INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
Volume 1 Nomor 2 Tahun 2023 Page: 213-223 E-ISSN: 3025-9681.
P-ISSN: 3026-3891
Submission: 11 November 2023.
Revision: 28 November 2023.
Publication: 30 December 2023
THE HISTORY OF ORIENTALIST QURAN TRANSLATION
Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani1.
Annisa Fitri2 Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta e-mail: fiaburhani@gmail.
com1, annichaafitri@gmail.
Abstract The orientalists' belief in the Qur'An as a product of human intervention is one of the reasons why Western scholars of Islam study the Qur'An.
Then the crusades that took place between 1095 and 1291, also caused political and religious friction between Western Christians in Palestine and Islam, which had an impact on the spirit of Christian apologetics and their interest in translating the Qur'an in order to try to overthrow Islam with refutation and hatred of the Qur'an.
The author focuses on analyzing the history of the emergence of orientalism to the process of translating the Qur'an which includes the periodisation of translation to the development of Qur'anic translation methods from time to time.
This research is a type of qualitative research with a library research model using data sources in the form of books, encyclopaedias, dictionaries, and the like.
The results of this research show that the study of Islam by orientalists in making translations of the Qur'an began with a Christianisation mission with the aim of insulting the Qur'an.
But along with the times, the translation of the Qur'an changed its approach to become more scientific, critical and objective.
So that some of the results of their research also contribute to Islam.
Keywords: Historis.
Orientalist.
Abstrak Keyakinan kaum orientalis terhadap Al-QurAoan sebagai produk intervensi manusia menjadi salah satu latar belakang para pemerhati Islam di Barat mengkaji Al-QurAoan.
Kemudian perang salib yang berlangsung antara 1095 sampai 1291, juga menjadi sebab timbulnya pergesekan politik dan agama antara Kristen Barat di Palestina dan Islam, sehingga berdampak pada semangat apologetik Kristiani serta ketertarikan mereka untuk menerjemahkan Al-QurAoan dalam rangka mencoba menggulingkan Islam dengan sanggahan dan kebencian terhadap Al-QurAoan.
penulis berfokus kepada analisis sejarah munculnya kaum orientalisme hingga proses penerjemahan Al-QurAoan yang mencakup pada periodesisasi terjemahan hingga perkembangan metode terjemah Al-QurAoan dari waktu ke waktu.
Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan model Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri penelitian library research dengan menggunakan sumber data berupa buku, ensiklopedia, kamus, dan sejenisnya.
Hasil dari peneltian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengkajian islam kaum orientalis dalam membuat terjemahan Al-QurAoan diawali oleh misi kristenisasi dengan tujuan melakukan penghinaan terhadap Al-QurAoan.
Namun seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, penterjemahan Al-QurAoan beralih pendekatan menjadi lebih ilmiah, kritis dan objektif.
Sehingga sebagian dari hasil penelitian mereka juga memberikan sumbangsih terhadap Islam.
Kata kunci: Sejarah.
Penerjemahan.
Orientalis.
a "product of human intervention".
PENDAHULUAN
They believe that the Qur'an is a The study of the Quran is of product of Muhammad's thoughts (Muhammad Chirzin, 'The Dynamics of groups, not only to Muslims but also to Western observers of Islam.
Quran The Ministry of Religious Affairs of the direction and guidance, as well as a Republic of Indonesia and Muhammad torch for light in the darkness.
This ali.
', 17.
non-Muslims The beginning of the West's .
specially "orientalists" - Jewish and interest in Islam began during the Christian missionarie.
furious and Crusades that took place from 1095 to Therefore, 1291 (Nasir, 2.
After this event, there was a significant change in the pursuing eastern studies and then thoughts of Westerners towards Islam.
concluding criticisms that tend to They paid great attention to Islamic corner the east (Widya Oktavia Hasani Ahmad.
Mardiyah Nur (Comparative Study of the Qur'an Translations of the Qur'an is likened to a compass for Translations They assume that Islam is not Batubara, just a religion, but a source of 'Orientalism and Occidentalism: A civilization that in the future will be Study of the Authenticity of the able to dominate progress in various Qur'an'.
Al-Bayan: Journal of Qur'anic fields of knowledge.
Realizing this, the and Hadith Sciences, 5.
