Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam Volume 9.
No.
March 2025 ISSN: 2549 Ae 3132.
E-ISSN: 2549 Ae 3167 DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
A Systematic Literature Review on Conditional Cash Transfers in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Countries for Tackling Poverty Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Malaysia Salmy Edawati Yaacob Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Malaysia Hairunnizam Wahid Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Malaysia Email: suffianesa@gmail.
Abstract: Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs have been highly effective in reducing poverty globally, particularly in countries such as Brazil and Mexico.
However, numerous OIC countries continue to experience high poverty levels, emphasizing the need for programs that are specifically adapted to their unique socio-economic contexts.
The goal of this study is to systematically review and synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs in poverty eradication in OIC member countries.
This study utilized a systematic review following the ROSES protocol for transparency and rigor.
Inductive thematic analysis was applied to identify key patterns, synthesizing 23 articles published between 2018 and 2023 for comprehensive insights into the research topic.
Five significant themes were identified based on the thematic analysis: .
Health Conditionality and Impact on CCT Programs.
Education Conditionality and Impact on CCT Programs.
CCT Programs Impact on Poverty.
Issues and Challenges in CCT Programs.
Intervention in CCT Programs.
Thirteen sub-themes were built from these five fundamental concepts.
This study reviews recent advancements in CCT programs and their impact on poverty alleviation in OIC countries, offering insights for implementation and providing valuable information for scholars.
It emphasizes the potential integration of Islamic fiscal resources, such as zakat, and the incorporation of religious principles as conditionalities within CCT models from an Islamic legal These aspects offer promising avenues for future research, providing valuable insights that could enhance poverty reduction strategies and serve as important guidance for scholars and policymakers.
Keywords: Conditional cash transfer (CCT), conditionality, poverty.
OIC countries, religiosity, systematic literature review, zakat ic Submitted: October 31, 2023 ic Accepted: March 24, 2025 http://jurnal.
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Abstrak: Program Bantuan Tunai Bersyarat (CCT) sangat efektif dalam mengurangi kemiskinan secara global, khususnya di negara-negara seperti Brasil dan Meksiko.
Namun, banyak negara OIC yang masih mengalami tingkat kemiskinan yang tinggi, sehingga menekankan perlunya program yang secara khusus disesuaikan dengan konteks sosio-ekonomi mereka yang unik.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau secara sistematis dan mensintesis bukti efektivitas program Bantuan Tunai Bersyarat (BTB) dalam pengentasan kemiskinan di negara-negara anggota OIC.
Studi ini menggunakan tinjauan sistematis mengikuti protokol ROSES untuk transparansi dan ketelitian.
Analisis tematik induktif diterapkan untuk mengidentifikasi pola-pola utama, mensintesis 23 artikel yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2018 dan 2023 untuk mendapatkan wawasan komprehensif tentang topik penelitian.
Lima tema penting diidentifikasi berdasarkan analisis tematik: .
Persyaratan Kesehatan dan Dampak Program CCT.
Persyaratan Pendidikan dan Dampaknya terhadap Program BTB.
Dampak Program CCT terhadap Standar Hidup.
Permasalahan dan Tantangan dalam Program CCT.
Intervensi dalam Program CCT.
Tiga belas sub-tema dibangun dari lima konsep dasar ini.
Studi ini meninjau kemajuan terkini dalam program CCT dan dampaknya terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan di negara-negara OIC, menawarkan wawasan untuk implementasi dan memberikan informasi berharga bagi para ulama.
Penelitian ini menekankan potensi integrasi sumber daya keuangan islam, seperti zakat, dan penggabungan prinsip-prinsip agama sebagai persyaratan dalam model CCT dari perspektif hukum Islam.
Aspek-aspek ini menawarkan peluang penelitian di masa mendatang, memberikan wawasan berharga yang dapat meningkatkan strategi penanggulangan kemiskinan dan berfungsi sebagai panduan penting bagi para akademisi dan pembuat kebijakan.
Kata Kunci: Bantuan tunai bersyarat, pensyaratan, kemiskinan, negara OIC, religiusitas, tinjauan sistematis, zakat Introduction Global poverty has been steadily declining since the 1990s, though the rate of decline has noticeably slowed since 2014.
1 Except in the Middle East and North Africa, where war and instability have prevented progress, extreme poverty has been decreasing everywhere else.
2 About 60% of the world's severely poor lived in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2019, while 81% of the world's poor lived in either Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia.
The more widespread poverty is, the more Bank.
AuPoverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting CourseAy (The World Bank.
Haoyu Wu et al.
AuApril 2022 Global Poverty Update From the World Bank,Ay World Bank Blogs .
April 18, 2024, https://blogs.
org/opendata/april-2022-globalpoverty-update-world-bank.
http://jurnal.
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severe the hardships experienced by the poor.
Globally, over 485 million people in 110 countries are living in severe poverty, with a weighted deprivation level between 50% and 100%.
Additionally, 99 million people experience deprivation across all dimensions of the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index .
ealth, education, and living standard.
, with deprivation levels ranging from 70% to Among the 12 million individuals with the highest deprivation scores .
00%), 10 million live in extreme poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Although OIC member countries represent about a quarter of the global population, their combined GDP is less than 8% of the worldAos total.
The GDP per capita among OIC countries varies widely, from $1,302 to $93,521.
Of the 16 Low-Income Country Group members, their total GDP makes up only 3.
25% of the OIC's overall GDP.
Furthermore, around 300 million people in the OIC Region lived on less than $2.
15 per day from 2009 to 2021.
The Human Development Index (HDI) among OIC member countries also shows significant disparity, ranging from 0.
394 to 0.
While 10 countries have high human development scores, 17 have moderate, 10 have medium, and 19 have low human 4 Although Islamic countries possess fiscal resources such as Islamic Social Finance, effective distribution of these funds is crucial to ensure that the goal of poverty eradication is achieved.
Previous studies have highlighted the role of technology in advancing Islamic Social Finance, such as zakat 5 and Islamic 6 However, poverty rates in OIC countries remain high.
For example, a study in Indonesia found that the Islamic economic system has yet to make a significant impact on societal welfare,7 with the challenge in implementing fiscal development for Islamic Social Finance funding sources being the need to ensure compliance with Shariah law.
Sabina Alkire.
Usha Kanagaratnam, and Nicolai Suppa.
AuThe Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023 Country Results and Methodological Note,Ay 2023.
Comcec.
AuComcec Poverty Outlook 2022,Ay Comcec Poverty Outlook 2022 (Comcec Coordination Office, 2.
, https://w.
Mellya Embun Baining et al.
AuFinding the Maqashid Al-Syariah Performance Model on Syariah Management Accounting Information System Values,Ay Al-Risalah Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 24, no.
, p.
87Ae104: Sri Maulida et al.
AuPostPandemic Digital Transformation in Zakat Management: Insights from Maqasyid SyariAoah in South Kalimantan,Ay eL-Mashlahah 14, no.
, p.
281Ae302.
Fathul Aminudin Aziz.
AuMenakar Kesyariahan Fintech Syariah di Indonesia,Ay AlManahij Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 14, no.
, p.
1Ae18.
Ahmad Hidayat Buang.
AuIslamic Finance and TakAful in Contemporary Social and Economic Development,Ay Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 13, no.
Amrin Amrin.
AuStrategi Ekonomi Syariah Dalam Mewujudkan Kemakmuran Umat Di Indonesia Pada Era Modern,Ay Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu SyariAoah Dan Hukum 7, no.
, p.
35Ae Akmal Bashori.
MuthoAoam MuthoAoam, and Wan Noor Hazlina Wan Jusoh.
AuEpistemology of Fatwas on Digital Transaction in Indonesia,Ay Jurnal Hukum Islam .
