Analitika: Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA.
Vol.
Desember .
ISSN: 2085-6601 (Prin.
ISSN: 2502-4590 (Onlin.
DOI: http://doi.
org/10.
31289/analitika.
ANALITIKA
Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA Available online http://ojs.
id/index.
php/analitika Prevalensi Kekerasan Seksual di Perguruan Tinggi berdasarkan Data Saksi The Prevalence of Sexual Violence in Higher Education Institutions based on Witness Testimony Iriani Indri Hapsari*.
Deasyanti, & Fellianti Muzdalifah Study Program of Psychology.
Faculty of Psychology.
Universitas Negeri Jakarta.
Indonesia Submitted: 15 August 2023.
Reviewed: 27 November 2023.
Accepted: 22 December 2023 *Corresponding Author: Email: iriani@unj.
Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pengkajian prevalensi kekerasan seksual di perguruan tinggi sebagai data eksplorasi awal berdasarkan data dari saksi atau individu yang pernah melihat atau mengetahui adanya kekerasan seksual pada civitas akademika kampus.
Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah dosen, mahasiswa, tenaga kependidikan, masyarakat umum yang berada di lingkungan salah satu perguruan tinggi dengan total 101 responden yang pernah melihat atau menjadi saksi dari kekerasan seksual.
Penelitian ini menggunakan incidental sampling.
Metodologi yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif Analisis data menggunakan SPSS 24.
Korban kekerasan seksual didominasi oleh perempuan, kekerasan seksual paling banyak terjadi dalam bentuk verbal dan fisik.
Kekerasan seksual paling banyak terjadi di luar lingkungan kampus dibandingkan di dalam kampus meskipun korbannya civitas akademika kampus.
Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah edukasi dan kesadaran civitas akademika terhadap pencegahan dan penanganan kekerasan seksual di perguruan tinggi terutama pada mahasiswa agar tidak menjadi korban.
Selain itu, para saksi dari kekerasan seksual agar lebih berani melapor dan menyuarakan adanya tindakan kekerasan seksual untuk kampus yang lebih aman serta bebas dari kekerasan seksual.
Kata Kunci: Prevalensi.
Kekerasan Seksual.
Perguruan Tinggi.
Abstract This research aims to assess the prevalence of sexual violence in higher education as initial exploratory data based on data from witnesses or individuals who have seen or are aware of sexual violence in the campus academic community.
Respondents in this research were lecturers, students, education staff, the public in a university environment with a total of 101 respondents who had seen or been witnesses to sexual violence.
This research uses incidental sampling.
The methodology used is a descriptive quantitative Data analysis using SPSS 24.
Victims of sexual violence are dominated by women, most sexual violence occurs in verbal and physical form, most sexual violence occurs outside the campus environment compared to inside campus even though the victims are campus academics.
The implication of this research is education and awareness of the academic community regarding the prevention and handling of sexual violence in higher education, especially students so that they do not become victims.
Apart from that, witnesses of sexual violence should be more courageous in reporting sexual violence and voicing for a campus more that is safe and free from sexual violence.
Keywords: Prevalence.
Sexual Violence.
Higher Education Institutions.
How to Cite: Hapsari.
Deasyanti & Muzdalifah.
The Prevalence of Sexual Violence in Higher Education Institutions based on Witness Testimony.
Analitika: Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA, 15 .
: 134 Ae 144.
Iriani Indri Hapsari.
Deasyanti & Fellianti Muzdalifah.
The Prevalence of Sexual Violence in Higher Education Institutions based on Witness Testimony INTRODUCTION Cases of sexual violence that occur in educational institutions based on data from the National Commission for Women report from 2015-2020 are quite large, around 27% and of them occur in universities.
Based on the survey results from the Ministry of Education.
Culture.
Research and Technology in 2020 with lecturer respondents at several universities, 77% of sexual violence occurred in universities and 63% of victims did not dare to report their cases to the campus for various reasons (Kulsum, 2.
The Minister of Education.
Culture.
Research and Technology said, based on data, there were 2,500 cases of violence against women from January to July 2021.
This figure exceeded the record in 2020 of 2,400 cases.
The increase in cases was affected by the pandemic crisis which is an iceberg phenomenon as the number of unreported doubled.
The impact of sexual violence can be long-term to permanent and affect the future of women, especially among students and university students (Mukhijab, 2.
In 2021-2022, cases of sexual violence in universities are increasingly coming to the surface like an iceberg, many complaints reported by students related to sexual harassment or violence committed by their own lecturers or seniors and even friends themselves as digitalization and social media platforms continue to express what they feel and think.
