Migration in EU: Implication to the Regional Integration Ratih Indraswari & Calvin Michel Sidjaya Program Studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional.
Universitas Katolik Parahyangan dan Graduate Student of International Development.
Massey University.
New Zealand E-mail: indraswari.
ratih@gmail.
com dan calvin.
1@uni.
Abstract: This paper aims to address the migrations issues in European Union (EU) and its relation to the continuation of a closer union.
Migrations become essential, yet delicate issues on the integration of Europe based on the socio-economic impacts they create.
Two important relations will be focused on, first is the relations between migration and the problems of aging population and second is the relations between migration and social tension.
This paper concludes that the negative excess of economic achievement on socio-culture will potentially hamper the regional integration.
Keywords:European Union.
Migration.
Social Tension.
Aging Population Abstrak: Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan isu migrasi di Uni Eropa (UE) dan korelasinya terhadap keberlangsungan hubungan di dalam Uni Eropa.
Migrasi menjadi penting, namun tidak demikian dengan dampak atas integrasi Eropa berdasarkan isu sosial ekonomi.
Dua hubungan penting yang menjadi fokus di dalam tulisan ini, pertama adalah hubungan antara migrasi dan masalahmasalah dari populasi orang tua dan kedua adalah hubungan antara migrasi dan tekanan sosial.
Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa dampak negatif dari pencapaian ekonomi yang berlebihan terhadap sosialkultural dapat berpotensi menghambat integrasi regional.
Kata Kunci : Uni Eropa.
Migrasi.
Tekanan Sosial.
Aging Population.
Background integration will be followed by political It is widely understood that the EU ble to halt the influences of one filed to the other as they are highly dependent and models of regional integration.
It too has The spillover effect once pion- eered by Ernst B.
Haas in explaining the and socio-culture integration.
It is impossi- EU journey for an ever closer integration weaknesses such body inherently harbors.
can be adopted to explain the contagion EuAos rigid mechanism has generated a effects of integration on European society.
sound institutional performance in its Migration epitomizes the spillover capacity as a supranational entity, but at the effects by underscoring the correlation of same time discourses on its economic economic and socio-cultural relations.
integration amongst unequal economic defines migration as Authe action by which a power houses has attracted doubt on its person from a non-EU country establishes Eurozone his or her usual residence in the territory of criticism and praises are coming and go an EU country for a period that is, or is with the intentions of copying EUAos path of expected to be, at least twelve monthsAy success to challenge its way of business.
(EU, 2.
On the other hand, migrant is defined as Aua person who leaves from one Integration is inclusive, an economic Ratih Indraswari & Calvin Michel Sidjaya.
Migration in EU: Implication to the Regional Integration country or region to settle in anotherAy (EU, the new administration resulted from the European integration has increased 2014 elections.
Amidst the Euro crisis, the the mobility of EU Citizens in the EU current pattern suggested that it is unlikely territory for the purpose of work, travel, for EU to introduce policies to restrict and study within the Schengen area.
migrants from less developed countries This .
uch as from Eastern Europ.
to more understanding of the people movement developed countries (Western Europ.
from EU member states to Western EU This is exacerbated by the fact the EUAos member states as its main definition of economy still recovers from sovereign debt Furthermore, in seeing the Furthermore, migrants play crucial migration outlook, the paper considers two origins of migrantsAo home countries.
The contributing to the employment rate and first one is from Eastern EU and the fulfilling the gap of aging population, second one from PIIGS countries.
Few therefore such pervasive alteration is highly hypotheses are employed.
First, migration unlikely to be executed.
Third, migrants policies become crucial issues the EU has especially the lower skilled ones from to deal with.
Its economic integration has Eastern Europe may alter the demographic brought opportunities for movements of in the host countries they reside.
Influx of goods and labor and in the same way it migrantsAo populations exposes the idea of multicultural Europe.
associated with traditional minorities in However, their host country may cause social tension integration progress down as the movement and stigmatization instead of promoting of labor affects the dynamic of existing multiculturalism of socio-cultural norms of host countries.
Therefore, we can argue one of the crucial Second, significant alteration on migration challenges the EU face on migration relies policy in the EU will not take place during on the subsequent tension economic places on social relations.
It is especially apparent In the context of this paper, we define western europe member states (EU-.
as Austria.
Belgium.
Denmark.
Finland.
France.
Germany.
Greece.
Ireland.
Italy.
Luxembourg.
Netherlands.
Portugal.
Spain.
Sweden.
United Kingdom.
Furthermore we will use only use sample data from Denmark.
Finland.
Germany.
Netherlands and Norway provided by Eurostat .
igr_pop1ct.
as the rest of the countries's data are either incomplete or In the context of this paper, we define Eastern Europe member states as Czech Republic.
Bulgaria.
Croatia Estonia.
Hungary.
Latvia.
Lithuania.
Poland.
Romania.
Slovakia.
Slovenia Portugal.
Ireland.
Italy.
Greece and Spain.
European between the Western European and Eastern European member countries.