Vol 21.
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Sofian Al Hakim.
AuAnalytical Framework in Study of Fatwas on Sharia http://jurnal.
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Cash transfers accounted for 26% of social protection and 43% of social assistance measures at the program level, with 1,023 measures implemented in 203 countries.
Their coverage has been nothing short of extraordinary: cash transfers reached 1.
36 billion people, or one out of every six people on the earth, between 2020 and 2021.
9 Cash transfer programs are broken down into four broad categories: unconditional cash transfers (UCT.
, conditional cash transfers (CCT.
, social pensions and enterprise grants.
Numerous studies have highlighted the success of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs in alleviating poverty across different regions of the Research in Latin America, particularly in countries like Mexico and Brazil, has demonstrated that CCT programs significantly reduce poverty levels and improve educational and health outcomes among the poor.
11 However, it should be noted that no comprehensive study of CCT programs for poverty alleviation in OIC countries has yet been done.
This gap is particularly important to address, given that a large number of countries facing persistent poverty challenges are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
The prevalence of poverty in these countries underscores the urgent need to investigate the potential impact and effectiveness of CCT programs in the specific socioeconomic and cultural contexts of OIC nations.
Such research could offer valuable insights into how CCT initiatives could be tailored to address poverty more effectively within these regions.
Therefore, the aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review and synthesis of evidence regarding the effectiveness of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs in combating poverty within OIC member countries.
Principles from ROSES (Reporting Standards for Systematic Evidence Synthese.
direct the SLR.
ROSES was created with the goals of increasing openness in the SLR creation process, guaranteeing and managing review quality, as well as maintaining a good approach to SLR creation.
12 The PICo method (Problem or Population.
Interest and Contex.
was used to develop research Economics,Ay Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 19, no.
2 (December 30, 2.
Hasanudin Hasanudin.
Jaih Mubarok, and Muhammad Al-Fayyad Maulana.
AuProgressiveness of Islamic Economic Law in Indonesia: The MurAAoAt Al-AoIlal Wa Al-MaAliu Approach,Ay SAMARAH Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam.
Vol 7.
No.
2, .
, p.
Ugo Gentilini.
Cash Transfers in Pandemic Times: Evidence.
Practices, and Implications from the Largest Scale up in History.
(World Bank, 2.
Francesca Bastagli et al.
AuCash Transfers: What Does the Evidence Say?Ay Overseas Development Institute, 2016, https://w.
Ariel Fiszbein and Norbert R.
Schady.
Conditional Cash Transfers (The World Bank eBooks, 2.
Michael Gusenbauer and Neal R.
Haddaway.
AuWhich Academic Search Systems Are Suitable for Systematic Reviews or Metanalyses? Evaluating Retrieval Qualities of Google Scholar.
PubMed, and 26 Other Resources,Ay Research Synthesis Methods 11, no.
, p.
181Ae http://jurnal.
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questions that were then guided by the ROSES framework throughout the SLR The following three systematic steps of the strategy to document searching were devised and implemented: identifying, screening and eligibility.
The quality evaluation process was then executed in accordance with the modified criteria given.
13 Here, the quality of each item was considered before being included in the evaluation.
Several processes, including data extraction and analysis, were applied to the selected studies.
The study question guided the data collection process, while a theme synthesis method was employed to synthesise the information.
Three articles were used to construct the study question.
for instance, ideas from previous studies by Fizbein and Schady14 and Bastagli et al.
15 Each article detailed how CCT initiatives were utilised to combat poverty.
In addition, it is worth mentioning that the abbreviation PICo stands for "P" .
roblem or populatio.
, "I" .
and "Co" .
The authors included three main elements in the review based on these ideas: the population of the OIC Countries, interest in poverty and the context of CCT programs.
As a result, this study was able to develop its core research question: AuHow effective are Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs in eradicating poverty in OIC member countries?Ay Three systematic procedures for identifying, screening, and determining eligibility have been described in previous research.
16 This study was able to comprehensively discover and synthesise the research using these strategies, allowing an efficiently structured and transparent SLR to be conducted.
Three core keywords, conditional cash transfer, poverty and OIC countries, were derived from the study questions.
A web-based thesaurus .
uch as co.
was utilised, referring to keywords used in prior research and those recommended by Scopus, as well as collaborating with subject-matter experts to develop these keywords.
Keywords such as "cash transfer," "conditional cash transfer," "CCT," "income transfer," "Bolsa Familia," "poor," "poverty," "vulnerable," "socioeconomic status," "socioeconomic level" and "low income" were examined.
Searching tools such as field code functions, phrase searching, wildcards, truncation and Boolean operators were used to investigate these term combinations in Scopus and Web of Science (Table .
In addition.
Google Scholar was searched manually for relevant results.
Searching the chosen databases led to the discovery of 5,563 potential articles.
Mark Petticrew and Helen Roberts.
Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences, 2008.
Ariel Fiszbein and Norbert R.
Schady.
Conditional Cash Transfers.
The World Bank eBooks, 2009.
Francesca Bastagli et al.
AuCash Transfers: What Does the Evidence Say?Ay (Overseas Development Institute, 2.
, https://w.
Hayrol Azril Mohamed Shaffril.
Steven Eric Krauss, and Samsul Farid Samsuddin.
AuA Systematic Review on AsianAos FarmersAo Adaptation Practices Towards Climate Change,Ay The Science of the Total Environment 644 .
, p.
683Ae95.
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Table 1 Search string used in the selected database Database Scopus String TITLE-ABS-KEY (("cash transfer*" OR "conditional cash transfer*" OR cct OR "income transfer*" OR "Bolsa Familia") AND .
oor OR poverty OR vulnerabl* OR "socioeconomic status" OR "socioeconomic level" OR "low income" ) ) Web of Science TS=(( "cash transfer*" OR "conditional cash transfer*" OR cct OR "income transfer*" OR "Bolsa Familia" ) AND ( poor OR poverty OR vulnerabl* OR "socioeconomic status" OR "socioeconomic level" OR "low income" ) ) Google Scholar Auconditional cash transferAy and AupovertyAy Publications were included in this study based on a thorough screening process, which involved both database searches and manual vetting by the The screening strategy for this study was limited to publications published between 2018 and 2023 due to the relevance of research field 17 This schedule was opted for as there was enough information already published to make a thorough evaluation possible at this point.
Since they include original data, the authors choose to look at empirical research publications.
Notably, only documents written in English were considered.
Since the study's focus is on the economy, only studies from the fields of economics, business and the social sciences were selected to increase the number of relevant papers Finally, research done in OIC countries was prioritised throughout the screening process.
A total of 5,436 articles were disregarded as they did not satisfy the review's inclusion criteria at this stage.
Therefore, 127 items were left for further review.
Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion Criteria 2018 Ae 2023 Articles .
ith empirical dat.
English Economic, business, social Research conducted in OIC Countries Exclusion Criteria 2017 and earlier Review article, chapter in a book, book and conference proceeding Non-English Subject areas other than economics, business and social science Research conducted outside OIC Countries Sascha Kraus.
Matthias Breier, and Sonia Dasy-Rodryguez.
AuThe Art of Crafting a Systematic Literature Review in Entrepreneurship Research,Ay International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 16, no.
, p.
1023Ae42.
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The titles, abstracts, and/or full texts of the remaining articles were manually examined to see whether they fulfilled the inclusion criteria.
62 articles were rejected at this stage since they did not place enough attention on CCT.
include review papers that had not been done outside of OIC countries.
There was a total of 65 papers will be included in the quality evaluation phase.
However, 13 duplicate records were removed, and 7 articles were excluded due to access It is recommended that specialists classify the remaining publications into categories of high, moderate, and low quality.