The majority of victims of sexual violence are women who occur in female students in universities (Purwanti, 2.
However, prevalence data based on scientific studies are still limited.
Universities as printers of the younger generation and intellectuals who are prepared to become leaders of the nation should be at the forefront and become an example in developing science and technology by upholding humanities values in accordance with the values of Indonesian national culture.
The academic community in higher education has the responsibility to maintain the principles in higher education and perform its functions in accordance with Law No.
12 of 2012.
Sexual violence refers to the Regulation of the Minister of Education.
Culture.
Research, and Technology Number 30 of 2021 and UNJ Rector's Regulation Number 7 of 2021 is any act of degrading, insulting, harassing and or attacking a person's body, and / or reproductive function due to imbalances in power relations and / or gender which results in psychological and / or physical suffering including those that interfere with a person's reproductive health and loss of opportunities to carry out higher education safely and optimally.
The research from the resource development center for the elimination of violence against women Rifka Annisa in 2018 (Maharani, 2.
, sexual violence occurs because of the imbalance of power between the perpetrator and the whistleblower, so that in this position the perpetrator has the power or power to control the rights of the whistleblower's authority.
This imbalance in power relations does not only occur in certain institutions that formally have certain positions or positions so that power relations can be seen very clearly.
Power relations occur when men are socially considered superior to women, and vice versa women are Analitika: Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA, 15 .
: 134 - 144 considered second sex or second-class humans, this is where power relations often occur, men want to be dominant.
Sexual violence in universities can occur in peer and hierarchical relationships between employees .
ecturers, teachers, education staf.
, students, students and also the general public who are using campus facilities.
However, it should be remembered that, like other acts of violence, sexual violence is prone to occur in those who occupy weaker positions in the power relations structure.
In addition, sexual violence is also very likely to occur in dating relationships that occur on Dating violence is an act of violence or the threat of violence that results in physical, sexual, and/or psychological misery or suffering to victims that often occurs in the college environment.
Dating violence usually occurs because the perpetrator feels that he is the owner of the complainant's body so that he has the right to do anything, including obtaining sexual satisfaction through rape or other sexual Data on sexual violence cases on campus as a result of a research collaboration called namabaikkampus collected between February 13-March 28, 2019 found that survivors of sexual violence cases on campus most occurred on the Java, is 88% from 79 universities in 29 cities with 174 survivors.
Forms of violence on campus include forms of social bullying that aim to damage someone's reputation, verbal bullying such as mocking, sexual comments, threats and insults, physical bullying such as hitting, kicking, pushing, destroying, breaking and cyber bullying such as sending emails, terror messages rumored to publish shameful things that also occur in cases of sexual violence (Kordi, 2.
Forms of sexual violence range from simple or mild to severe.
Forms of Sexual Violence based on the provisions of Pasal 5 Ayat 2 of the Regulation of the Minister of Education.
Culture.
Research, and Technology Number 30 of 2021 include: delivering speech that discriminates or harasses the physical appearance, body condition, and/or gender identity of the victim, showing his genitals intentionally without the victim's consent, delivering remarks containing sexual advances, jokes, and/or whistles to the victim, staring at the victim with sexual and/or uncomfortable nuances, sending sexually suggestive messages, jokes, images, photographs, audio, and/or videos to the victim even though the victim has prohibited them, taking, recording, and/or circulating photos and/or audio and/or visual recordings of the victim, uploading sexually suggestive body photos and/or personal information of the victim without the victim's consent and other forms of violence.
Sexual violence also occurs in many forms of cyber sexual in accordance with research conducted by Huwaidah, et al.
which explains the forms of cyber sexual violence including chat sex by sending each other pictures and voice notes containing erotic content, phone sex and video call sex.
Schenk .
explained that cyber sexual violence is carried out through the internet, including sending genital images, sending masturbation videos via webcam, discussing uncomfortable sex lives, sexually nuanced jokes.
Iriani Indri Hapsari.
Deasyanti & Fellianti Muzdalifah.
The Prevalence of Sexual Violence in Higher Education Institutions based on Witness Testimony Sexual violence experienced by victims can have a negative impact on physical, psychological and social conditions so it is necessary to provide assistance and recovery for victims.
These negative impacts include (Firman Edi, 2.
Physical impacts that can affect physical health include transmission of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD.
such as HIV, herpes, hepatitis etc.
, vaginal or injuries and bleeding, damage to internal organs that can result in death.
