sea should be processed and utilised for the welfare of the people.
The utilisation must pay attention to environmental balance and not exploit.
However, learning from past history Copyright A 2024.
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(Christiani, 2020.
Hasibuan et al.
, 2024.
Jauhari & Surono, 2023.
Korenelius.
Sari, 2023.
Suhardi & Riaty Raffiudin, 2023.
Yansen et al.
, 2.
the process of mining and exporting marine sand has adversely affected the environment in Indonesia.
For example (Alfarizi, 2024.
Yulianti, 2.
how severe environmental damage to the drowning of several small islands in the Riau archipelago due to the process of mining sea sand exported to Singapore.
This is certainly contrary to the concept of a blue economy that prioritises Other adverse impacts that could happen again (Alfarizi, 2024.
Sari, 2.
are erosion and (Jerry, 2.
in (Yulianti, 2.
shifting coastlines that endanger local communities.
Blue Economy (Purwendah, 2018.
Prayuda et al.
, 2.
The concept of econonomy relates to exploration rather than exploitation.
Any utilisation of the ocean in the context of the blue economy is to prioritise sustainability, meaning that there must be an effort to build and develop marine resources.
The mining of marine sand for export opens the tap for exploitation of marine sand resources.
Social conflict (Nugraha, 2024.
Suhardi & Riaty Raffiudin, 2.
is evidence of how interested parties are competing to gain access to carry out these mining activities.
(Yulianti, 2.
The increasing demand for marine sand will have an impact on sustainable mining, especially since the export tap has been opened, the market for marine sand will be even bigger.
The impact (Yulianti, 2.
is the loss of natural resources from the area that does not support sustainability.
Conclusion The results of this study show that the policy of sea sand export through sea sand mining has the threat of damage and imbalance.
This is of course contrary to the concept of blue economy.
The concept under the economy is oriented towards the balance and sustainability of the marine economy.
On the other hand, the blue economy prioritises the welfare of the community, which also contradicts the threat to the local economy due to sea sand mining.
With the threat of mining impacts and threats in achieving a blue economy, the policies issued need to be studied more.
This is necessary so that the policies issued provide benefits for all parties, both miners, government and society.
Then the most important thing is to ensure that this mining activity is in accordance with the concept of a blue economy, sustainable by paying attention to the marine ecosystem.
Seeing the very threatening threat of sea sand mining in the past can be a consideration for policy makers to re-examine the threats that arise to minimize these threats.
This research is limited to secondary data collection and does not include case studies and specific case examples.
For further development of this research, it is hoped that it can examine more concrete cases of mining and export of sea sand in Indonesia using primary data.
This research in the future should also be correlated with the concept of blue economy considering that Indonesia is a country with the longest coastline in the world.
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