18 Only articles rated as moderate or high quality should be considered for further evaluation.
The experts assessed the quality of each article by carefully reviewing its methodology.
For a paper to be included in the review, all evaluators needed to agree that it demonstrated at least moderate quality.
Distinctions between articles were examined to determine their eligibility.
Through this evaluation process, 18 articles were rated as high quality, 5 as moderate, and 22 as low quality.
Consequently, the 23 articles that received high or moderate ratings were selected for further evaluation (Figure .
The papers were thematically evaluated to show the most effective methods of integrating the differences via qualitative synthesis since the review was based on a number of different study approaches.
19 Although many approaches to qualitative synthesis exist, this review follows a specific method suited to its 20 The theme synthesis was underlined for integrating data from different types of studies owing to its flexibility.
The purpose of the analytic technique known as thematic analysis is to identify and report on preexisting research trends by drawing connections between seemingly unrelated pieces of information.
21 Thematic synthesis procedures were applied in this research.
22 Researchers first look over the whole dataset often and actively to familiarise themselves with it.
This method helped researchers get a sense of context for their raw data and set the stage for future The second action was to produce seed codes.
A fine-grained and detailed approach was employed for data organisation.
At this point, the Mark Petticrew and Helen Roberts.
Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences, 2008.
Robin Whittemore and Kathleen Knafl.
AuThe Integrative Review: Updated Methodology,Ay Journal of Advanced Nursing 52, no.
, p.
546Ae53.
Kate Flemming et al.
AuQualitative Evidence Synthesis for Complex Interventions and Guideline Development: Clarification of the Purpose.
Designs and Relevant Methods,Ay BMJ Global Health 4, no.
Suppl 1 .
, p.
Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke.
AuReflecting on Reflexive Thematic Analysis,Ay Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health 11, no.
, p.
589Ae97.
Michelle E.
Kiger and Lara Varpio.
AuThematic Analysis of Qualitative Data: AMEE Guide No.
131,Ay Medical Teacher 42, no.
, p.
846Ae54.
http://jurnal.
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Database records (Scopus.
Web of Science.
Google Scholar.
= 5,.
The search terms included cash transfer, conditional cash transfer.
CCT, income transfer.
Bolsa Familia, poor, poverty, vulnerable, socioeconomic status, socioeconomic level, and low income.
Records were omitted because they were published in 2017 or earlier.
published as a review article.
a chapter in a book.
a book's conference proceedings.
published in a language other than English.
studies in medicine, public health, environmental science, and other non-social sciences .
= 5,.
ARTICLES
READY FOR
REVIEW
ELIGIBILITY
SCREENING
IDENTIFICATION
researchers read all the selected papers and culled the information that would help answer the study question.
Total records after screening .
= .
Full-text articles assessed for eligibility .
= .
Records excluded .
itle, abstract & content screenin.
= .
Duplicates records removed .
= .
No access for articles .
= .
Remaining articles included in the qualitative synthesis .
= Quality assessment of the remaining articles .
ow rating article remove.
= .
Figure 3 The search process flowchart The last stage was coming up with a subject to write about.
To find commonalities between the manually coded data and the recovered data, inductive coding frameworks were employed.
The inductive coding http://jurnal.
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methodology was used to synthesise the data, with themes emerging from the deciphered information.
There was continuity between the old and the new ideas.
Seven major topics emerged during this procedure.
Finally, consumption, household income and employment were combined into the standard of living.
The technique for each of the themes was repeated to discover any probable subthemes, yielding 13 sub-themes.
The next step was to go over the themes that had been created.
The applicability of the main themes and sub-themes was then Finally, the main themes became 5, while the sub-themes became 13.
Two experts in qualitative synthesis and community development were then presented with the themes and subthemes for verification.
Both specialists were also asked to comment on the themes' applicability to the research at hand.
The final product retained all 5 themes and 13 underlying themes.
Cash Transfers in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Countries for Tackling Poverty Ten of the twenty-three articles focused their research on Indonesia, three on Nigeria, three on Pakistan, two on Bangladesh and two on Egypt.
Likewise, each study was concentrated on Tyrkiye.
Morocco and Lebanon.
There was a total of 19 research that focused on quantitative analysis.
Whereas the remaining four research concentrated on qualitative analysis.
In terms of year of publication, three papers were published in 2018, five in 2019, six in 2020, three in 2021 and five in 2022, while remaining in 2023.
Thematic analysis of 23 selected pieces identified five major themes: .
health conditionality and impact on CCT programs.
education conditionality and impact on CCT programs.
CCT programs impact on poverty.
issues and challenges in CCT programs.
intervention in CCT programs.
These 5 themes generated 13 sub-themes (Table .
From the findings, 5 themes and 13 sub-themes gave answers to the SLR's major research question, "How do CCT programs in OIC Countries tackle poverty issues?" The next section explains the context of the chosen studies.
Attending frequent check-ups was the first sub-theme under Health Conditionality and Impact on CCT Programs.
In Nigeria, several beneficiaries reported that the monetary incentive was the main reason they used the maternal and health services at the health facility since they were enthralled by the prospect of receiving paid-for delivery at the PHC.
23 Meanwhile, the impact on CCT initiatives in this country is likewise substantial.
The number of prenatal visits.
Fatima Baba-Ari.
Ejemai Amaize Eboreime, and Mazeda Hossain.
AuConditional Cash Transfers for Maternal Health Interventions: Factors Influencing Uptake in NorthCentral Nigeria,Ay International Journal of Health Policy and Management 7, no.
, p.
934Ae42, http://jurnal.
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births in health facilities and postnatal care have all increased.
24 Similar findings were found in Indonesia25 and Pakistan.
26 The reason for the requirement is that CCT programs require regular health check-ups for either the pregnant mother or the child to gain benefits.
The second sub-theme dealt with the impact of CCT on stunting issues.
According to studies conducted in Indonesia, improving health-seeking behaviours reduces stunting among impoverished children.
28 This sub-theme is related to a conforming attitude toward health conditionality, including complete immunisation, as well as regular ANC visits during pregnancy and birth in any health institution.
29 Compliance with the conditions responsible will result in increased involvement with medical specialists.
Studies on the CCT program in Indonesia have shown varying effects on stunting.
For example, one study Edward N.
Okeke and Isa S.
Abubakar.
AuHealthcare at the Beginning of Life and Child Survival: Evidence from a Cash Transfer Experiment in Nigeria,Ay Journal of Development Economics 143 (November 22, 2.
: 102426.
Ayesha Afzal.
Nawazish Mirza, and Fatima Arshad.
AuConditional Vs Unconditional Cash Transfers: A Study of Poverty Demographics in Pakistan,Ay Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraivanja 32, no.
1 (January 1, 2.
: 3366Ae83, https://doi.
org/10.
1080/1331677x.
Nur Cahyadi et al.
AuCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Experimental Evidence from Indonesia,Ay American Economic Journal Economic Policy 12, no.
4 (October 30, 2.
: 88Ae110 Kate Flemming et al.
AuQualitative Evidence Synthesis for Complex Interventions and Guideline Development: Clarification of the Purpose.
Designs and Relevant Methods,Ay BMJ Global Health 4, no.
Suppl 1 (January 1, 2.
: e000882, https://doi.
org/10.
1136/bm.
Majeed and Iqbal.
AuAn insight into the key performance indicator of conditional cash transfer program for maternal and child health in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan,Ay City University Research Journal (CURJ) 12, no.
2 (June 2.
Ayesha Afzal.
Nawazish Mirza, and Fatima Arshad.
AuConditional Vs Unconditional Cash Transfers: A Study of Poverty Demographics in Pakistan,Ay Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraivanja 32, no.
