Teknomekanik, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 82-93, December 2023
e-ISSN: 2621-8720 p-ISSN: 2621-9980

Enhancing laminate composites: Investigating the impact of kevlar
layering and titanium carbide nanoparticles
Adinda Oktaviani1, Anne Zulfia1* and Dieter Rahmadiawan2,3
Department of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, INDONESIA
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TAIWAN
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, INDONESIA
1
2

* Corresponding Author: anne@metal.ui.ac.id
Received Sep 29th 2023; Revised Nov 11st 2023; Accepted Nov 17th 2023

© The Author(s)
Published by Universitas Negeri Padang.
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Cite this

https://doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v6i2.26572

Abstract: The quest for innovative and superior materials is a challenge in the realm of materials
science and engineering. Traditional materials often fall short in meeting the demands of modern
industries, especially in the military. Technological developments in the military domain are still
progressing, one of which involves a new material for combat vehicle applications: a laminated
composite. In this research, a composite consisting of AA7075 sheet metal and kevlar with epoxy
resin and TiC nanopowder were prepared. A test was conducted to assess its performance in
absorbing ballistic energy from projectiles. Solid Thickening Fluid (STF) was created by mixing TiC
nanopowder with PEG-400 through 2 hours of stirring. The laminate composite structure was
prepared using the hand layup method, followed by a drying process at room temperature. The
addition of kevlar layers yielded promising results in the ballistic and impact tests, as the diameter
of the perforation decreased progressively with each additional kevlar layer. The IK sample impact
test value improved by 35.7% compared to the unimpregnated one. The production process of this
material also consumes minimal energy, which suggest a potential for environmental sustainability.
Keywords: Composite; Titanium Carbide; Kevlar; Nanoparticle.
1.

Introduction

A tank is an armored fighting vehicle that utilizes chain-shaped wheels. It is a versatile weapon
capable of destroying targets with good mobility. Typically, tanks are constructed with steel bodies,
which possess a high density of approximately 7.85 g/cm3, providing considerable strength.
However, tanks often exhibit poor maneuverability during operations [1]. Excessive weight in land
vehicles reduces their mobility, presenting a weakness in combat vehicles. This limitation hampers
the vehicle's ability to evade enemy attacks, thereby compromising the safety of the driver and
passengers. Moreover, combat vehicles are known to consume significant amounts of fuel for
propulsion, resulting in the emission of exhaust gases with high combustion levels, contributing to
environmental pollution [2].
The production of steel, commonly used as a protective material in bullet-proof vehicles, requires
substantial energy. The use of non-renewable energy sources in steel manufacturing contributes to
pollution and may pose environmental risks [3][4]. A viable alternative to steel as the primary
material for combat vehicle bodies is composite materials. Composites are formed by combining
two or more materials with distinct properties [5]. Among various types of composites, hybrid
composites have the potential to replace steel in combat vehicles. The primary material in this
composite is 7075 aluminums, in the form of a low-density plate with a density of approximately
±2.7 gr/cm3 and varying mechanical strengths depending on the addition of alloying elements. The
reinforcing material used is kevlar cloth, which enhances the tensile and bending strength of the
composite.
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Teknomekanik, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 82-93, December 2023
e-ISSN: 2621-8720 p-ISSN: 2621-9980