The paper will be divided into the first part discusses a theoretical between migration and its relations with regional integration by looking at the Ratih Indraswari & Calvin Michel Sidjaya.
Migration in EU: Implication to the Regional Integration interweaving of economic achievements countries economically, although migration and the perception of social identity.
The can put pressure on the labour market, this second part explains the economic state of is because migrants adding competition and migration by linking the relations amongst driving down wages (Lipsmayer and Zhu, the aging population and the needs of economic growth.
The third parts discuss needs more migrants because the fastest the correlation between social implications growing sector is the jobs that the residents of migration and their effects to the do not want to take, and immigrants tend to regional integration process by emphasizing accept lower skilled and lower paid jobs on the existence of socio-cultural tensions than the local residents (Hix and Noury, and symbolism threat.
Local unskilled workers are most In the economic terms.
Europe likely to compete with immigrants than local higher-skilled workers, however there Theoretical Framework Due to its multifacets nature, is a likely impact of greater unemployment migrations can be explained using several among lower-skilled workers than lower problem dependents theories.
For example, wages (Hix and Noury, 2.
Beets and development theory can explain why Willekens .
argued that it is unclear whether an economic crisis will always Western European trigger migration.
However there is a Development theory views migration as tendency for people to migrate if there are not enough jobs in the market.
In the migration itself is seen as an outcome of context of EU, there is a trend of migration underdevelopment, remittances act as a from countries that were affected by 2008 global financial crisis and 2010 European Eastern European low-income households and a source of growth and sovereign debt crisis.
usually increases during time of crisis or The economic dynamic affects the when foreign investment drop (Raghurgam.
De Haas .
argued that The remittances can be a more effective conflict when put vis a vis in relations with instrument to tackle poverty and boosted society of host countries.
Conflicts stem economic growth than development aids from various sources, mostly are caused by although migration and remittances may not contribute to significant development or incompatible social norms.
It is important to note that the social conflict emerged beneficial for both recipient and donor from migration can be traced back using a Migration Ratih Indraswari & Calvin Michel Sidjaya.
Migration in EU: Implication to the Regional Integration social approach on individual identity.
state policies where there is a widespread Individual identifies itself into a group and creates certain attachments and build their Au owned-feelingAy toward that group.
Identity accommodations for ethnic minorities, or is essential for individuals and they are national minorities.
This approach also has usually very protective towards their an international dimension that it is being identity (McLaren, 2.
However in its constantly internationalized, first there is a development, an individual does not limit global politic discourse in multiculturalism itself to be identified with only one identity.
promoted by international organizations.
Individuals can have several identities and NGOs, policy makers, and the second is it is possible for individuals to feel as a part codification of multiculturalism in certain of several groupings in which they choose to associate themselves with.
Identity can stated that in order to mitigate the negative be formed by cultural and linguistic process side of migration, policy should be directed (McLaren, 2.
, and it can later develop in the smallest grouping of family, on sub- to embrace the dissent cultural nature of Au To him, a state not only should national or national level, creating what we not uphold the familiar set of common civil, call as ethnical and national identity.
The political, and social rights of citizenship existence of groupsAo identity could trigger that are protected in all constitutional This phenomenon is captured in liberal democracies, but also adopt various the concept of in-out groups in which group-specific rights or policies that are hostilities are produced amongst groups intended to recognize and accommodate the because of competition over resources.
distinctive identities and aspirations of With even recognition of language rights for Kymlicka ethnocultural groupsAy .
The rise of this multicultural model citizenship is apparent on the recognition of different identities.
Will Kymlicka offers theoretical identity: it is now common for an understanding on ethnocultural minorities immigrant to express their ethnic identity in and the attitude they perform in their host public and not as source of shame although According to Kymlicka .
, the it can vary case by case (Kymlicka, 2.
older approach of ethnocultural minorities The social tension created by migration and its implication toward the assimilationist laws and homogenizing regional integration project are captured by nation-states, citizenship is replaced by a public opinionist.
McLaren .
brings a multicultural model.
This is reflected in new hypothesis into the study of public Instead Ratih Indraswari & Calvin Michel Sidjaya.
Migration in EU: Implication to the Regional Integration opinion by arguing that the existence of an aging population in 2080 compares to the As a consequence, the allocation of She goes Au further by proposing old age population in 2080 is exceeding what she calls as a symbolism threatAy.
The both the young age and working age approach stated that people of a certain A 2% decrease can of working national identity see the new regional age population is expected to occur identity as a threat to their groupsAo identity.
between 2013 and 2020.
This downturn is If a society feels the new identity .
egional expected to accelerate and will reach 10 percent by 2080.
The ratio of working age identity, they will respond negatively, population and old age population in the however if society thinks the new identity is harmless to their national identity they EU have shifted from 4 : 1 to 2 : 1.
Au consequence, the EU would move from are more likely to be open to the integration having four people of working-age to each process (McLaren, 2.
