Civil Engineering Collaboration https://jcivil-upiyptk.
org/ojs Vol.
No .
Hal: 27 - 32 e-ISSN: 2615-5915 Identification and Analysis of Safety Risk Factors in Design for Building Construction Utami Dewi Arman1.
Akbar Alfa2A.
Sonia Pradini3 12Lecturers.
Civil Engineering Department .
Engineering Faculty.
University of Putra Indonesia AuYPTKAy .
Indonesia 3Bachelor Degree Student.
Civil Engineering Department.
Engineering Faculty.
University of Putra Indonesia AuYPTKAy.
Indonesia alfa@gmail.
Abstract Construction safety is an important aspect that needs to be considered from the design stage to the demolition stage of a building to minimize the risk of accidents and building failures.
This study aims to identify, analyze and determine control measures for design safety risk factors that can affect safety during the construction, operation and maintenance stages of building construction.
The research approach is a quantitative approach using the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Data were collected through a questionnaire survey sent to 80 respondents consisting of local consultants and contractors domiciled in West Sumatra Province.
The results show that critical risks are injury or fatalitis due to fire and emergency condition with an RPN value of 30.
falling from height with an RPN value of 29.
injuries due to damage to facilities with an RPN value of 29.
fatique due to manual handling with an RPN value of 28.
3 and slipping due to movement of people and materials with an RPN value of 27.
Based on the results, it is expected to contribute to the preparation of hazard identification, assessment and control of safety risks in the construction stage by adopting the design for safety concept so that the risk of accidents and building failures can be prevented.
Keywords: design for safety, safety risks, factors, design, building.
FMEA CEC is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.
0 International License.
Introduction Occupational safety and health are crucial factors in the implementation of construction projects.
According to data from the Social Security Agency (BPJS Ketenagakerjaa.
, in 2023 there were 370,747 cases of workplace accidents in Indonesia, with 2,965 cases occurring in the construction sector.
As of October 2024, the number of workplace accidents reached 356,383 .
These accidents not only cause injuries and deaths but also damage the environment.
Several incidents in the past five years, compiled through social media, indicate that the main causes are structural failure, design errors, and a lack of safety Construction accidents should not only be focused on their impacts but also on how they Defects that exist and lead to failures in the pre-construction stage develop, leading to construction accident incidents.
Defects as deficiencies in design are caused by failure to meet professional standards in planning and design, design using substandard materials or building components, non-compliance with standards, and failure to meet standards regarding quality and workmanship .
Inadequate, inaccurate and fragmented design tolerance information in specifications, failure to convey tolerance information during the tender process and ineffective quality control documents are also significant causes of structural defects .
Design plays a crucial role in determining worker safety, as it is the initial stage of project The Designer must determine the design application based on the project complexity, establish a risk management context by identifying workplace hazards in accordance with regulations and standards, identify required design disciplines and competencies, and establish collaborative relationships with the Project Owner and other parties affected by the design.
Hazards that may be influenced, created, or increased by the design of an asset must be assessed for their risk, and consideration must be given to possible ways in which these hazards can be eliminated or minimized.
Design errors can lead to Diterima: 25-09-2024 | Revisi: 3-10-2024 | Diterbitkan: 31-10-2024 | doi: 10.
35134/jcivil.
Utami Dewi Arman, dkk workplace accidents, such as building collapses, worker falls from heights, and other workplace Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a risk analysis of design implementation on construction safety in building construction.
The Designer is also required to refer to the Regulation of the Minister of General Works and Public Housing Number 10 of 2021 concerning the Construction Safety Management System with the aim of considering safety aspects from the beginning of both project planning and buildings, infrastructure, and other engineering Design for safety is an approach that integrates safety aspects to anticipate or handle problems that consider Health and Safety from the early stages of construction project design that aims to eliminate and reduce risks in the workplace before construction begins, considering hazards and risks throughout the life cycle of the structure from the construction, operational, maintenance and demolition stages .
Design for safety can reduce the number of work accidents from construction to the operational period of the building, can save costs, ensure regulatory compliance, and improve the company's reputation and project performance because the building is safer for workers and end users.
An aspect of the safety process in design is incorporating risk assessment and hazard management into the design development process.
The safety risk management process in design begins with identifying hazards, assessing, and controlling those design Examples of potential safety and health hazards identified at the design stage are confined work areas, energy sources, hazardous substances, working on tall structures, work procedures, equipment/machinery, the environment, material disposal, and so on.
Studies on the identification and assessment of safety risks at the design stage for building construction are still limited and are still being studied.
Ran Lv et al .
, explored the factors that influence the safety risks of construction buildings from the perspective of the relationship between the design and construction phases of prefabricated environmental management, and technology .
Jeong et al .
, stated that the risk of falling from heights and the workplace is a priority risk in modular construction in the pre-construction stage .
Payungallo et al .
concluded that the preparation of Detailed Engineering Design (DED) has the most potential safety hazards .