Before the manufacturing process, kevlar fibers are impregnated with a liquid known as Shear
Thickening Fluid (STF). STF is a mixture of PEG-400 powder, ethanol, and nano TiC [6].
Nanoparticles possess remarkable properties such as thermal, mechanical, and electrical
characteristics, high reactivity, and large specific surface area [7]–[9]. They also show potential in the
treatment of muscle and prostate tumors [10]. Recently, the development of nanomaterials known
as MXenes, which are two-dimensional inorganic compounds with layers just a few atoms thick,
has garnered significant attention from researchers [11]–[13]. Researchers are now exploring the
feasibility of using both synthetic and natural fibers in hybrid composites for military applications
to achieve a better environmental impact. For instance, Meliande et al. developed a laminated
hybrid composite with aramid woven fabric and curaua non-woven mat. The composite comprises
15 layers of aramid and one layer of curaua, with the ballistic limit about 15% lower compared to
the neat composite [14]. Furthermore, Tsirogiannis et al. investigated a hybrid composite comprised
of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for armored vehicles. The addition of CNT proved to increase the
hardness of the composite by approximately 23% [15].
In this research, we prepared laminated composites by incorporating TiC nanoparticles. As far as
the author is aware, work related to laminated composites using nanoparticles is very scarce [16].
TiC, known for its excellent mechanical strength, particularly its high hardness, significantly
influences the ballistic properties of the material. Kevlar, an aramid fiber, boasts low density, high
strength, and excellent energy absorption capabilities [17]. The impregnated kevlar will be layered
using manual lay-up, accompanied by epoxy resin, and curing agent. Once the assembly is
complete, the 7075 aluminum and kevlar layers will be compressed. The production process of this
material consumes minimal energy, thus exhibiting potential for environmental sustainability. This
study investigates the effect of adding TiC nanopowder to kevlar reinforcement with AA7075 as
the matrix. It examines the ballistic performance, impact resistance, and microstructure of hybrid
laminate composites.
2.

Material dan methods

2.1 Material
Figure 1 illustrates the preparation steps for the laminate composite. AA7075 aluminum sheet metal
and Kevlar fibers were locally sourced (Jakarta, Indonesia), while TiC nanoparticles (98% purity)
and PEG-4000 were obtained from Alibaba (Shanghai, China). The production process of laminated
composite materials commences with the preparation of the necessary components. The aluminum
plate was cut into dimensions of 7.5x15 cm (for ballistic testing) and 5.5x1 cm (for impact testing),
and the surfaces were thoroughly cleaned and sanded. Each of the three samples comprised 8, 16,
and 24 layers of unimpregnated aramid, respectively. For each number of Kevlar layers used, the
impregnation material was prepared in a mass ratio of 1:2, with TiC to PEG-400 solution.
Concurrently, the shear-thickening fluid (STF) was prepared using PEG-400, ethanol, and TiC
nano powder.
First, the TiC nano powder was weighed, and the required volume of PEG-400 was measured to
prepare the STF based on the number of aramid layers to be impregnated. Subsequently, the
mixture was stirred using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature and a speed of 1200 RPM for 1
hour. Then, ethanol was added to the mixture, and stirring was continued for another hour under
the same conditions.
Next, the kevlar impregnation process was carried out using the STF. The kevlar cloth was soaked
in the STF for a calculated period of time to ensure impregnation. The kevlar cloth was completely
submerged in the liquid during impregnation. Afterward, the kevlar cloth was dried for 72 hours
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© The Author(s)
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at room temperature to allow for complete evaporation of the ethanol. Once the kevlar was
impregnated, the subsequent step involved preparing the structure of the hybrid laminate
composite. During the preparation of the laminate composite, each surface of the kevlar or 7075
aluminum was coated with an adhesive substance, using an epoxy resin and hardener ratio of 2:1.
The sample without STF is denoted as UK, while the sample incorporating STF is referred to as IK.