One West began to take into account the of the major concerns of Western power of Islam and began to conduct scholars is their belief in the Qur'an as Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri studies on the Orient which of course Quran.
Some of their opinions include tended to be more subjective, and the following:
could not be separated from religious The Prophet Muhammad was or racial bigotry.
So that in conducting not a revelator of Allah SWT studies there are many mistakes and as mentioned in the history of even deliberate, especially in matters Islam (Margoliouth 1.
but just an ordinary human being.
relating to pure religious matters (Aziz.
The Prophet was a despicable As a result.
Western hate and cunning man in spreading speech against Muslims has become the religion of his creation by The followers of Islam were using the Quran which was a labeled as a nation with a bad Jewish Christian religious books.
They consider Islam to be a cultural religion shaped by spreading Christianity.
They consider Arab societies in the Middle Islam as a group that provides a East based on a hot climate, negative image based on fairy tales, fantasies and myths without any solid behavior such as being violent evidence (Abd Rahman et al.
, 2.
and violent.
The was the culmination of this issue that basis of economics and the distortion of Islamic works, especially desire to control the source of the translation of the Quran by The Muhammad SAW spread Islam on the eventually became the door to the Western Prophet wealth from every colonized This indirectly shows group who lacked Arabic language Islam skills distorted the interpretation of prioritizes violence to control the Quran by translating it based on feared by other nations (Abd the logic of reason alone, not only that.
Rahman et al.
, 2.
they also issued personal views that Based were clearly contrary to the facts in the above, we can see how powerful the Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri impact of the crusades that greatly university, it can be seen from the influenced the transmission of Islamic large number of scholars and scholars thought and science to the West (Hasyim European specifications who receive funding as Renaissance and the Transmission of a guarantee of their future and Islamic Science to Europe'.
JUSPI (Journal of the History of Islamic continuity of the academic world Civilizatio.
, 2.
Although not (Sodikin, 1.
so intense, it still left a lasting trauma.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Asy'ari, 'The The impact of the Crusades not only Western to time.
In a study entitled "Orientalist Views on Early Islamic History" by Rizki Ulfahadi and Reynaldi Adi Surya, purpose of orientalism's mission of it is mentioned that historically, the studying Islamic civilization and the reality of Western studies of Islam was Arabic language was actually an well as a follow-up to the tragedy of Orientalism Western realize that Islamic studies were became a popular discourse in the were no longer trapped by political orientalists became independent and the Crusades.
Over time, orientalism imperialism and colonialism.
However.
European and Western societies, as the translation of the Qur'an from time the Quran (Anshori, 2.
Initially, the examine in depth the periodization of then carried out a mission to humiliate orientalists, but not all of them the West hostile towards Islam and related to the study of the Qur'an by about Islam (Fawaid, 2.
This made There have been many studies Christian important studies that should be pursued (Rizki Ulfahadi and Reynaldi almost be found in every Western Adi Surya, 2.
Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri Hasani Ahmad Said's research Christian, is entitled Portrait of Al-Quran Studies incorporate his religious views into his in the Eyes of Orientalists.
The study This makes his work shows the hard efforts of orientalists accepted and appreciated by Muslims in reconstructing the Quran, from and non-Muslims (M.
Riyan Hidayat et criticizing to accusing the prophet al, 2.
Muhammad Then the journal "Portrait of the revelation of God revealed to him.
This Methodological study also looks at the history of the Orientalist Groups in the Study of the Qur'an" by Ihwan Agustono.
In the orientalists, but this study is more study, the author mentions that the focused on criticism, so that the grouping of western studies of the content of this matter is only briefly Koran is divided into 5 time periods discussed (Hasani Ahmad Said, 2.
Another study related to the study of characteristics, which cover from the figures who studied the Qur'anic 12th century to the contemporary era translation of Arthur John Arberry.
of the Qur'an, which is motivated by the study, the author mentions that in their mission to corner Muslims, by his translation Arthur provides new looking for weaknesses in Islam and provoking Christian doctrine as the Quran Arthur broke the claims of historical criticism methods, historical Development Qur'an as a failed product that needs to be criticized and questioned for its philological approach to find the Through his work entitled language mixture of the previous state "The Koran: An Introduction with of society in the Qur'anic verse.