This study aims to identify the risk factors of design activities for the safety of building construction projects from the perspective of Designers and Contractors and determine safety risk control measures at the design Research Method This research is a quantitative study that identifies and analyzes safety factors in design of building construction projects.
The research respondents were local consultants and contractors, numbering 80 out of 402 people who are members of the Consultant and Contractor Association in West Sumatra Province.
The research sample was determined using a purposive sampling technique, namely respondents who are considered to have understanding and experience related to design and construction safety.
The research began by determining the problem formulation and research objectives and then conducting a literature study, compiling instruments to collect primary data.
The primary data collection instrument used a questionnaire form that tested the validity and reliability of the causal factors analyzed using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA).
FMEA is a methodical process to determine the root cause of a problem used to determine how an item, facility, or system can fail and the consequences of that failure .
Several phases that need to be considered before conducting an FMEA analysis are first identifying design safety risk factors, identifying the probability assessment scale of occurrence, severity and detection.
Priority risks require control and mitigation efforts.
The severity, occurrence and detection assessment scales can be shown in Table 1.
Table 2, and Table 3.
Table 1.
The Level of Severity Rating Scale Item of Severity Negligible design deviation error Error level with deviation requiring design changes Structural component damage Significant structural failure has occurred Potential construction accident .
njury and deat.
Table 2.
Level of Occurrence Rating Scale Item of Occurrence Very rarely occurs in more than 10 years Rarely occurs in 5-10 years Sometimes occurs in 3-4 years Frequently occurs in less than 1 year Table 3.
The Level of Detection Rating Scale Item of Detection The cause of the design error is very easy to detect and preventive action can be taken quickly.
The design error is easy to detect and preventive action can be taken.
Somewhat easy to detect and sometimes preventive action can be taken.
Difficult to detect and nonconformity prevention methods are less effective.
Very difficult to detect and preventive action is Civil Engineering Collaboration Oe Vol.
9 No.
27 Ae 32 Utami Dewi Arman, dkk Next, calculate the RPN for each design safety risk factor and its average RPN.
Priority risks are those with RPN values exceeding the average RPN.
The RPN calculation can be formulated as follows:
Risk Priority Number (RPN) = S (Severit.
x O (Occurrenc.
x D (Detectio.
Then, to calculate the RPN, the risk factors and the average RPN are calculated respectively.
The most critical risk factors are seen from the values that exceed the average RPN displayed through the histogram diagram which can be seen in Figure 1.
The average RPN can be formulated as follows.
The Average of RPN = Total RPN value / Number of risk factor Critical RPN = RPN > The Average of RPN Result 1 Validity and Reliability Test Validity testing was conducted on 80 respondents with 25 safety risk factors in the design, and showed that all statements in the questionnaire were declared valid and reliable.
The validity test in the study used a significance level of 5%, with an r-table value of Each statement item was declared valid if the calculated r-value was greater than the r-table (RCalculation > 0.
A variable can be said to be reliable when it has a Cronbach's Alpha value of more 6 and the total variance value of all risk factors 957 where it is > the Conbrach's Alpha value of The results of the validity and reliability tests are shown in Table 4 and Table 5.
Table 4.
Results of the validity test of safety risk factors in design The Components of Design Electrical installation Fire and emergency Movement of people and Workplace Lay out Facilities and Utilities Earthworks Structural reliability Manual handling Hazardous Substances Fall prevention system Special risks Noise exposure Hazard/Safety Risk Short circuit Fire Electrical shock Evacuation failure Injury or Fatalities Collision Slipping Injury Heat stress Visual disturbances Fatigue Evacuation route disruption Utility damage Injuries due to damage to facilities Landslide Structure collapse worker accident Building collapse Back injury Fatique Exposure to hazardous materials Falling from height Offshore project risks Underground project risks Hearing disorders (R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
RCalculation RTable Valid or Invalid
0,428
0,565
0,654
0,724
0,569
0,633
0,685
0,663
0,791
0,725
0,786
0,786
0,734
0,783
0,775
0,780
0,606
0,676
0,683
0,689
0,734
0,808
0,790
0,717
0,816
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,220
Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Table 5.
Results of reliability testing of safety risk factors in design The Components of Design Electrical installation Fire and emergency systems Movement of people and materials Workplace Plant Lay out Hazard/Safety Risk Short circuit Fire Electrical shock Evacuation failure Injury or Fatalities Collision Slipping Injury Heat stress Visual disturbances Fatigue Evacuation route disruption (R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
Variance Reliable or Unrealiable 0,602 0,542 0,569 0,759 0,547 0,554 0,540 0,638 0,391 0,556 0,759 0,829 Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Civil Engineering Collaboration Oe Vol.
9 No.
27 Ae 32 Utami Dewi Arman, dkk Facilities and Utilities Earthworks Structural reliability Manual handling Hazardous Substances Fall prevention system Special risks Noise exposure Utility damage Injuries due to damage to Landslide Structure collapse Worker accident Building collapse Back injury Fatique Exposure Falling from height Offshore project risks Underground project risks Hearing disorders (R.
0,962 (R.