Figure 1: Laminate composite preparation
2.2 Methods
The morphology of the composite was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
(Inspect F50, USA) at the Center for Material Processing and Failure Analysis, Universitas Indonesia.
The observed section focused on the fibers (Kevlar and STF). To determine the diameter of the
Kevlar fibers, the acquired SEM image was analyzed using ImageJ software. Approximately 10
measurements were conducted to calculate the average diameter of the Kevlar fibers. The FTIR
analysis was conducted using a Spectrum Two-UATR instrument (Perkin Elmer, United States),
which is equipped with a MIR TGS detector for spectrum detection. The scanning range of the
measurements spanned from 500 to 4000 cm−1, with a scanning speed of 0.2 cm/s.
The ballistic impact experiment involved the use of two types of projectiles, namely level II and
level III, consisting of 9 × 19 mm MU1-TJ and 5.56 x 45 mm MU5-TJ caliber bullets (Pindad,
Indonesia), respectively. The samples were positioned at a distance of 15 meters from the firing
point. Each sample was subjected to impact following the NIJ (National Institute of Justice)
standards for body armor systems, specifically meeting the requirements for Type IIIA in armor
level [18]. The diameter of the perforation caused by the projectiles was measured using a digital
caliper. The test was conducted with no repetitions, and 6 total samples were tested.
The impact test was performed according to the ASTM E-23 standard using the Charpy impact
tester (Tinius Olsen, USA) [19]. The test specimens were prepared with a V-shaped notch having
an angle of 45°, a radius of curvature of 0.25 mm, and a depth of 2 mm. The dimensions of the
samples were 10x10x55 mm. The energy absorbed by the test specimen was measured in Joules
and could be directly read from the indicator scale on the testing machine. The test was conducted
with 2 repetition and 12 total samples were tested.

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3.

Results and discussion

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3.1 SEM Analysis
SEM observation was conducted to examine the uniform dispersion of TiC nanoparticles on the
Kevlar fibers and evaluate the viability of this method as a reinforcement technique in the specimen,
aiming to enhance structural strength and increase energy absorption capacity during ballistic
testing. Figure 2 presents SEM images captured at magnifications of 1000x and 5000x. This image
is from our previously published research work [14]. The images reveal that a portion of the TiC
nanopowder adhered to the finest kevlar fibers. Figure 2 (a and b) displays the kevlar fibers, which
are about 7 μm. The TiC nanoparticles can be seen in Figure 2d pointed by orange arrow. However,
it can be observed that some TiC nanofillers agglomerate on the smaller kevlar fibers. This
phenomenon aligns with the findings of Foratirad et al., who conducted research on the
dispersibility of TiC. According to their study, the addition of PEG 400 had minimal impact since
PEG is a non-ionic substance that does not affect the charge or potential on the surface of TiC [20].

Figure 2: SEM test results on unimpregnated kevlar with (a)1000x and (c)5000x
magnifications and TiC nano-impregnated kevlar with (b)1000x and (d)5000x magnifications [14]
3.2 FTIR Analysis
Based on the FTIR results, the wavenumber analysis revealed several characteristic vibrations. The
presence of an O-H stretching vibration was indicated by a broadband exhibited at 3383 cm −1.
Additionally, a narrow band observed at 1065 cm−1 indicated a C-O stretching vibration. The
broadband exhibited at 3450 cm−1 corresponds to the spectrum of the PEG-400 solution and
signifies the O-H vibration [21]. Furthermore, stretching vibrations were observed at 2870 cm −1,
indicating C-H stretching. In the FTIR spectrum of the as-received nano TiC, a peak at 476 cm−1
can be attributed to the Ti-C vibration, which is consistent with previous research findings [22].It
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can be seen that when kevlar fiber is coated with STF, the 3450 cm -1 peak intensity is significantly
drop, and 2870 cm-1 peak is not visible. The absence of this peak in the IK sample suggests that the
impregnation or coating process with PEG and TiC nanoparticles might have altered or masked the
aliphatic C-H bonding in the kevlar fiber. Furthermore, the lower intensity of 3450 cm -1 peak
suggests that the impregnation process may have influenced the hydrogen bonding environment or
altered the accessibility of hydroxyl groups on the kevlar fiber surface. The presence of PEG, which
is known for its hydrophilic nature, and TiC nanoparticles could modify the surface interactions and
water absorption characteristics.

