Fisheries Journal, 15 .
, 1158-1170 .
http://doi.
org/10.
29303/jp.
FEED MANIPULATION TO ENHANCE COLOR BRIGHTNESS IN
ORNAMENTAL FISH: LITERATURE REVIEW
Manipulasi Pakan untuk Meningkatkan Kecerahan Warna Pada Ikan Hias:
Studi Literatur Aisyah Lukmini*.
Shobikhuliatul Jannah Juanda.
Sri Rahayu Nuban Fisheries Cultivation Technology Study Program.
Department of Fisheries and Marine.
Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic Jalan Prof.
Herman Yohanes.
Kupang P.
BOX 1152 Kupang 85011 Coresponding author: aisyahlukmini46@gmail.
(Received March 25th 2025.
Accepted May 20th 2.
ABSTRACT The main attraction of ornamental fish is their color.
However, the color of ornamental fish can deteriorate in quality, which will ultimately affect their selling price.
One of the efforts to enhance the brightness of ornamental fish colors is through the supplementation of carotenoids derived from natural ingredients into the feed.
The aim of this research is to explore various natural carotenoid sources supplemented through feed, which have been proven effective in enhancing the color brightness of various ornamental fish species.
Data collection was conducted by reviewing various scientific literature relevant to the chosen research topic.
The literature was sourced from the Google Scholar and ScienceDirect databases.
The results show that several plants such as Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipe.
Indigofera (Indigofera zollingerian.
Kepok Banana (Musa balbisiana coll.
Red Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum ).
Sesban (Sesbania grandiflor.
Melinjo (Gnetom gnemo.
Yellow Pumpkin (Cucurbita moscheta durc.
Moringa (Moringa oliefer.
Marigold (Tagetes erect.
Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.
Beet (Beta vulgari.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicu.
Carrot (Daucus carot.
Papaya (Carica papay.
Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizu.
, and Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L) have been proven effective in enhancing the color brightness of several ornamental fish species.
This is due to the carotenoid content such as -carotene, -carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin present in each of the plants.
The utilization of carotenoids sourced from natural materials is expected to reduce production costs in ornamental fish Keywords: Carotenoids.
Color.
Feed.
Ornamental Fish
ABSTRAK
Daya tarik utama dari ikan hias adalah warnanya.
Akan tetapi warna pada ikan hias bisa mengalami penurunan kualitas yang pada akhirnya akan mempengaruhi harga jual.
Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan kecerahan warna pada ikan hias adalah melalui suplementasi karotenoid yang berasal dari bahan Ae bahan alami ke dalam pakan.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini e-ISSN : 2622-1934, p-ISSN : 2302-6049 Fisheries Journal, 15 .
, 1158-1170.
http://doi.
org/10.
29303/jp.
Lukmini et al.
, .
adalah untuk mengeksplorasi berbagai sumber karotenoid alami yang disuplementasikan melalui pakan dan sudah terbukti efektif dalam meningkatkan kecerahan warna berbagai spesies ikan hias.
Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menelusuri berbagai literatur ilmiah yang relevan dengan topik penelitian yang diambil.
Literatur tersebut bersumber dari database Google scholar dan ScienceDirect.
Hasilnya diketahui bahwa beberapa tanaman seperti Eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipe.
Indigofera (Indigofera zollingerian.
Pisang kepok (Musa balbisiana coll.
Paprika merah (Capsicum annuum L.
Turi (Sesbania grandiflor.
Melinjo (Gnetom gnemo.
Labu kuning (Cucurbita moscheta durc.
Kelor (Moringa oliefer.
Marigold (Tagetes erect.
Ubi jalar ungu (Ipomoea batatas L).
Bit (Beta vulgari.
Tomat (Solanum lycopersicu.
Wortel (Daucus carot.
Pepaya (Carica papay.
Buah naga merah (Hylocereus polyrhizu.
, dan Bayam merah (Amaranthus tricolor L) terbukti efektif dalam meningkatkan kecerahan warna pada beberapa spesies ikan hias.
Hal ini disebabkan oleh kandungan karotenoid seperti -karoten, -karoten, likopen, lutein, dan zeaxanthin yang ada pada masing Ae masing tanaman.
Pemanfaatan karotenoid yang bersumber dari bahan Ae bahan alami diharapkan mampu menekan biaya produksi dalam budidaya ikan hias.
Kata Kunci: Karotenoid.
Warna.
Pakan.
Ikan Hias INTRODUCTION The trend of keeping ornamental fish has become popular in recent years.