0,576 (R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
0,855
0,728
0,695
0,490
0,794
0,891
(R.
0,703
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
0,650
0,549
0,478
0,619
Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable 2 RPN calculation of safety risk in design By using the RPN calculation formula in equation .
, the RPN value is obtained for each risk factor as shown in Table 6.
Table 6.
RPN Calculation of Safety Risk in Design The Components of Design Electrical installation Fire and emergency systems Movement of people and Workplace Plant Lay out Facilities and Utilities Earthworks Structural reliability Manual handling Hazardous Substances Fall prevention system Special risks Noise exposure Total RPN Value Average RPN Hazard/Safety Risk Short circuit Fire Electrical shock Evacuation failure Injury or Fatalities Collision Slipping Injury Heat stress Visual disturbances Fatigue Evacuation route disruption Utility damage Injuries due to damage to Landslide Structure collapse Worker accident Building collapse Back injury Fatique Exposure to hazardous Falling from height Offshore project risks Underground project risks Hearing disorders Severity Occurrence (R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
2,89
2,86
2,83
3,18
3,30
2,85
3,11
2,98
2,86
2,85
3,08
2,69
3,18
2,84
3,10
2,94
2,65
3,10
2,94
3,03
2,89
2,63
2,70
2,79
2,65
2,93
Detection 2,61 2,59 2,93 3,01 3,03 3,08 2,96 3,11 2,84 3,06 2,66 3,19 3,16 RPN
21,40
22,96
24,27
25,35
30,95
25,74
27,89
26,74
21,32
23,57
22,82
22,70
29,37
(R.
2,88
2,85
3,04
24,89
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
3,08
3,09
2,94
3,01
2,83
3,40
2,71
2,88
2,78
2,70
2,73
2,93
2,93
2,98
2,85
2,59
3,04
2,85
24,40
26,41
23,23
21,05
23,38
28,34
(R.
2,88
2,79
2,73
21,84
(R.
(R.
(R.
(R.
2,98
2,84
2,61
2,86
3,18
2,90
3,04
2,89
3,15
2,90
2,86
3,16
29,75
23,86
22,72
26,14
621,09
24,84
Figure 1.
The Histogram of Risk Priority Number (RPN) Civil Engineering Collaboration Oe Vol.
9 No.
27 Ae 32 Utami Dewi Arman, dkk 3 Priority safety risks in design Based on the calculation of the Risk Priority Number (RPN), the average RPN value was 24.
RPN values exceeding the average RPN value are considered critical, and risks with critical RPN values are considered priority risks.
The following 5 priority risks with critical RPN values and their recommended control measures are shown in Table 7.
Table 7.
Critical RPN
Safety Risk in Design
Code
RPN
The Control Measures Ranking Injury or fatalitis due to fire and emergency condition (R.
30,95 Falling from height (R.
Injuries due to damage to facilities (R.
Fatique due to manual handling (R.
Slipping due to movement of people and materials (R.
Conclusion Based on the research stages that have been conducted, several points can be concluded from the results of this study, including the following:
There are 25 safety risk factors in building construction design, with validity and reliability tests declared valid (R-Calculation > 0.
and reliable (Cronbach's Alpha value > 0.
, enabling a risk assessment using the FMEA method.
The safety risks in the design categorized as priority risks are injury or fatality due to fire and emergency conditions (R.
with an RPN value of falling from a height (R.
with an RPN value of 29.
injuries due to damage to facilities (R.
with an RPN value of 29.
fatigue due to manual handling (R.
with an RPN value of 28.
and slipping due to the movement of people and materials (R.
with an RPN value of 27.
Safety risk control measures in design include eliminating or minimizing design hazards for demolition safety such as in planning project considering ergonomic aspects of work methods, and integrating safety factors into the design of fire n Integrate fire protection systems .
prinklers, alarms, extinguisher.
from the design stage.
n Provide adequate emergency exits and evacuation routes in compliance with building codes.
n Design for redundant power supply and fire-resistant materials to reduce ignition risk.
n Incorporate fall prevention systems .
uardrails, safety nets, anchor point.
directly into building design.
n Ensure safe access routes .
tairs, ladders, platform.
with ergonomic layout.
n Plan maintenance access points .
, fayade cleaning, roof inspectio.
with integrated safety harness points.
n Design for structural redundancy to minimize collapse risk if one component fails.
n Use quality materials and ensure compliance with SNI & ISO n Integrate preventive maintenance planning into the design .
urable finishes, replaceable element.
n Apply ergonomic design .
ayout to minimize excessive manual n Include mechanical handling aids .
levators, hoists, conveyor.
n Plan workspaces to reduce repetitive strain .
djustable height, proper clearance.
n Provide separate pathways for pedestrian and material n Ensure spacious circulation areas to reduce congestion.
n Design with traffic flow analysis to prevent collision and slipping hazards.
protection systems, fall prevention and material Based on the results, it is expected to contribute to the preparation of hazard identification, assessment and control of safety risks in the construction stage
by adopting the design for safety concept so that the risk of accidents and building failures can be References