Figure 3: FTIR Spectra of UK and IK samples
3.3 Ballistic Testing Analysis
Three types of laminates were not impregnated with STF (referred to as UK), while the other three
types were impregnated with STF (referred to as IK). Each type of laminate was prepared with
three different thicknesses: 8 layers, 16 layers, and 24 layers. Figure 4 presents the perforation
diameter obtained from all samples. The results show that the perforation diameter decreases as the
number of kevlar layers increases for both UK and IK samples. Specifically, for UK samples, the
perforation diameter was 15.45 mm for 8 layers of kevlar, 13.33 mm for 16 layers of kevlar, and
11.42 mm for 24 layers of kevlar.
On the other hand, for IK samples, the perforation diameter was 12.5 mm for 8 layers of kevlar,
10.78 mm for 16 layers of kevlar, and 10.05 mm for 24 layers of kevlar. Notably, the perforation
diameter of IK samples is consistently lower compared to the UK samples. Figure 4 displays the
UK samples after undergoing the ballistic test. All three samples exhibited delamination,
characterized by the separation of layers, as a result of being pierced by bullets. This delamination
phenomenon can be attributed to the adhesive used, namely epoxy resin and hardener. The adhesive
layer in the laminated composite, possessing higher stiffness compared to aluminum and kevlar,
becomes more susceptible to energy transfer from the bullet, leading to delamination [23].
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Furthermore, in parts (c-d) of the specimens, a failure indicating a spalling phenomenon was
observed. Spalling refers to the failure of tensile strength caused by the reflection of a transient
energy wave, often occurring when the specimen is subjected to explosive stress. In this condition,
the sample appears to have scabbing, but due to the presence of inhomogeneous forces, failure
occurs due to surface deformation [24]. Figure 5 and 6 show the results of ballistic testing of IK
samples. It can be a phenomenon called petalling is highlighted with a red circle. Petalling occurs
due to strength inhomogeneity, causing the plate material to be pushed forward and form a bending
moment in front of the striker. This phenomenon is often accompanied by permanent flexure.
Furthermore, inhomogeneity can be observed in the petalling phenomenon.
Petalling is typically followed by permanent flexure [25]. In Figure 5d, there is delamination shown
by the detachment of the aluminum plate from the kevlar layer. This is because when the projectile
presses a specific contact area. The energy transferred by the projectile will be transferred in all
directions to the target. The target area with the weakest bond will experience matrix crackin In
Figure 5d, delamination is shown by the detachment of the aluminum plate from the kevlar layer.
This occurs when the projectile applies pressure to a specific contact area. The energy transferred
by the projectile is then dispersed in various directions within the target. The area with the weakest
bond experiences matrix cracking [26].
Additionally, another failure observed in the IK samples is the back face deformation (BFD)
phenomenon, which results from imperfect penetration of the projectile. This occurs because as
more layers of kevlar are used, increased friction takes place during the bullet penetration process,
dissipating more energy [27]. However, the presence of nano TiC tends to increase the distance
between each kevlar layer slightly. This increased distance affects the adhesive layer between the
kevlar layers, making the sample thicker compared to the UK samples [28].

Figure 4: Comparison of ballistic testing perforation diameters

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Figure 5: UK ballistic test results of (a-b) UK8; (c-d) UK16; and (e-f) UK24

Figure 6: Ballistic test results of (a-b) IK8; (c-d) IK16; (e-f) IK24
3.4 Impact Testing Analysis
In Figure 7, the impact values of UK and IK samples are presented. It is evident that there is an
improvement in the Impact Value as the number of layers increases. For the UK samples, the impact
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values for UK8, UK16, and UK24 are 0.26, 0.27, and 0.28 joules/mm2, respectively. On the other
hand, the impact values for IK8, IK16, and IK24 are 15.3%, 33.3%, and 35.7% higher compared
to the UK samples.
This improvement in impact resistance in the IK samples can be attributed to the increase in the
number of kevlar layers. When more kevlar layers are present, a greater number of threads become
dislocated due to the impact of the pendulum, allowing for better energy absorption [29].
Consequently, by using more kevlar in the composite, the capacity to absorb impact energy
increases, resulting in increased resistance to deformation.