1 (January 1, 2.
: 3366Ae83, https://doi.
org/10.
1080/1331677x.
Nur Cahyadi et al.
AuCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Experimental Evidence From Indonesia,Ay American Economic Journal Economic Policy 12, no.
4 (October 30, 2.
: 88Ae110.
Edward N.
Okeke and Isa S.
Abubakar.
AuHealthcare at the Beginning of Life and Child Survival: Evidence From a Cash Transfer Experiment in Nigeria,Ay Journal of Development Economics 143 (November 22, 2.
: 102426.
Muhammad Fikru Rizal and Eddy Van Doorslaer.
AuExplaining the Fall of Socioeconomic Inequality in Childhood Stunting in Indonesia,Ay SSM Population Health 9 (August 16, 2.
: 100469.
Nur Cahyadi et al.
AuCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs:
Experimental Evidence From Indonesia,Ay American Economic Journal Economic Policy 12, no.
4 (October 30, 2.
: 88Ae110.
Anda Nugroho et al.
AuPoverty Eradication Programs in Indonesia:
Progress.
Challenges and Reforms,Ay Journal of Policy Modeling 43, no.
6 (June 30, 2.
: 1204Ae Muhammad Fikru Rizal and Eddy Van Doorslaer.
AuExplaining the Fall of Socioeconomic Inequality in Childhood Stunting in Indonesia,Ay SSM - Population Health 9 (August 16, 2.
Muhammad Fikru Rizal and Eddy Van Doorslaer.
AuExplaining the Fall of Socioeconomic Inequality in Childhood Stunting in Indonesia,Ay SSM - Population Health 9 .
, p.
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reported a 23% reduction in stunting and a 56% reduction in severe stunting among children aged 0 to 60 months, with slightly larger improvements for boys than girls.
30 Another study found that the stunting rate decreased from 35.
4% to 2%, while the severe stunting rate also dropped from 13.
31 However, other research indicated no direct connection between a CCT-based program and stunting between 2007 and 2009.
32 This disparity in conclusion can be attributable to the varying periods of these investigations.
The third sub-theme focuses on the impact of health conditions on improving the health of beneficiary households.
In summary, no transformational effects were observed on household economic results.
There has been a lot written about the impact of health conditionality on health outcomes.
In addition.
CCT has a positive effect on the health of the recipient pregnant mothers in Bangladesh, accordance to the findings.
CCT improves maternal health outcomes, including normal blood pressure, enough haemoglobin and decreased morning sickness.
In general, health conditionalities in CCT programs contribute to improving the health of beneficiaries' households.
Nur Cahyadi et al.
AuCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs:
Experimental Evidence from Indonesia,Ay American Economic Journal Economic Policy 12, no.
, p.
88Ae110.
Muhammad Fikru Rizal and Eddy Van Doorslaer.
AuExplaining the Fall of Socioeconomic Inequality in Childhood Stunting in Indonesia,Ay SSM - Population Health 9 .
, p.
Agus Heruanto Hadna et al.
AuStand-Alone Conditional Cash Transfer in Regards to Reducing Stunting in Indonesia: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial,Ay Journal of Population and Social Studies 31 .
, p.
435Ae54.
Fariha Farjana et al.
AuImpact of Conditional Cash Transfer on Health Outcome of Expectant Mothers in Bangladesh,Ay International Journal of Social Economics 50, no.
1618Ae35.
Nur Cahyadi et al.
AuCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs:
Experimental Evidence From Indonesia,Ay American Economic Journal Economic Policy 12, no.
, p.
88Ae110.
Fariha Farjana et al.
AuImpact of Conditional Cash Transfer on Health Outcome of Expectant Mothers in Bangladesh,Ay International Journal of Social Economics 50, 11 .
, p.
1618Ae35.
Wael Moussa et al.
AuThe Impact of Cash Transfers on Syrian Refugee Children in Lebanon,Ay World Development 150 .
, p.
http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
Table 3: Findings Study McCarthy & Sumarto35
Anindita & Sahadewo36
Hidayatina & GarcesOzanne37
Tasik38
Rizal & van
Doorslaer39
Cahyadi et
Hartarto et
Hadna42
Nugroho et
Country Indonesia
Meth
Health
& impact on CCT
Education & impact on CCT
CCT
Program of living Issues & in CCT Interve in CCT Progra John McCarthy and Mulyadi Sumarto.
AuDistributional Politics and Social Protection in Indonesia: Dilemma of Layering.
Nesting and Social Fit in JokowiAos Poverty Policy,Ay Southeast Asian Economies 35, no.
, p.
223Ae36.
Arif Anindita and Gumilang Aryo Sahadewo.
AuLighten the Burden: Assessing the Impact of a for-Poor-Students Cash Transfer Program on Spending Behaviour,Ay The Journal of Development Studies 56, no.
, p.
1367Ae83.
Achsanah Hidayatina and Arlene Garces-Ozanne.
AuCan Cash Transfers Mitigate Child Labour? Evidence From IndonesiaAos Cash Transfer Programme for Poor Students in Java,Ay World Development Perspectives 15 .
, p.
Hizkia H.
Tasik.
AuA Tale of Income and Energy in Rural Areas: What Contributes to PeopleAos Happiness? Evidence from Eastern Indonesia,Ay International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 9, no.
, p.
248Ae55.
Muhammad Fikru Rizal and Eddy Van Doorslaer.
AuExplaining the Fall of Socioeconomic Inequality in Childhood Stunting in Indonesia,Ay SSM - Population Health 9 .
, p.
Nur Cahyadi et al.
AuCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs:
Experimental Evidence from Indonesia,Ay American Economic Journal Economic Policy 12, 4 .
, p.
88Ae110.
Hartarto.
Wardani, and Azizurrohman.
AuA Qualitative Study of Conditional Cash Transfer and Education Aspirations: Evidence from Yogyakarta,Ay Journal of Social Service Research 47, no.
, p.
776Ae85.
Agus Heruanto Hadna.
AuThe Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on LowIncome Individuals in Indonesia,Ay ASEAS.
June 30, 2022.
Anda Nugroho et al.
AuPoverty Eradication Programs in Indonesia: Progress.
Challenges and Reforms,Ay Journal of Policy Modeling 43, no.
, p.
1204Ae24.
http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
Hadna et al.
Baba-Ari et Okeke & Abubakar45 Waziri et al.
Afzal et al.
GUL et al.
Majeed & Iqbal49 Rokonuzzama Farjana et Helmy et al.
Armanious53 ynzel & Parrado54 Nigeria Pakistan Banglade Turkey Egypt Agus Heruanto Hadna et al.
AuStand-Alone Conditional Cash Transfer in Regards to Reducing Stunting in Indonesia: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial,Ay Journal of Population and Social Studies 31 .
, p.
435Ae54.
Edward N.
Okeke and Isa S.
Abubakar.
AuHealthcare at the Beginning of Life and Child Survival: Evidence from a Cash Transfer Experiment in Nigeria,Ay Journal of Development Economics 143 .
, p.
Musa Waziri.
Ahmed Zubir Bin Ibrahim, and Zainal Bin Md.
Zan Bin Md Zan.
AuInvestigating the Empirical Relationship Between Government Intervention Programs and Poverty Alleviation: A Case of Nigeria,Ay Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences.
36, no.
, p.
323Ae38.
Ayesha Afzal.
Nawazish Mirza, and Fatima Arshad.
AuConditional Vs Unconditional Cash Transfers: A Study of Poverty Demographics in Pakistan,Ay Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraivanja 32, no.
, p.
3366Ae83.
Kate Flemming et al.