This is related to the benefits felt when keeping ornamental fish, one of which is that it can relieve stress or The results of a study by Sarman & Gunay .
found that children who interacted with Goldfish for three days had lower levels of anxiety and fear and better mental and emotional health compared to those who did not.
Some of the species that are favorites of ornamental fish lovers are Poecilia reticulata.
Cyprinus carpio.
Carassius auratus.
Betta sp.
The main parameter that is the attraction of ornamental fish is their color because it will affect the selling price (Bianco et al.
, 2.
The high selling value of koi fish is largely determined by the sharpness and beauty of their color (Suprastyani et al.
, 2.
Because of its faded color, the price of local goldfish is usually cheaper than imported goldfish (Fitriana et al.
, 2.
Carassius auratus, which has a yellow and reddish orange color, has a high selling price (Khairunnisa et al.
, 2.
The problem faced by ornamental fish farmers is the less attractive color quality of the fish, which has an impact on the selling price (Haq et al.
, 2022.
Mukti et , 2.
Several efforts have been made to improve the color quality of ornamental fish through genetic improvement, environmental engineering, and feed engineering (Setiawan et , 2024.
Aprilio et al.
, 2024.
Oktaviani et al.
, 2.
Pigmentation in fish is caused by chromatophore cells .
located in the epidermis layer (Uly et al.
, 2017.
Juliana, 2023.
Faulia and Farastuti, 2.
The main components that form pigments, especially yellow-orange and red-orange, are carotenoids (Ningsi et al.
, 2018.
Adrian et al.
, 2021.
Hidayah et al.
, 2022.
Sari et al.
, 2.
However, fish cannot synthesize carotenoids de novo, so it is necessary to supplement various types of natural ingredients containing carotenoids in feed (Madiara et al.
, 2019.
Prariska et al.
, 2.
The high concentration of carotenoids in the fish body is caused by the high concentration of carotenoids supplemented into the feed (Tania et al.
, 2018.
Mukti et al.
, 2.
Some sources of carotenoids include tomatoes, carrots, lettuce, red spinach, celery, cucumber, sweet potatoes, broccoli, kale, pumpkin, blueberries, plums, mangoes, watermelons, kiwis, red peppers, beans, cabbage, melons, parsley, peanuts, soybeans, sunflowers, and green vegetables (Gebregziabher et al.
Research on the effect of natural carotenoid supplementation in feed on the intensity and brightness of fish color has been widely conducted.
The color quality of Puntigrus tetrazona increased after being given feed enriched with red spinach flour (Koncara et al.
, 2.
A dose e-ISSN : 2622-1934, p-ISSN : 2302-6049 Fisheries Journal, 15 .
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Lukmini et al.
, .
5 grams of Spirulina sp.
flour/100 grams of feed has been proven to be effective in increasing the brightness of the color of Ambon snakehead fish in 45 days of maintenance (Ismail et al.
, 2.
Giving 30 grams of shrimp shell flour in feed can increase the brightness of the color of comet fish (Efianda et al.
, 2.
Pumpkin flour supplementation can significantly increase the color brightness of Amphipriion ocellaris (Sartikawati et al.
, 2.
The color of the goldfish (Carassius auratu.
increased by 28.
53 RGB after its feed was added with 50 ml of purple sweet potato juice (Wulandari et al.
, 2.
Based on the results of these studies, it is known that carotenoid supplementation through feed has been proven effective in increasing color brightness in ornamental fish.
The purpose of this study was to explore various sources of natural carotenoids that are supplemented through feed and have been proven effective in increasing the color brightness of various ornamental fish species.
This information can certainly help ornamental fish farmers to reduce their dependence on synthetic carotenoid sources which are not only unsafe for fish but also have a negative impact on the aquatic METHODS This research is qualitative research with descriptive analysis techniques with literature Literature studies are data collection techniques by understanding and studying hypotheses from various references related to the research to be conducted (Adlini et al.
, 2.
The research was conducted from February to March 2025.
The data collected and analyzed were secondary data consisting of 82 national journals, 1 international journal, and 2 proceedings related to natural carotenoid supplementation in feed to increase color brightness in ornamental fish.
All of them are sourced from the Google Scholar and ScienceDirect databases by entering the search for "carotenoids in feed", "color in ornamental fish", "carotenoids in ornamental fish".
Literature searches using a laptop connected to a wifi Each literature is then collected and read to determine the parts needed in compiling this article.