Selection" Arthur translates the Qur'an resulting in an understanding that the Qur'an supernatural work.
Although he was a cultural circumstances and is not Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri original revelation of God, which will in this research, in order to facilitate make Muslims slowly abandon the researchers in obtaining data (Sari.
Qur'an (Ihwan Agustono, 2.
From Data collection in this study the research described, in general, was carried out through reconstructing studies related to the translation of the Koran journals, and existing research.
Then carried out, but have not yet reached a complex level.
In this case the author descriptive analysis which is intended will examine the history of orientalist to describe existing phenomena, both Quran natural and human engineering, by methods, and works presented by paying attention to the characteristics, western intellectuals.
activities (Zulkhairi et al.
, 2.
RESEARCH METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This research is a type of The History of Orientalists After the Crusades, a period of human or social phenomena through a comprehensive and complex picture confrontation between Christians and presented through words, detailed Muslims that lasted for approximately views based on informant sources in a two centuries, left scars on the hearts Rijal of Westerners who had experienced Fadli, 2.
Library research model defeat, failure, hatred, and anger that Library research is research that uses events.
Orientalism began to emerge encyclopedias, dictionaries, and the with various motives to compete with As well as paying attention to the Muslims (Rahim, 2.
At first the steps in processing library materials hatred of Orientalism was so burning and equipment that must be prepared that it wanted to attack it thoroughly (Muhammad From and mobilize colonial powers in order Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri & Muhsinin, 2.
In addition, the languages and literature .
specially achievements of Muslims during the Isla.
had been carried out long golden age after the Crusades also before that.
A J.
Arberry .
in attracted the attention of Westerners, his research stated that the term so they came to the Islamic world to Orientalism appeared in 1638 and was study science and then develop it.
used by a member of the Eastern Although (Gree.
Church.
Islamic achievement of its mission (Setiawan Oriental experienced a decline in the 19th According to Edward W.
Said, century.
Islam still preserved the Orientalism is a way of understanding treasures of civilization at that time.
the Eastern world through a style of This encouraged Westerners who had thinking based on ontological and science and technology to develop epistemological differences between the East and the West.
In summary, reintroduction of the Islamic world, so orientalism can be understood as the that Westerners who were experts in activities of Eastern and Western the field of the East were born, called scholars regarding religions in society.
Orientalists (Rahim, 2.
East, especially Islam (Rahim, 2.
Linguistically.
Basically.
Oriental comes from French, orient meaning objective science that includes its own Etymologically, orientalism is the study of things related to the eastern However, accompanies the ideologies, religions, literature, language and civilization.
and beliefs of Western society and a narrower sense, orientalism is an precedes the clear dichotomy between East West and East, so this scientific (Suhendar.
The Orientalist subject tends to be uncolored by movement was called Orientalism Western Orientalism Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri (Yuangga Kurnia Ahmad.
Mardiyah Nur Yahya.
Syamsul Hadi Untung, and Umi Mahmudah, 2.
Christianization missionaries with the Batubara, aim of overthrowing Islam, through the Historical Periods Qur'Anic study of eastern Islam (Saifullah.
Translation in Europe The Islam Oriental studies was initially a orientalists begins with translating the supporter of Western imperialism and Quran, then studying it with various purposes and motives.
In this case, the Reynaldi Adi Surya, 2.
After the process of translating the Quran by Crusades, orientalists is divided into 4 periods as (Rizki Ulfahadi hostility towards religion and Muslims.
This is undeniable because at the time Early Middle Ages of their birth.
Orientalists generally In the 12th century, orientalists consisted of Jewish and Catholic began to study the Quran, but it priests and were equally motivated by the failure of the Crusades to conquer polemical nuances put forward by themselves (Setiawan & Muhsinin.
Jewish In general, the main factors that Christian (Ulfahadi & Surya, 2.
During this led to the emergence of the Orientalist period, early translations of the Qur'an movement were religion, ideology and were made into Latin and other politics, especially the fear of the European languages, such as Spanish faithful of the loss of their own and Italian, which were generally religious existence, and how they limited in scope and tended to reflect could bring people back to their Christian views.
Against the backdrop previous beliefs.
(Syukri Al Fauzi of burgeoning scientific activity in Harlis Yurnalis, 2.
Europe at the time.