AuQualitative Evidence Synthesis for Complex Interventions and Guideline Development: Clarification of the Purpose.
Designs and Relevant Methods,Ay BMJ Global Health 4, no.
Suppl 1 .
, p.
Majeed and Iqbal.
AuAn insight into the key performance indicator of conditional cash transfer program for maternal and child health in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan,Ay City University Research Journal (CURJ) 12, no.
Rokonuzzaman.
AuConditional Cash Transfer: Female Secondary School Assistance Programme (Fssa.
-case in Bangladesh,Ay 2022.
Fariha Farjana et al.
AuImpact of Conditional Cash Transfer on Health Outcome of Expectant Mothers in Bangladesh,Ay International Journal of Social Economics 50, no.
, p.
1618Ae35.
Imane Helmy et al.
AuA Comparison of the Economic Impacts of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers in Egypt,Ay 2018.
Armanious.
AuAccelerating global actions for a world without poverty: Egypt Experiences.
Ay Iik D.
ynzel and Salvador Parrado.
AuVarieties of Regulatory Welfare Regimes in Middle-Income Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Brazil.
Mexico, and Turkey,Ay The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 691, no.
, p.
223Ae http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
Ikira & Ezzrari55
Moussa et
Morocco
Lebanon
Health conditionality & impact on CCT programs RCU = Regular check up STU = Stunting BH = Better health
CCT
Issues & challenges in CCT programs SAT = CSM = School
Househ
INS = Insufficient ENR = TS = Targeting Enrolment
ESP =
EMP =
CL = Child labor Education Employ QN = Quantitative.
QL = Qualitative.
Education ty & impact on CCT Intervention in CCT programs STW = Sustainable way CB = Cost Marouane Ikira and Ezzrari.
AuEvaluating the Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Evidence from Morocco,Ay American Journal of Educational Research 9, no.
, p.
320Ae29.
Wael Moussa et al.
AuThe Impact of Cash Transfers on Syrian Refugee Children in Lebanon,Ay World Development 150 .
, p.
http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
Health conditionality in Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs has shown positive impacts on maternal and child health outcomes.
Regular health check-ups, incentivized by CCTs, have increased prenatal visits, facility births, and postnatal care in countries like Nigeria.
Indonesia, and Pakistan.
This improvement reflects the role of financial incentives in promoting healthseeking behaviour.
In Lebanon, evidence suggests that multi-purpose cash reduces the risk of acute illness in young children.
57 Short-term recipient households were 10 percentage points less likely to report acute illness in children under 5, while long-term recipients had an 8-percentage point reduction compared to discontinued households.
Similarly in Bangladesh, research indicates that mothers became more attentive to their infants' health and well-being.
58 Additionally, compliance with health conditionalities, such as immunizations and antenatal care, has been linked to a reduction in stunting, although some studies report inconsistent findings due to variations in time frames.
Overall, health conditionalities within CCT programs Wael Moussa et al.
AuThe Impact of Cash Transfers on Syrian Refugee Children in Lebanon,Ay World Development 150 .
, p.
Rokonuzzaman.
AuConditional Cash Transfer: Female Secondary School Assistance Programme (Fssa.
-case in Bangladesh,Ay 2022.
http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
contribute to better health outcomes but face challenges in ensuring long-term, broad economic impacts.
Education conditionality & impact on CCT programs School attendance was the first sub-theme under Education Conditionality and Impact on CCT Programs.
The requirements of the CCT programs necessitate that the children attend school in order to achieve the desired outcomes.
59 A study in Indonesia shows a significant rise in school enrolment among children aged 7 to 15, with the CCT program increasing enrolment rates by 4 percentage points over six years.
60 Given that 92.
4% of children in the control group were already enrolled, this 4-percentage point improvement corresponds to a 53% reduction in the number of children not enrolled in school.
In addition, according to previous research, households use the cash transfer fund to finance the costs of attending school.
61 Increasing home income through a cash transfer program minimises the likelihood of school-age children engaging in child labour activities.
Children will be able to devote more time to school-related activities as a result of this.
Nevertheless, children continue working in countries such as Morocco and Indonesia since the benefits they receive are insufficient to allow them to Ayesha Afzal.
Nawazish Mirza, and Fatima Arshad.
AuConditional Vs Unconditional Cash Transfers: A Study of Poverty Demographics in Pakistan,Ay Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraivanja 32, no.
, p.
3366Ae83.
Nur et al.
AuCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Experimental Evidence From Indonesia,Ay American Economic Journal Economic Policy 12, no.
, p.
88Ae110.
Hartarto.
Wardani, and Azizurrohman.
AuA Qualitative Study of Conditional Cash Transfer and Education Aspirations: Evidence from Yogyakarta,Ay Journal of Social Service Research 47, no.
776Ae85.
Nur Cahyadi et al.
AuCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs:
Experimental Evidence from Indonesia,Ay American Economic Journal Economic Policy 12, 4 (, p.
, p.
88Ae110.
Arif Anindita and Gumilang Aryo Sahadewo.
AuLighten the Burden: Assessing the Impact of a for-Poor-Students Cash Transfer Program on Spending Behaviour,Ay The Journal of Development Studies 56, no.
, p.
1367Ae83.
Achsanah Hidayatina and Arlene Garces-Ozanne.
AuCan Cash Transfers Mitigate Child Labour? Evidence From IndonesiaAos Cash Transfer Programme for Poor Students in Java,Ay World Development Perspectives 15 .
, p.
http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
attend school.
63 Overall, the percentage of children who reported attending school has increased significantly.
The second sub-theme dealt with school enrolment, which is one of the primary requirements for education.
65 Enrolment rates are growing.
study indicates that multi-purpose cash (MPC) improves school enrolment in Lebanon, with an increase of about 7 percentage points for children in discontinued and long-term recipient households, significant at the 10% 67 The effect was stronger for short-term recipients, with an 8.
percentage point increase and a higher significance level of 5%.
While in Indonesia, for instance, the CCT programme increased enrolment rates by 4 percentage points over the course of a 6-year study.
building on prior studies that revealed substantial gains in enrolment for all children aged 7 to 15.
68 In addition, the CCT program motivates low-income families to put money aside so that their children may attend and graduate from secondary.
Marouane Ikira and Ezzrari.
AuEvaluating the Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Evidence from Morocco,Ay American Journal of Educational Research 9, no.
(May 31, 2.
: 320Ae29.
Anda Nugroho et al.
AuPoverty Eradication Programs in Indonesia:
Progress.
Challenges and Reforms,Ay Journal of Policy Modeling 43, no.
, p.
1204Ae Nur Cahyadi et al.
AuCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs:
Experimental Evidence from Indonesia,Ay American Economic Journal Economic Policy 12, 4 .
, p.
88Ae110.
Achsanah Hidayatina and Arlene Garces-Ozanne.
AuCan Cash Transfers Mitigate Child Labour? Evidence From IndonesiaAos Cash Transfer Programme for Poor Students in Java,Ay World Development Perspectives 15 .
, p.
Rokonuzzaman.
AuConditional Cash Transfer: Female Secondary School Assistance Programme (Fssa.
-case in Bangladesh,Ay 2022.
Arif Anindita and Gumilang Aryo Sahadewo.
AuLighten the Burden: Assessing the Impact of a for-Poor-Students Cash Transfer Program on Spending Behaviour,Ay The Journal of Development Studies 56, no.
, p.
1367Ae83.
Arif Anindita and Gumilang Aryo Sahadewo.
AuLighten the Burden: Assessing the Impact of a for-Poor-Students Cash Transfer Program on Spending Behaviour,Ay The Journal of Development Studies 56, no.
7 (\2.
, p.
1367Ae83.