Psychological impacts that can have an impact on a person's mental health include easily restless, experiencing sleep disorders, no appetite or other activities, self-harm, deep trauma, stress and depression that can interfere with brain function and development can even interfere with other physical health, panic disorders, mental disorders, the desire to end life and social impacts that can have an impact on social relationships such as feelings of embarrassment to meet others.
Ostracized from their environment by peers, family and others, difficult to trust others, isolated, afraid to establish relationships with others again.
Cases of sexual violence in universities are emergency conditions that must be handled immediately and require the cooperation of all parties from the academic community in universities in overcoming this problem.
The Minister of Education.
Culture.
Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia emphasized to overcome sexual violence that occurs in universities by issuing a regulation of the minister of education, culture, research and technology number 30 of 2021 concerning the prevention and Penanganan Kasus Kekerasan Sexual (PPKS) in universities, one of which is by ordering universities to form Satuan Tugas .
selected by the university's internal selection committee within a maximum of a year from issuance of the ministerial regulation issued on August 31, 2021 (PPKSUNJ.
Satgas PPKS .
ask force for the prevention and handling of sexual violenc.
is tasked with making efforts in the context of preventing and handling sexual violence in the university environment.
Data on sexual violence in universities can be obtained from victims who have directly experienced sexual violence, but so many victims still do not dare to speak up so secondary data is needed from the academic community who have seen sexual violence in universities, because in general they are more courageous to disclose than victims who experience it directly, so that data can be obtained about cases of sexual violence in the university environment.
This is based on several data that researchers know from several media, one of which is Putri .
said that there were 10 female students in the city of Mataram experiencing sexual violence and not all of them dared to speak up.
In addition, based on the results of research from Ibrahim, et al.
, data was obtained that victims of sexual violence were reluctant to speak up to report their cases .
ut of 35 respondents only 1 reported their case.
the reason was because of embarrassment, worry about being underestimated, lazy, not knowing where to report.
The concern of students to voice what they experience is also caused by various factors including fear of being threatened, feeling ashamed and also worrying Analitika: Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA, 15 .
: 134 - 144 about affecting their academic scores and social relationships on campus, so that the findings obtained in the college environment are more secondary sources that see sexual violence in universities that voice and report sexual violence in college.
So it is also important that the secondary data is important.
Therefore, a needs assessment is needed with the aim of obtaining initial exploratory data to determine the prevalence of sexual violence from secondary parties or witnesses who see sexual violence in universities, so that the programs that will be carried out by the PPKS task force in each university can be in accordance with the needs in universities.
Previous research related to this research includes research from Auliandy .
on the role of witnesses in reducing sexual harassment in urban public spaces as a case study of 10 witnesses of sexual harassment in Jakarta.
In addition, research from Yodia Vika .
on the role of witness and victim protection agencies.
Another research is research from Khairani .
which examines the role of universities in providing witness protection for sexual violence.
Based on previous research that looked at the importance of the role of witnesses or secondary parties in cases of sexual violence in universities, this study aims to conduct an initial exploration related to the prevalence of sexual violence in universities with a focus on secondary data that sees/knows sexual violence in universities.
RESEARCH METHODS
This research has conducted an ethical test number 064/2022 (ETIK/KPINConsortium of Scientific Psychology of the Archipelago/Indonesian Scientific Psychology Consortiu.
This study used descriptive quantitative methods to obtain the prevalence of sexual violence in one of the universities with questionnaires prepared by researchers related to respondents' experiences seeing or knowing sexual violence on campus or as witnesses.
Some indicators include: the form of sexual violence, gender, victims and perpetrators of sexual violence, the time of occurrence of sexual violence, the frequency of sexual violence when seeing or knowing sexual violence in universities.
Instruments are given to respondents using the Google Form.
The respondents in this study were 101 academicians consisting of students and lecturers, education staff and the public on campus.
Respondents were obtained through incidental sampling.
Respondents fill out voluntarily and agree to the informed consent section before filling out the questionnaire on the Google Form link provided.
Data analysis used SPSS 24 to look at the prevalence of sexual violence in universities.
This research was conducted at one of the universities conducted from August 23, 2022 Ae September 30, 2022.
Because it was conducted only at one university, this research cannot be generalized to other universities.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the results of this study, it is known from a total of 101 respondents who have seen or known sexual violence, based on gender, dominated by women, namely 70 .
3%) and the rest of men as many as 31 .
7%).
Iriani Indri Hapsari.
Deasyanti & Fellianti Muzdalifah.
The Prevalence of Sexual Violence in Higher Education Institutions based on Witness Testimony Data Gender Table 1.
Respondents by Gender
Description Amount
Percentage Woman
69,3 %
Man
30,7 %
Total Based on profession, respondents saw or knew sexual violence occurred in lecturers as many as 6 people .