RESULTS
The results of previous studies using natural ingredients as sources of carotenoids in feed are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
Effect of Supplementation of Various Types of Natural Ingredients in Feed on the Brightness of Ornamental Fish Color Natural Ingredients Water hyacinth (Eichhornia Types of Carotenoids -carotene Xanthophyll 300 g of water hyacinth flour/kg of feed Carassius Indigo (Indigofera -carotene Xanthophyll 15% I.
shoot flour Puntigrus 40 days Kepok banana (Musa -carotene 15% banana peel Amphipriion 30 days Best Dose e-ISSN : 2622-1934, p-ISSN : 2302-6049 Types of Fish Maintenance Time 30 days Color Brightness Reference The highest color change was in treatment D at 1.
ark re.
Viomalini & Nugrahini.
Syahrizal et
, 2017
Kustiningsih & Retnawati.
Pratama et
, 2019
The greatest value of increasing the color quality of Sumatran fish was obtained in treatment D, namely by adding 15% I.
Produces the highest color brightness with a value of 26.
Winara et al.
Faturrahman et al.
, 2020
Fisheries Journal, 15 .
, 1158-1170.
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Lukmini et al.
, .
Natural Ingredients Red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.
Types of Carotenoids -carotene Turi (Sesbania Best Dose Types of Fish Maintenance Time 30 days 5% paprika juice Poecilia -carotene 100 ppm .
g of pigeon pea flou.
Melanotaenia 40 days Melinjo (Gnetom -carotene 5 ml/100 g of Carassius 40 days Summer squash (Cucurbita Moringa (Moringa Marigold (Tagetes erect.
-carotene 30 ml/100 g of Betta sp.
60 days -carotene 45 ml moringa leaf extract/100 kg feed 5% marigold flower flour Betta sp.
30 days Poecillia 50 days 15% purple sweet potato Cyprinus 90 days Purple sweet (Ipomoea batatas L) -carotene, -carotene, lutein, and -carotene Color Brightness Reference This dose affects the sharpness of the color of guppy fish, which is indicated by the appearance of new colors, namely blue and This concentration provides the most optimal percentage and density of orange color This dose caused an increase in the RGB color of the fish at the location below the dorsal fin by 12.
The brightness level of the color in betta fish increases by 55% Warsi & Erlila, 2017.
Apriasih et
, 2021
This dose produces the highest level of color brightness in betta fish This dose caused an increase in carotenoid content of 13.
80 mol/g Tahir et al.
Takdir et al.
, 2022
Kurniati.
Habmarani et
, 2023
Fauziah et al.
Wahyu & Chadijah.
This dose produces a Toca Color 6 value with a difference of 0.
which is the highest color brightness level There was a color change with an optimal RGB value of 42.
The dose has a significant effect on the percentage of red value Witoyo et al.
Meilisza et
, 2021
Suci, 2015.
Basorudin et
, 2022
Lismawati et , 2021.
Sari et al.
, 2022
Bit (Beta -carotene 7%/100 g of feed Carassius 30 days Tomatoes (Solanum Zeaxanthin Amphiprion 1 month Summer squash (Cucurbita moschat.
and Tomatoes (Solanum Carrot (Daucus -carotene Zeaxanthin 75% .
mL tomato extract 10 mL binder 15 g commercial 5% pumpkin extract 7.
tomato extract Poecilia 45 days Increases color brightness in molly fish Lismawati et , 2021.
Sulistyowati et al.
, 2021.
Audina et al.
-carotene 15% carrot flour/500 g of Cyprinus 30 days Agustina et , 2019.
Dwiastuti et
, 2024
Papaya (Carica -carotene 10 g of papaya seed flour Carassius 30 days Obtaining the results of the number of chromatophore cells of 938 cells, the difference in hue value was .
40A1.
A The dose had a significant effect on color quality, with a e-ISSN : 2622-1934, p-ISSN : 2302-6049 Dewi, 2019.
Khalil et al.
Sulistyowati et al.
, 2021.
Kilmanun et
, 2024
Idrus et al.
Faulia et al.
, 2024
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Natural Ingredients Types of Carotenoids Best Dose Types of Fish Maintenance Time Red dragon (Hylocereus -carotene 2,500 mg/kg feed Cyprinus 60 days Red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L) -carotene 20% red spinach Carassius 45 days Color Brightness color scoring value of This dose is able to increase the color gradation, namely with a score of 10 .
ed gradatio.
and 11 .
lack Molly fish experienced an increase in color brightness of 4.
Reference Aryanta.
Haerawati & Sambara.