Nur Cahyadi et al.
AuCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Experimental Evidence From Indonesia,Ay American Economic Journal Economic Policy 12, no.
4 (October 30, 2.
: 88Ae110.
Wael Moussa et al.
AuThe Impact of Cash Transfers on Syrian Refugee Children in Lebanon,Ay World Development 150 .
, p.
Wael Moussa et al.
AuThe Impact of Cash Transfers on Syrian Refugee Children in Lebanon,Ay World Development 150 .
, p.
Nur Cahyadi et al.
AuCumulative Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs:
Experimental Evidence from Indonesia,Ay American Economic Journal Economic Policy 12, 4 .
, p.
88Ae110.
Musa Waziri.
Ahmed Zubir Bin Ibrahim, and Zainal Bin Md.
Zan Bin Md Zan.
AuInvestigating the Empirical Relationship Between Government Intervention Programs and Poverty Alleviation: A Case of Nigeria,Ay Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences.
36, no.
, p.
323Ae38.
http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
However, rules are needed so that even the poorest kids who are not in school may benefit from the initiative.
Many of the program's potential participants were disqualified as they have dropped out of school.
many of these children are from low-income households and may benefit from financial aid.
70 A prior study also argued that the CCT program in Indonesia's Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) did not significantly enhance children's enrolment rates.
Children continued to work as the reward was too low and too short-term for them to attend school.
The final sub-theme was education spending.
In Indonesia, a study found that participation in CCT programs has a considerable impact on spending on school tuition, transportation, and stipends.
Transportation and stipends received by students from their parents were the spending categories that have increased the greatest as a result of receiving that program.
72 The government offers assistance and guidance on how to use the transfer, and it was recommended that money be spent on children.
73 While governments in Indonesia and Morocco have made strides to make primary and secondary school free for all children, this does not account for the costs of other necessities, including school uniforms, transportation and learning aids.
Education conditionality in CCT programs has shown mixed results.
While school attendance and enrolment rates have generally increased, particularly in Indonesia, financial constraints still prevent some children from fully benefiting, as seen in countries like Morocco.
Though CCT programs reduce child labour and encourage education spending, the support provided often fails to cover all educational costs, limiting its long-term impact.
Additionally, many out-of-school children remain excluded from these Thus, while CCTs promote education, they require improved Achsanah Hidayatina and Arlene Garces-Ozanne.
AuCan Cash Transfers Mitigate Child Labour? Evidence From IndonesiaAos Cash Transfer Programme for Poor Students in Java,Ay World Development Perspectives 15 .
, p.
Anda Nugroho et al.
AuPoverty Eradication Programs in Indonesia: Progress.
Challenges and Reforms,Ay Journal of Policy Modeling 43, no.
6 (June 30, 2.
: 1204Ae24.
Arif Anindita and Gumilang Aryo Sahadewo.
AuLighten the Burden: Assessing the Impact of a for-Poor-Students Cash Transfer Program on Spending Behaviour,Ay The Journal of Development Studies 56, no.
, p.
1367Ae83.
Hartarto.
Wardani, and Azizurrohman.
AuA Qualitative Study of Conditional Cash Transfer and Education Aspirations: Evidence from Yogyakarta,Ay Journal of Social Service Research 47, no.
, p.
776Ae85.
Agus Heruanto Hadna.
AuThe Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on LowIncome Individuals in Indonesia,Ay ASEAS.
June 30, 2022.
Marouane Ikira and Ezzrari.
AuEvaluating the Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Evidence From fMorocco,Ay American Journal of Educational Research 9, no.
, p.
320Ae29.
http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
targeting, increased benefits, and broader coverage to address the needs of the most vulnerable.
CCT Programs Impact on Standard of Living Under this theme, two sub-themes were developed: household consumption and employment.
Family consumption was the first sub-theme.
Beneficiaries reported mostly using the cash supplied to meet immediate household needs.
One previous study looked at how income is spent and discovered that around 40% of respondents spent it on household consumption 75 The effect on cash provided is related to an increase in household 76 Other studies have revealed a substantial beneficial association between CCT and poverty.
77 About 10% of Egyptian Takaful recipients moved out of poverty after receiving the transfer, while 3.
7% moved out of near poverty into the middle class.
The proportion of non-poor people increased considerably, from 9.
7% to 13.
4%, after getting a Takaful transfer.
78 However, the CCT program had a variety of effects in Indonesia.
Findings suggest that the treatment group had higher consumption expenditure compared to the control group, with the effect increasing across all percentiles of the 79 However, at the lowest quantile, the effect was small .
and not significant at the 1% level, indicating that PKH had no impact on wealthier individuals.
Majeed and Iqbal.
AuAn insight into the key performance indicator of conditional cash transfer program for maternal and child health in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan,Ay City University Research Journal (CURJ) 12, no.
2 (June 2.
Fatima Baba-Ari.
Ejemai Amaize Eboreime, and Mazeda Hossain.
AuConditional Cash Transfers for Maternal Health Interventions: Factors Influencing Uptake in NorthCentral Nigeria,Ay International Journal of Health Policy and Management 7, no.
, p.
934Ae42.
Agus Heruanto Hadna.
AuThe Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on Low-Income Individuals in Indonesia,Ay ASEAS.
June 30, 2022.
Imane Helmy et al.
AuA Comparison of the Economic Impacts of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers in Egypt,Ay 2018.
Armanious.
AuAccelerating global actions for a world without poverty: Egypt Experiences,Ay United Nations Report, 2020.
Agus Heruanto Hadna.
AuThe Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on Low-Income Individuals in Indonesia,Ay ASEAS.
June 30.
Imane Helmy et al.
AuA Comparison of the Economic Impacts of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers in Egypt,Ay 2018.
Musa Waziri.
Ahmed Zubir Bin Ibrahim, and Zainal Bin Md.
Zan Bin Md Zan.
AuInvestigating the Empirical Relationship Between Government Intervention Programs and Poverty Alleviation: A Case of Nigeria,Ay Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences.
36, no.
, p.
323Ae38.
Armanious.
AuAccelerating global actions for a world without poverty: Egypt Experiences,Ay United Nations Report, 2020.
Agus Heruanto Hadna.
AuThe Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on LowIncome Individuals in Indonesia,Ay ASEAS.
June 30, 2022.
http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
Employment was the second sub-theme.
the conditionality of some CCT programs, such as those offered in Pakistan.
According to some research, cash transfers encourage recipients to actively seek jobs.
80 Previous studies in Egypt claimed that CCT would have a favourable impact on labour demand in the education and health sectors, where skilled urban males and semi-skilled urban females make up the bulk of workers.
81 Overall, the coaching mechanism provided in the CCT program may increase production and employment capacity.
CCT programs positively impact household consumption and poverty reduction, as beneficiaries often use cash transfers to meet immediate needs, with some moving out of poverty, as seen in Egypt.
However, the impact varies, as shown in Indonesia where benefits for the poorest were Employment outcomes are mixed.
while CCTs in Pakistan encourage job-seeking, their broader effects on labour demand are limited.
Coaching mechanisms within CCTs may enhance productivity and employment capacity, but the programs' overall influence on improving the standard of living requires better targeting and a focus on long-term, sustainable outcomes.
Issues and Challenges in CCT Programs The fourth subject was divided into three sub-themes.
The first subtheme was a lack of income.
Most non-beneficiaries in Nigeria believe that cash is an insufficient incentive to use CCT.
83 In Pakistan, over half of program participants said that the amount they obtained was insufficient and inappropriate and hence failed to encourage them to deliver institutionally.
Many women in Pakistan also felt that the CCT stipend was insufficient to cover hospital visits, medications, laboratory testing and multivitamins and Ayesha Afzal.