9%), occurred in 88 students .
1%) and occurred in education staff as many as 7 people .
9%).
Table 2.
Professional Data of Victims of Sexual Violence Data
Description Amount
Percentage VictimsAo
Professions Lecturer 69,3 % Students 30,7 % Education Staff
6,9%
Total Based on the place of occurrence when seeing or knowing sexual violence, as many as 4 .
%) sexual violence occurred within the campus area, as many as 77 .
2%) of the university community experienced sexual violence outside the campus area, as many as 13 .
9%) people experienced sexual violence on and off campus, and as many as 7 .
9%) did not answer.
From this data, it shows that the place where sexual violence occurs is more common outside the campus environment even though in this case it occurs in the academic community.
Data Scene of sexual Total Table 3.
Data by Scene
Description Amount
Percentage Inside the campus area
Outside the campus
Inside and outside the campus area
Did not answer
76,2%
2,9%
6,9%
Based on the time of the incident of seeing/knowing the incident of sexual violence, as many as 4 .
%) knew the incident of sexual violence in the morning, 30 .
7%) saw/knew the sexual violence during the day, 11 .
9%) saw/knew in the afternoon, 49 .
5%) saw/knew at night, and 7 .
9%) did not answer.
This shows that most sexual violence occurs at night.
Analitika: Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA, 15 .
: 134 - 144 Data Time of Table 4.
Data by Time of Occurrence Description Amount
Percentage Morning Noon
29,7%
Afternoon
10,9%
Evening 48,5% Did not answer
6,9%
Total A form of sexual assault seen by witnesses on campus.
Out of a total of 101 respondents, 1 person .
%) was aware of unauthorized photo taking.
2 people .
%) about threatening to share Photos/Videos showing nudity.
42 people .
6%) saw verbal sexual violence such as catcalling, received sexually suggestive speech, and received messages through the media in the form of words suggestive of the genitals.
1 person .
%) knew of being forced to watch a movie or was shown adult images.
%) knew of coercion to have sexual intercourse.
13 people .
9%) learned of abuse by touching sensitive body parts such as chest, thighs, lips, genitals, and 6 people .
9%) knew of the incident of rape or forced sexual intercourse.
9%) knew of the victim being shown genitals by another person, both known and unknown.
1 person .
%) experienced the distribution of his/her Photo/Video showing Nudity.
2 people .
%) see sexual harassment in public facilities, such as rubbing genitals against another person's body.
1 person .
%) sees Homosexual Acts in Public, such as coercion to hug same-sex people.
and 23 people .
8%) did not answer the form of harassment they saw or experienced.
This shows that the most common form of sexual violence occurs in the form of verbal violence.
Data Forms Table 5.
Forms of sexual violence Description Amount Percentage Unauthorized photo taking threats shared Photos/Videos showing Verbal .
atcalling, getting speech that is suggestive of sexual things, and getting messages through the media in the form of words that lead to the genital.
41,6% Forced viewing of movies/shown adult Coercion to have sexual intercourse Harassment by touching sensitive body parts such as the chest, thighs, lips, genitals, and buttocks 12,9% Iriani Indri Hapsari.
Deasyanti & Fellianti Muzdalifah.
The Prevalence of Sexual Violence in Higher Education Institutions based on Witness Testimony Total
Incidents of rape or sexual intercourse by 5,9% Shown genitals by other people, both known and unknown people 5,9% Sharing of her photos/videos showing Seeing sexual harassment in public
facilities, such as swiping the genitals against someone else's body Seeing homosexual acts in public, such as coercion to hug same-sex people Did not answer
22,8%
Based on the data from the results of this study, it is known that sexual violence that occurs in universities based on witness data, most of the time it occurs in subsequent students occurs in lecturers, while education staff and the general public have no data showing the occurrence of sexual violence.
This is reinforced by data from LBH Bali that victims of sexual violence mostly occur in women and students (Raharjo & Sari, 2.
In addition, research data from Maulydia and Nisa .
shows that sexual violence against students in universities is quite common and the victims are more women.
Women are many victims of sexual violence due to several factors including power relations, patriarchal culture, permissive attitudes, the existence of privileges in men according to a research study from Noviani et al.
This also happens in the college environment, sexual violence occurs a lot in female students as victims because of the power relations of student lecturers, senior and junior relationships, partner relationships that are more dominant.
Based on this research data, the incidence of sexual violence occurs more outside the campus environment than occurs in the campus environment.