Western scholars They see Islam as a big direct threat to of the Christian persuasion traveled to their politics and religion (Hasani the Orient to discover the high level of Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri Islamic civilization and knowledge.
Swiss orientalist, and was first printed this period, the first translations of the in Switzerland in 1543 under the title Quran into Latin and other European "Machumetis Saracenorum".
languages, such as Spanish and table of contents, the term Qur'an is Italian, were often limited in scope and translated as "collection of teachings" tended to reflect a Christian viewpoint.
and "laws of shirk".
The Prophet Amidst Muhammad In the activity in Europe at this time.
Western fabricating the content and claiming to Christian scholars traveled to the eastern regions to learn more about (Theodor Bibliander and others, 2.
Islamic civilization and knowledge.
He also mentioned that the Quran In 1142 CE Peter Venerabilis, used to be just an ordinary book, but abbot of Cluny in France, was the first after Islam spread, they exaggerated it Muslim to come up with the idea of (Muttaqin Muttaqin and Moh Agung translating the Qur'An into Latin.
Fambudi, 2.
Despite many errors.
Stemming from his admiration for the this translation of the Quran led to Musta'ribyn Catholics, particularly the other translations of the Quran in five Arabic-speaking languages, namely Italian.
French.
Christians under the rule of the Islamic dynasty English.
Dutch and German.
during his visit to Toledo.
Spain.
Peter The Age of Enlightenment (Late 17th trained, funded and appointed a team to Early 18th Centur.
to translate the Qur'An into Latin, then During this period.
European other texts: Arabic texts such as kings and queens supported the hadith.
Muhammad's biography and collection of all kinds of information Islamic history for the purpose of baptizing Islamic ideology, aiming to European convert a Muslim to Christianity.
This East (Zarkasyi.
Arabic Islamic culture increased, resulting in translation of the Qur'An was later republished by Theodor Bibliander, a in-depth At the end of the 17th Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri century, in 1698.
Ludovico Marracci surahs which was not in accordance .
, with the numbering system used by translated the Quran into Latin under Muslims in general (Fatma Zahro, the title Alcorani Textus Receptus Nissa Nurul Shalihah.
Bardan Muzaki, (Standardized Quranic Tex.
This Then the next printing of the translation was better than previous Quran translations because the translator Hinckelmann, referred to various sources from the Hamburg.
Vatican library and other libraries in Italy for 40 years, although there were Wittenberg from 1668 to 1672.
It was still many errors and deviated from the printed in Hamburg in 1694 under the Italian (Suhendar, 2.
Quran Abraham Oriental Islamitica Abdallae Pseudoprophetae 4 years later, a printed edition of the Quran with a appeared, namely "The Alcoran of Latin translation was reprinted in Mahomet" Ross.
Padua by Reverend Ludovico Maracci published in 1649.
in 1834, a German for theological purposes.
This edition Flugel contained the Arabic text and Latin translated the Quran into German with translation, the Muslim commentators' the title "Corani texn Arabus" which interpretation of the original Arabic was printed in Leipzig The translation text, and a refutation of Islam by also included instructions for use.
This Ludovico Maracci.
This edition is edition was widely used by Western better known as the "Alcorani Textus scholars until printed copies were Universe" (Hamam Faizin, 2.
"Alcoranus Muhammadis.
In this century, the first English Alexander Gustav produced and widely distributed after The 19th and 20th centuries the First World War.
However, this edition still had many shortcomings, orientalism entered its second period.
especially the numbering system of At that time.
Quranic studies in the Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri West began to undergo significant Europeans knew about Islam and polemical to more academic studies.
Muhammad's Qur'an at the time (Suhendar, 2.
Quran European Some and Muhammad Zubir, 2022.
In the early 20th century.
Westerners came .
Arberry .
G David to the East to trade and reconnect with .
, etc.
which are all in English.
the aim of subjugating the Easterners.
Just as Napoleon came to Egypt in Edward Lois .
Jeahn .
, 1789 by bringing orientalists to study Masson Denis .
, etc.
and the the customs, politics, economics and German translations include David agriculture of the local people (Nasir.
Fredrich .
Olman .
In this period the western world Gold Smith .
Henning .
, discovered an amazing wilderness of Rudi Paret .
(Suhendar, 2.
In scientific treasures.
The contribution addition.