Nawazish Mirza, and Fatima Arshad.
AuConditional Vs Unconditional Cash Transfers: A Study of Poverty Demographics in Pakistan,Ay Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraivanja 32, no.
, p.
3366Ae83.
Imane Helmy et al.
AuA Comparison of the Economic Impacts of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers in Egypt,Ay 2018.
Agus Heruanto Hadna.
AuThe Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on LowIncome Individuals in Indonesia,Ay ASEAS.
June 30, 2022.
Fatima Baba-Ari.
Ejemai Amaize Eboreime, and Mazeda Hossain.
AuConditional Cash Transfers for Maternal Health Interventions: Factors Influencing Uptake in NorthCentral Nigeria,Ay International Journal of Health Policy and Management 7, no.
, p.
934Ae42.
Majeed and Iqbal.
AuAn insight into the key performance indicator of conditional cash transfer program for maternal and child health in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan,Ay City University Research Journal (CURJ) 12, no.
2 (June 2.
http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
that it should be increased.
85 Morocco86 and Indonesia87 have similar CCT programs must be made to be more adaptable and tailored to the requirements of various types and forms of poverty.
A family in need, such as one where the breadwinner is a woman or an old person and where no savings have been accumulated, deserves financial assistance.
Yogyakarta has 16% of poor persons over the age of 64 .
This organisation can no longer create large income and requires additional funds to meet its needs.
The targeting system was the second theme.
In Indonesia, where the PKH attempts to help the bottom 10%, targeting is crucial.
However, despite repeated efforts to correct the problem, critics in the press have voiced dismay that the targeting method still contains so many inclusion and exclusion 89 Previous research in Pakistan revealed the targeting process to be 90 Suppose the program's criteria and features are reliant on beneficiary wealth levels, adjustments may be necessary.
91 In that case, a better targeting technique in CCT distribution is essential to lessen the inequality among CCT By classifying the poor by wealth, extra effort is required, especially in this situation.
A more compact and precise targeting scheme has the potential to boost the effectiveness of CCT, and policymakers should prioritise enhancing targeting mechanisms utilised by CCTs.
The third theme was the use of children as labourers.
The children of the receiving families may also benefit from financial transfers for the displaced, according to previous research.
A reduction in child labour as a Kate Flemming et al.
AuQualitative Evidence Synthesis for Complex Interventions and Guideline Development: Clarification of the Purpose.
Designs and Relevant Methods,Ay BMJ Global Health 4, no.
Suppl 1 (January 1, 2.
: e000882, https://doi.
org/10.
1136/bm Marouane Ikira and Ezzrari.
AuEvaluating the Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Evidence from Morocco,Ay American Journal of Educational Research 9, no.
, p.
320Ae29.
Agus Heruanto Hadna.
AuThe Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on LowIncome Individuals in Indonesia,Ay ASEAS.
June 30, 2022.
Hartarto.
Wardani, and Azizurrohman.
AuA Qualitative Study of Conditional Cash Transfer and Education Aspirations: Evidence from Yogyakarta,Ay Journal of Social Service Research 47, no.
776Ae85.
Agus Heruanto Hadna.
AuThe Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on LowIncome Individuals in Indonesia,Ay ASEAS.
June 30, 2022.
John McCarthy and Mulyadi Sumarto.
AuDistributional Politics and Social Protection in Indonesia: Dilemma of Layering.
Nesting and Social Fit in JokowiAos Poverty Policy,Ay Southeast Asian Economies 35, no.
, p.
223Ae36.
Majeed and Iqbal.
AuAn insight into the key performance indicator of conditional cash transfer program for maternal and child health in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan,Ay City University Research Journal (CURJ) 12, no.
2 (June 2.
Agus Heruanto Hadna.
AuThe Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on LowIncome Individuals in Indonesia,Ay ASEAS.
June 30, 2022.
http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
result of a cash transfer program has the potential to break the intergenerational pattern of poverty by redirecting many children away from child labour and towards educational activities that can benefit their future development of human capital and welfare.
92 However, another study discovered that the CCT program did not significantly decrease child labour.
Children in Indonesia continue to work since the monetary incentive is too low and too short-term to allow them to attend school.
CCT programs face several key issues and challenges that limit their First, the insufficiency of cash incentives is a recurring problem, particularly in countries like Nigeria.
Pakistan.
Morocco, and Indonesia, where financial support fails to cover essential expenses, reducing its motivational impact.
Second, flawed targeting mechanisms contribute to inefficiencies, with persistent inclusion and exclusion errors, as seen in Indonesia and Pakistan.
These issues prevent CCTs from reaching the most vulnerable populations.
Lastly, while CCT programs aim to reduce child labour, insufficient monetary incentives in some cases, such as in Indonesia, fail to fully shift children from labour to education.
Intervention in CCT Programs The fifth theme has two sub-themes: sustainable way and costeffective approach.
The first sub-theme was sustainable methods.
According to one study conducted in Nigeria, poverty reduction using CCT programs had little long-term effect.
The finding underscored the challenges associated with the ability of short-term targeted interventions to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner.
94 A study in Turkey examined centralized and decentralized methods for managing and implementing CCT.
It compared the national governmentAos control .
versus local governmentsAo control .
to assess which approach is more effective in achieving program goals.
95 Few studies proposed that policymakers should analyse the Achsanah Hidayatina and Arlene Garces-Ozanne.
AuCan Cash Transfers Mitigate Child Labour? Evidence From IndonesiaAos Cash Transfer Programme for Poor Students in Java,Ay World Development Perspectives 15 .
, p.
Anda Nugroho et al.
AuPoverty Eradication Programs in Indonesia: Progress.
Challenges, and Reforms,Ay Journal of Policy Modeling 43, no.
, p.
1204Ae24.
Fatima Baba-Ari.
Ejemai Amaize Eboreime, and Mazeda Hossain.
AuConditional Cash Transfers for Maternal Health Interventions: Factors Influencing Uptake in NorthCentral Nigeria,Ay International Journal of Health Policy and Management 7, no.
, p.
934Ae42.
Iik D.
ynzel and Salvador Parrado.
AuVarieties of Regulatory Welfare Regimes in Middle-Income Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Brazil.
Mexico, and Turkey,Ay The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 691, no.
, p.
223Ae http://jurnal.
ar-raniry.
id/index.
php/samarah A Systematic Literature Review On Conditional Cash Transfers Mohd Suffian Mohamed Esa, et.
DOI: 10.
22373/sjhk.
strengths and weaknesses of the program and base it on what is required of CCT beneficiaries to guarantee that it is implemented sustainably.
96 Lastly, in Morocco, authorities have implemented measures targeting the root causes of issues, such as school dropout, that hinder the impact of the CCT program.
The cost-effectiveness sub-theme was the second.
In Nigeria, the majority of beneficiaries evaluated the CCT program favourably and saw it as a vital government effort for the poor.
98 A conducted a study in Indonesia comparing the impact of energy subsidies on energy consumption with the effect of CCT to encourage the consumption of certain goods.
99 According to the study, the difference between energy subsidies and CCT is that the subsidies cover a larger population than CCT, which may enhance the possibility of non-poor people receiving benefits.
A similar study has been conducted in Egypt.
On the other hand, one study argued that governments should explore shifting from price subsidies to targeted cash transfers by eliminating price subsidies.
100 Another study in Indonesia recalled authorities how the poor have difficulties with respect to welfare.
As a result, governments must serve the poor, particularly in emerging countries with limited social spending.
CCT programs face challenges in ensuring sustainability and costeffectiveness.
Short-term interventions often fail to achieve lasting poverty reduction, as seen in Nigeria, while centralized and decentralized management approaches, like in Turkey, offer varying outcomes.