This happens because of the limited campus area to be able to freely commit sexual violence with security supervision in the campus environment and social supervision from the surroundings, besides that, of course, the ethics of campus residents are still maintained in maintaining the ethics of not committing sexual violence in the environment on campus.
Although there is some data found within the campus environment in quiet areas such as parking areas, libraries, laboratories and other places that are quiet and far from surveillance.
Violence outside the campus environment is carried out by individuals from the academic community outside the campus environment such as in boarding houses, hotels, at home and other places where there is no supervision from the campus.
Perpetrators of sexual violence generally come from outside campus residents, some are known people and even close friends and there are also unknown people.
In addition, there are also those who are both students on the same campus and there are also those who are academicians but come from different campuses.
Analitika: Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA, 15 .
: 134 - 144 Based on data from respondents who have seen or known sexual violence, verbal and physical violence dominates.
Verbal sexual violence based on Permendikbud No.
30 concerning sexual violence states that verbal sexual violence such as catcalling, whistling or flirting with sexual nuances often occurs and is even considered something ordinary so that people often do it without realizing that it makes people uncomfortable related to experiencing it.
One of the things that can be said to be sexual violence is when one party feels uncomfortable even if it is just catcalling or whistling because the psychological impact of the person experiencing makes it uncomfortable and can cause feelings of fear, anxiety and worry so that they become disturbed in their daily activities.
Physical sexual violence from witnesses is also known to occur a lot, physical sexual activity by holding, squeezing, touching sensitive parts is experienced a lot and makes people who experience it feel harassed and uncomfortable because it can make anxiety and even trauma because of the discomfort.
Sexual violence is indeed one of the problems experienced by students and traumatizes them and needs to be a concern for universities (Abrams, 2.
Other studies also state that first-semester female students who experience sexual violence experience mental health problems such as anxiety, depression (Carey, et al.
, 2.
In addition to students, lecturers and education staff are also affected by their mental health if they experience sexual violence so that their careers are not optimal.
Based on research from Jason et al, .
, sexual violence experienced can be a source of stress resulting in depression, irritability and self-blame so that work becomes not optimal which can lead to stress, depression, unstable emotions, post traumatic stress (Holladay et al.
, 2.
Therefore, the impact of sexual violence is not simple but can cause mental health problems for individuals who experience it so that it can make them not optimal in carrying out their duties in higher education as students, lecturers and education staff.
Sexual violence experienced by campus residents from this research data based on information from witnesses occurred more in the day and night than in the morning or evening.
This shows that events occur when they are active in the campus environment during the day and even when they are active in lectures and During the day, it occurs during break time and then doing it in a quiet place in the campus area or even gathering together in activities to be a moment for the perpetrator to meet the victim and commit sexual harassment.
Occurs at night because at this time lecture hours have finished, the campus is quiet and if it happens outside the campus area some occur because of the quiet atmosphere and the absence of supervision from around.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion of this study is related to the description of sexual violence that occurs in the campus environment sourced from secondary data, namely witnesses who see or know sexual violence including: .
Sexual violence is dominated by women who are students who experience sexual violence, sexual Iriani Indri Hapsari.
Deasyanti & Fellianti Muzdalifah.
The Prevalence of Sexual Violence in Higher Education Institutions based on Witness Testimony violence mostly occurs in verbal and physical forms, namely touching sensitive body .
Sexual violence occurs most outside the campus environment compared to inside the campus even though the victims are the campus academic community.
Sexual violence occurs most often during the day and night and sexual violence based on this study is more carried out by residents outside the campus against the academic community.
Suggestions from the results of this study are expected that campus residents do the following things to avoid sexual violence, including the academic community and campus residents to take better care of themselves and develop self-protection, especially for women by developing knowledge related to self-protection awareness or several strategies in avoiding sexual violence that can occur anywhere, anytime and by anyone.
More self-control so as not to get used to doing things related to sexual violence than things that are considered ordinary such as whistling, catcalling, flirting, holding or others that make others feel Take care of each other and build positive relationships in order to respect each other and avoid acts of sexual violence.
Individuals who see or know the events of sexual violence or can be called witnesses play an important role in daring to speak out on behalf of their colleagues who are victims so that the perpetrators do not feel free and victims can get the right assistance.
This research data although secondary data from witnesses who saw or knew sexual violence is important data in the assessment of sexual violence that occurs in universities so that universities together with PPKS and the academic community synergize to fight sexual violence by the academic community on and off campus, providing education on how to recognize and deal with sexual violence from friends.
Seniors, superiors or residents around the campus, training and creating safe and comfortable spaces in the campus environment, in order to create a campus free from violence.
BIBLIOGRAPHY