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In addition, Figures 8 and 9 provide a comparison between the bending forms of UK and IK samples.
It can be seen that the composite with most layer has the lowest bend, and in Figure 9, cooperating
STF could lead to prevent the delamination damage.
Delamination damage in laminated composites occurs when the bond between layers, formed by
the adhesive, breaks down. The adhesive is responsible for transferring the energy received from
the impact on the first layer of the laminate shortly after being impacted by the pendulum [8]. The
transferred energy reaches the subsequent layer, where the absorbed energy approaches the
threshold of the adhesive strength to bond with neighboring layers, leading to the delamination
process. The presence of gaps or voids in laminated composites can also be attributed to the
manufacturing process [30].
Furthermore, the presence of a limited amount of kevlar in the composite contributes to the
mechanism where the material absorbs a minimal amount of energy. Consequently, the unabsorbed
energy becomes concentrated in the adhesive layer, serving as the initiation site for delamination.
In Figure 9 above, the presence of delamination phenomena can be observed in all samples. This
occurrence may be attributed to the untreated surface of the aluminum plate. Additionally, the
quantity of impregnated kevlar can influence the wetting behavior of the adhesive on both the
aluminum and kevlar plates. Increased impregnation of kevlar with STF results in a higher
concentration of TiC powder within the laminated composite. As a consequence, the adhesive's
ability to wet the surfaces of the aluminum and kevlar plates is impeded, thereby reducing its
effectiveness in withstanding impact loads [8].

Figure 7: Comparative graph of impact value and number of kevlar layers

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Figure 8: Laminated composite impact test results of (a) UK8, (b) UK16, and (c) UK24

Figure 9: Impact test results of (a) IK8, (b) IK16, and (c) IK24
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4.

Conclusion

Based on the conducted research and the data analysis, several conclusions can be drawn:
1.

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2.

3.

The addition of kevlar layers in laminated composite components enhances their ballistic
resistance. The perforation diameter decreases as more kevlar layers are added. Impact tests
also reveal that increasing the number of layers improves the impact resistance at lower
velocities. Furthermore, the morphological analysis of the composites demonstrates that
damage decreases with an increase in the number of kevlar layers. This is attributed to the
greater energy absorption capacity of the composite with a higher amount of kevlar.
The inclusion of STF in kevlar has a significant effect on the microstructure of the kevlar
surface. SEM results for the untreated kevlar samples show empty spaces between the kevlar
yarns. However, when TiC nano impregnation is applied to kevlar, the empty spaces become
filled with TiC particles.
The destruction-test analysis reveals the occurrence of delamination in the interphase layer
between different materials during both ballistic and impact tests. When the energy surpasses
a certain threshold, it leads to matrix cracking and initiates delamination. The weak adhesive
bond between different materials, particularly caused by inadequate surface preparation of the
aluminum layer, is identified as a factor contributing to suboptimal adhesive strength and its
inability to effectively bond and withstand energy transfer during pendulum or projectile
impact.

These conclusions highlight the positive influence of kevlar layers on ballistic resistance, the impact
of STF impregnation on the microstructure, and the importance of strong adhesive bonds to prevent
delamination in laminated composites.
Author contribution
Adinda Oktaviani: Writing – original draft; Investigation; Formal analysis. Anne Zulfia:
Supervision; Writing – review & editing; Methodology. Dieter Rahmadiawan: Writing – review &
editing; Visualization.
Funding statement
This research received a grant from The Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research
and Innovation Agency under Hibah PDUPT with contract number: NKB189/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2021.
Acknowledgements
The author extends sincere appreciation to the Laboratorium of Energy Material for providing
research equipment and resources. Special thanks are extended to Professor Hairul Abral for
invaluable support in shaping the analysis of this paper.
Competing interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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