Policymakers must focus on long-term sustainability and refine program design.
Additionally.
CCT programs are more targeted than broad subsidies, but governments, especially Agus Heruanto Hadna.
AuThe Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on LowIncome Individuals in Indonesia,Ay ASEAS.
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in developing nations, must improve the efficiency of CCTs to ensure they serve the poorest populations effectively without increasing inequality.
A Systematic Literature Review on Conditional Cash Transfers in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Countries Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs show varying degrees of success across health, education, and employment conditionalities, each contributing differently to poverty alleviation.
Health conditionalities improve maternal and child health outcomes but face challenges in generating sustained economic benefits.
Education conditionalities boost school enrolment and attendance but fall short of addressing broader financial barriers and reaching the most vulnerable.
Similarly, employment conditionalities offer limited improvements in job-seeking behaviour and productivity, yet struggle to resolve deeper labour market issues.
Together, these conditionalities contribute positively but require further refinement for comprehensive and long-term poverty reduction.
Several issues must be addressed to implement CCT programs effectively in OIC countries.
Challenges include a lack of sufficient funding, poor targeting of beneficiaries, and child labour.
In countries like Pakistan.
Morocco, and Indonesia, inadequate financial assistance hinders improvements in living.
102 Furthermore, a lack of clear objectives may worsen income inequality, as in Indonesia and Pakistan.
103 In Indonesia, insufficient aid exacerbates child labour, with children being forced to abandon school.
To tackle these challenges.
CCT programs must ensure better funding, improve targeting mechanisms, and set clear goals to prevent further Increasing financial support and extending its duration can reduce child labour and enable school attendance.
Kate Flemming et al.
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Marouane Ikira and Ezzrari.
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320Ae29.
Majeed and Iqbal.
AuAn insight into the key performance indicator of conditional cash transfer program for maternal and child health in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan,Ay City University Research Journal (CURJ) 12, no.
2 (June 2.
John McCarthy and Mulyadi Sumarto.
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Nesting and Social Fit in JokowiAos Poverty Policy,Ay Southeast Asian Economies 35, no.
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Challenges and Reforms,Ay Journal of Policy Modeling 43, no.
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CCT programs must focus on behaviour change, as their primary aim is to promote positive shifts in health, education, and employment.
Conditionalities should be practical and tailored to the specific barriers faced by target populations.
Health conditionalities should promote regular checkups, while education conditionalities must consider not only school attendance but also academic achievement.
Academic achievement is crucial because it directly contributes to the development of human capital, equipping individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary for future employment opportunities and long-term economic mobility, thereby helping to break the cycle of poverty.
Monitoring and evaluation are essential to track compliance and refine these conditionalities to maximize their impact.
Effective CCT programs foster long-term behavioural transformation, encouraging self-reliance and improving participants' wellbeing.
This aligns with the Islamic perspective of behaviour transformation.
Two key principles are emphasized: worship of Allah and the cultivation of responsible, competent, and productive behaviour.
105 Islamic fiscal resources, such as zakat, share a similar goal with CCT programs, focusing on poverty alleviation and human capital development among the poor, especially the asnaf .
ligible zakat recipient.
106 Integrating Islamic fiscal tools into CCT programs could strengthen their effectiveness by aligning with religious values and promoting ethical, productive behaviour.
Addressing behavioural issues in CCT programs is critical to ensuring their long-term success, particularly in OIC countries, where poverty rates remain high.
By combining Islamic principles with targeted conditionalities.
CCT programs can achieve more sustainable poverty reduction outcomes.
In addition, a key issue hindering Islamic social finance is the ineffective distribution of zakat and waqf, as well as the underdevelopment of Previous studies indicate that this problem arises due to unproductive behaviour and lack of effort among asnaf.
108 This is further compounded by Khaldun.
Muqaddimah.
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, 1986.
Muhamed Zulkhibri.
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the existing zakat distribution method, which primarily uses unconditional cash transfers (UCT).
109 Therefore, this is the right time to transform the zakat distribution mechanism and asnaf development program through the intervention of conditional cash transfers (CCT), which focus on encouraging positive behavioural changes among aid recipients.
To achieve this goal, discussions on the Shariah aspect should be considered fundamental.
Shariah law takes into account all aspects of life, guided by fatwas.
110 In conventional CCT programs, the core of the conditionality intervention is based on Paternalism, which emphasizes compliance and monitoring.
The approach involves the state or governing body imposing conditions on recipients and closely monitoring their adherence to these requirements to ensure positive outcomes, even if it limits individual autonomy.
111 To develop a CCT program from an Islamic perspective, it is essential to expand on Islamic theories that align with Shariah, incorporating aspects of conditionality interventions and monitoring practices based on the concept of the Hisbah institution.
112 This is due to the fact that both theories form key elements of intervention and monitoring to educate and foster positive behaviour within society.
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Implications.
Research Gaps and Recommendations for Future Studies This research has significant implications for policymakers involved in designing Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs.
CCTs effectively transfer wealth to impoverished populations, positively impacting poverty levels, school enrolment, and access to health and nutrition services.
113 For policymakers, the benefits of CCT programs include the ability to tailor interventions that address specific community needs, improve educational outcomes, and enhance public health metrics.
Additionally, successful CCT programs can foster greater economic mobility and resilience among vulnerable populations, ultimately contributing to a more equitable society and reducing long-term dependency on aid.
As a result of SLR, various research gaps have been identified.
First, themes related to conditionality in the employment dimension were less prominent in this review compared to other themes.
There has been limited research focused on this aspect, suggesting that scholars should explore how these features could be leveraged to strengthen CCT program strategies.
Second, there is a lack of research connecting CCT programs to Islamic fiscal revenues, such as zakat, waqf, and other forms of Islamic social finance.
Addressing this gap could be beneficial for OIC countries in utilizing Islamic fiscal revenues to reduce poverty and enhance human capital development through CCT programs.
Third, the majority of existing research has employed quantitative methods, with only a few studies using qualitative approaches.
This indicates a significant gap in the application of mixed-methods research.
For future research, it is essential to explore the long-term impacts of CCT programs on economic mobility and optimize design elements for enhanced efficacy.
Investigating the incorporation of religiosity as a new conditionality may provide insights into fostering sustainable behavioural Additionally, examining the potential of Islamic fiscal revenues, such as zakat, as alternative funding sources for CCT programs could improve their financial sustainability and effectiveness, particularly in OIC countries.
Conclusion This study aims to systematically review the effectiveness of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs in combating poverty within OIC member countries.
The findings indicate that while some OIC nations have implemented CCT programs, their impact is mixed, demonstrating both positive and negative outcomes.
Key conditionalities in health and education Bank.
AuPoverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting CourseAy (The World Bank, 2.
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ar-raniry.
id/index.
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are crucial for recipients to receive monetary assistance, contributing to improvements in self-sufficiency, education, and health among participants.
However, challenges remain, highlighting the need for policymakers to design effective conditionalities that address the specific barriers faced by vulnerable Careful consideration of financial assistance adequacy and improved targeting mechanisms is essential for maximizing program effectiveness and sustainability.
The implications for policymakers are significant, as this research provides foundational insights for developing CCT programs that foster long-term poverty alleviation while being mindful of potential pitfalls.
For future research, exploring the inclusion of religiosity as a new conditionality may enhance program effectiveness by aligning with recipients' values and promoting sustainability.
Additionally, exploring Islamic fiscal revenues, such as zakat, as potential funding sources could bolster the financial sustainability of CCT initiatives, particularly within OIC contexts and in accordance with Shariah law.
Acknowledgement We would like to thank Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for the grant EP2023-076.
References