Pajrita et al.
Fitriani et al.
, 2024
DISCUSSION
The color of fish is not only an aesthetic aspect, but also plays an important role in their survival and social interactions.
The color of fish can be an indicator to assess the health status of fish.
When fish are stressed, the color of the fish's body will tend to pale (Rahmawati et al.
The color pattern on the fish's body can also be used to determine abnormalities because it is a genetic trait inherited from its parents (Afini et al.
, 2.
The colors of coral fish are a form of camouflage against the background of their environment, which aims to avoid enemies or to approach prey (Costa, 2.
Related to the reproductive aspect, color is one of the secondary sexual characteristics in fish to distinguish gender.
Male guppy fish (Poecilia reticulat.
have very bright body and fin color patterns (Nugroho et al.
, 2.
Male guppy fish have a jet-black body color that is slightly bluish, while female guppy fish have a less bright and slightly transparent color (Azrar et al.
, 2.
Several factors that affect pigmentation in fish include water quality, disease, and carotenoid content in feed (Rahmawan et al.
, 2022.
Hamjah et al.
, 2024.
Khairunnisa et al.
Carotenoid supplementation in feed to improve the color of ornamental fish has been widely carried out.
Based on the data in table 1, it is known that supplementation of natural ingredients such as water hyacinth, indigofera, banana kepok, red pepper, turi, melinjo, moringa, marigold, purple sweet potato, beetroot, pumpkin, tomato, carrot, papaya, red dragon fruit, and red spinach in feed has been proven effective in increasing color brightness in several ornamental fish species.
This is due to the carotenoid content in each plant which includes carotene, -carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene.
Carotenoids are organic pigments found in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants, algae, bacteria, and fungi that function as photoprotectors and light-collecting accessory pigments (Sun et al.
, 2017.
Hendriyani et al.
Hanani et al.
, 2.
Carotenoids consist of two main groups, namely carotenes .
arotene, -carotene, and lycopen.
and xanthophylls .
utein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin.
The advantages of natural carotenoids are that they are non-toxic, easily decomposed, environmentally friendly and more effective in increasing the brightness of color in fish (Barus et al.
, 2014.
Pujilestari, 2.
In addition, by using natural carotenoid sources, farmers can reduce production costs (Suprastyani et al.
, 2017.
Rizky et al.
, 2.
The effectiveness of carotenoids in increasing the brightness of fish color is influenced by the type, structure, and dose of carotenoids.
Astaxanthin .
, canthaxanthin .
eddish orang.
, lutein .
, zeaxanthin .
ellow orang.
, and tunaxanthin .
are types of carotenoids used for aquatic animals (Nainggolan et al.
, 2024.
Amin et al.
, 2012.
Tania et al.
-carotene is an orange-yellow pigment, while lycopene is a pigment that can provide red color.
Xanthophyll is an oxygen carotene, can provide orange-yellow color.
Lutein is also a very common carotenoid, more greenish-yellowish in color (Pujilestari, 2.
-carotene can increase the red color in fish (Mukti et al.
, 2.
There is a decrease in hue value in koi e-ISSN : 2622-1934, p-ISSN : 2302-6049 Fisheries Journal, 15 .
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, .
fish given a carotenoid source in the form of carrot flour .
igh in -caroten.
in the feed so that the resulting orange color becomes dark orange or towards red (Dwiastuti et al.
, 2.
In addition to the type, the structure and stability of carotenoids from each ingredient can cause differences in the brightness of the fish color.
Carotenoid pigments have aliphatic and alicyclic structures (Subamia et al.
, 2.
The difference between the two lies in the number of conjugated double bonds, where the aliphatic structure has 11 conjugated double bonds while the alicyclic structure only consists of 9-10 conjugated double bonds.
The more conjugated double bonds, the color tends to shift to the red spectrum with a more concentrated intensity .
ark re.
Carotenoids that have an aliphatic structure are lycopene, while -carotene is alicyclic.
The main obstacle when using carotenoids derived from natural ingredients such as plants is their less stability when compared to synthetic carotenoids.
The conjugated double bonds of -carotene give it a pro-oxidant character, resulting in it being very easily oxidized.
This oxidation process can be triggered by several factors, including temperature, light, oxygen, and metal catalysts (Agustiarini et al.
, 2.
At a temperature of 900C, there is a decrease in the content of -carotene pigment, causing damage to the chromophore group in the -carotene structure and then rapid bleaching or fading of the -carotene compound (Oktora et al.
, 2.