Ludwig Maracci's 18th and of orientalism today has contributed to 19th translations are still used as a many significant developments, one of reference in translating the Quran.
which is the proliferation of Islamic Edward mentioned in the introduction studies institutions in the West which to George Sell's translation of the have developed into the roots of Quran that there is no translation of Quran Europe.
regional or area studies about the East European in modern Western universities.
One of languages are as good as Marracci's Quranic Age of Quranic Studies".
(Nur Fahrizi include Palmer .
Richard Bell French century is also known as the "Golden translations presented in this period The translations continued to grow.
This translated using a more scientific and 21ST Century to Present languages and some versions were them is the Orientalist Congress, which was renamed the International Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri Congress on Asia and North Africa.
Then the congress has established translated the Qur'An according to the centers of oriental studies such as the sequence of revelation.
As practiced Ecole des Langues Orientalis Vivantes by J.
Rodwell Hubert Grimme and .
in Paris (Fatwa, 2.
Richard Bell (Akbar, 2.
In the 20th century, several Quran translators emerged, including Richard Bell.
Arthur J.
Arberry, and The Orientalist Translation Method Nessim Joseph Dawood.
In this period.
Since the beginning of the study Islamic of Islam.
Western religious motives have been against the doctrines of Studies.
Islam.
They consider Islam to "sow the History.
Language.
Civilization, and wind" and then reap the storm of Middle Eastern Culture programs in conflict with Christianity.
This became European a strong reason for them to carry out In addition, there were missionary Christianization in various also various Islamic scholars who ways and efforts (Zarkasyi, 2.
translated the Qur'an.
At least 73 the early period, the orientalists used English translations were published in the philological method by translating this century.
In the 21st century.
European languages to make it easier development of translation analysis for them to consume.
Just like the background of their mission, this translations were also launched in method cannot be separated from the various other European languages.
Christian polemical-apologetic spirit including Russian.
Polish.
Swedish, against Islam which always leads to a Greek.
Croatian, negative view of Islam and the Qur'an.
Bulgarian.
Romanian.
Czech.
Danish.
The method lasted for approximately and so on.
Besides the orderly mushafi six centuries, until the end of the 18th Islamic Western Portuguese.
Quran Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri Entering the 19th century, the types of criticism that are interrelated, strategy of the orientalists shifted to be more critical, no longer apologetic.
criticism, form criticism, and editorial In this period, orientalists used the method of historical criticism that Western In the third period, the studies of orientalists were still characterized applied to the Bibles.
In practice, this by critical criticism, but with a different method separates legends and myths focal point.
If previously, the issue of from actual historical facts.
It explains linkage as well as tracking the genetic the reasons why the Biblical authors origins of the Qur'an in the Jewish- reported different versions, and then Christian determines which are actually the study of the Qur'an, after the Second words of Jesus and which are external World War the Prophet Muhammad Abraham Geiger utilizes this has become the main center point in the study of the Qur'an.
Entering the combining it with the philological 20th century, orientalists combined method, as an analytical knife to prove the influence of Jewish and Christian method of source criticism to criticize traditions found in the Qur'an, to say the quality of Islamic history from that the Qur'an is not a transcendent various sources written by Muslim product .
evelation from Go.
, but scholars, and widely believed to be rather the creation of the Prophet who historical tradition was protected from Jewish-Christian Islamic books and Jahiliyah traditions, thus giving birth to the understanding that addition, this period also used the the Qur'an is nothing more than an literary analysis method to identify imitation of existing books previously external factors, including the words of the Prophet which they thought had approach, there are several other been infiltrated and added to the Muhammad.
Author: Luthfia Shifaul Amanah Burhani.
Annisa Fitri Koran (Agustono, 2.
The development of the orientalism movement has a great influence on CONCLUSION The efforts of orientalists who the development of the Islamic world.
made translations of the Qur'an in Through the study of orientalism, making translations of the Qur'an had Muslims can know the thoughts of a mission of Christianization with the orientalists who try to destroy Islam.
Qur'an, weakening the teachings of Islam and the Prophet Muhammad, especially the Qur'an and showing the benefits straighten them in the right direction and superiority of the Bible.
So as to in order to develop Islamic science lead people's thoughts to refute to insult the teachings of Islam in the REFERENCE