The dose of carotenoids will affect the increase in the number of chromatophore cells (Malini et al.
, 2.
Research by Rahman et al.
stated that giving Spirulina sp.
flour as much as 9%/kg of feed produced the highest number of chromatophore cells in goldfish.
Too low a dose of carotenoids causes the pigmentation process through the dermis and epidermis tissues to be inhibited.
This is thought to be because carotenoids have not been able to stimulate fish chromatophore cells to produce pigments to increase color brightness (Dahlia et al.
, 2.
Too high a dose of carotenoids will not affect the increase in color brightness of fish.
This is in accordance with the results of research by Simbolon et al.
, .
which explains that the use of 50 ml of papaya fruit extract/kg of feed .
he highest dos.
does not provide a higher color increase in goldfish.
This is thought to be because the number of carotenoids given exceeds the number of carotenoids needed by goldfish, thus affecting the adsorption process.
Each type of fish has different abilities in utilizing and absorbing carotenoids from feed (Nur et al.
, 2020 in Salsabila et al.
, 2.
Carotenoids that are not adsorbed will then be excreted through feces (Amin et al.
, 2012.
Putri et al.
, 2.
The length of time the fish are kept has a significant effect on the absorption of carotenoids, which are important pigments for improving the color and quality of fish (Said et , 2.
The increase in color intensity in comet fish shows a positive correlation with the duration of maintenance.
Color changes began to be observed significantly on the 15th day of the total maintenance period of 45 days.
This happens because the carotenoids in the feed have been absorbed and accumulated, which causes the red color on the body of the comet fish to become sharper (Indarti et al.
, 2.
Research by Haerawati & Sambara .
shows that the level of carotenoid accumulation in the body of fish varies depending on the duration of maintenance and the dose of carotenoids given.
Where the highest carotenoid levels of koi fish occurred when entering the sixth week at a dose of 2000 mg/kg feed, which was 0.
737 ppm.
This also shows that the rate of carotenoid absorption varies in each species and size of fish.
Fish characteristics including species, size, age, and gender also affect carotenoid absorption.
Male fish look brighter due to the accumulation of carotenoids in the epidermis of the skin.
Unlike male fish, carotenoids in female fish are stored in the gonads to maintain the quality of their gonads (Storebaken & No, 1992 in Said et al.
, 2.
Larger guppies also require higher carotenoid content (Hidayah et al.
, 2.
Scleropages formosus has a silvery body color when it is one and two years old, but then changes to yellowish when it is three years old (Masfah et , 2.
e-ISSN : 2622-1934, p-ISSN : 2302-6049 Fisheries Journal, 15 .
, 1158-1170.
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, .
Increasing carotenoid levels in the body of fish not only affect color but also the growth, health, and reproduction of fish.
Channa marulioides fed with a mixture of shrimp head flour containing -carotene experienced an absolute weight growth of 10.
36 grams and an absolute length of 9.
79 cm (Warastuti et al.
, 2.
Supplementation of S.
platensis at a dose of 6% in feed has been shown to increase the resistance of zebrafish (Danio reri.
placed in environmental stress in the form of low pH .
A0.
, with a survival rate at the end of the maintenance period of 63.
33A5.
77% (Agung et al.
, 2.
The color produced due to carotenoid supplementation in feed will increase the attraction between fish of different sexes so that it will have an impact on the success of fish reproduction (Jatiswara et al.
, 2.
CONCLUSION
Supplementation of natural ingredients such as Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipe.
Indigofera (Indigofera zollingerian.
Kepok banana (Musa balbisiana coll.
Red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.
Turi (Sesbania grandiflor.
Melinjo (Gnetom gnemo.
Yellow pumpkin (Cucurbita moscheta durc.
Moringa (Moringa oliefer.
Marigold (Tagetes erect.
Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L).
Beetroot (Beta vulgari.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicu.
Carrot (Daucus carot.
Papaya (Carica papay.
Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizu.
, and Red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L) has been proven effective in increasing the brightness of colors in several ornamental fish species including Carassius auratus.
Puntigrus tetrazone.
Amphipriion ocellaris.
Poecilia reticulata.
Melanotaenia parva, and Cyprinus carpio.
This is due to the carotenoid content such as -carotene, -carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin found in each plant.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the previous researchers who have worked hard in conducting experiments on natural carotenoid supplementation in feed to increase the brightness of ornamental fish colors.
The empirical evidence produced through these experiments is very useful for progress in the field of fish farming, especially ornamental fish farming in Indonesia.
REFERENCES