This approach person aged over 65 years to about two lies in its understanding of national identity and the possible threat to its core by other Au Au forcesAy that originated from the otherAy Commission, 2.
as illustrated in figure1.
She concludes by highlighting that Figure 1.
2020-2080 Projections working-ageAy (European conflict of identity is counterproductive to regional integration.
Migration in this sense cultivates the possibilities of conflicting identity, in which will hamper the regional integration effort.
Migration in the EU : Employment and aging population in host countries.
Source: Eurostat.
Commission, 2012.
European One of the potential problems the The projection above shows that a European Union has to face in the future is constant shrinkage will take place on the the declining demographic of working age population of working age, this pattern is Working age is defined as the increases for old age population.
This population aged 15 Ae 65 years, while old pattern poses a threat for the economic age is defined as the population of 65 years The dynamic outlook of working old above (Eurostat, 2.
and old age population does not affect the The figure 1 shows an inflate of outlook of young age population.
In other Ratih Indraswari & Calvin Michel Sidjaya.
Migration in EU: Implication to the Regional Integration words, a relatively stable number of young states, this is because migrants put more population through the 2080 means no Au support is readily available for fatteningAy competition on the labor market, adding the composition of working age population.
In 2008.
EU was hit by the Global As it cannot fulfill the loss of working age Financial Crisis and only had 0.
4% percent population to the old age population, an economic growth, in 2009, the economy alternative way to substitute the gap is by was contracted by 4.
5% before bouncing inviting migrants.
back to 2% in 2010.
The economy slowed pressure to the welfare budget.
The economic consequences of down to 1,6% in 2011.
However from the such demographic changes will affect the period of 2012-2013, economic growth has growth per capita and the expenditure of been sluggish, economy was contracted - public policies.
The loss of working age 0,4% in 2012 and only grew 0.
1% in 2013 population will causes the loss of workforce (World and in return will decrease per capita migrations from Eastern to Western Europe Furthermore, the increasing of old- received its first peak on the year of 2007.
age population will put pressure on the The following incremental hike was gained public pension expenditure state has.
in 2012 after a period of decrease and has Generally, publicAu pension expenditure is stayed relatively stable through last year.
projected to rise by 1.
5 percentage points During the period of 2002-2013, average to nearly 13% of GDP by 2060Ay (European growth of migrations from Eastern Europe Commission, 2.
The double burden countries .
to Western Europe will hinge upon EU.
a waning economic Meanwhile, growth that is coupled by the increases of Figure 2.
Migrant growth from Eastern to Western Europe public expenditure.
Migration Social Tension :
Complicated Relations The European Union member states has relaxed border control in the region (Lipsmayer and Zhu 2.
This has boosted movement of Source: Eurostat, 2014 people who are looking for employment outside their country of origin.
Although A similar finding .
ee figure .
can be extracted from the migration outlook migrants, it can also hurt the recipient from the PIIGS countries.
The 2010 Ratih Indraswari & Calvin Michel Sidjaya.
Migration in EU: Implication to the Regional Integration European sovereign debt crisis has also The high number of expected affected the regional growth and migration migration to Western European countries The PIIGS posted the largest prove to be a generating factor of social economic contraction during 2010-2014.
A research on personal perception Portugal.
Ireland.
Greece Spain amongst European Union member states conditionalities that forced the countries to can add into the discourse of cultural Au tension or national supremacyAy identity.
privatize many of its private sectors without the very least the survey can be used as preparing the social impact.
The PIIGS consideration in knowing the fragmented countries, as 2012 still had high double- thought the European have about itself.
The digit unemployment rate with unemployment survey by Pew .
revealed that the was the highest in Spain .
,2%) and Greece Germans are seen as the most trustworthy .
,2%) (World Bank, 2.
They are perceived as the most Figure 3.
Migrant growth from PIIGS to Western Europe arrogant and least compassionate toward the rest.
The British does not score well in compassionate attitude, the same as French who is disliked for its arrogant attitude.
The underlying problem of the stereotyping can influences perception of European people on a multicultural model of society.
Tabel 1 Stereotyping in Europe Source: Eurostat, 2014 However, it is important to note that economic crisis alone was not always Least Compassionate France Britain Britain Germany France France France Britain France Germany Germany Britain Germany Spain Italy Germany Most Arrogant France Britain Germany France Germany as migration has been always been high and Germany Germany Greece/Italy Figure 4.
Comparison of migrations Outlook from Eastern to Western Europen countries and from PIIGS countries to Western European countries Most Compassionate Least trust worthly responsible for the migration flow in 2009 fluctuated since 2006 for both outlooks.
Least Arrogant Most View in trust worthly Greece Italy Germany Italy Spain Germany Italy Germany Spain Spain Germany Greece Greece Italy Germany Greece Greece Germany Poland Germany Germany Germany Poland Poland Germany Czech.
Rep Germany Germany Germany Slovakia Czech.
Rep Germany Lutz.
Kritzinger, and Skirbekk Source: Pew Research Global Attitudes Project , 2013 .
suggested that younger generation has a generally positive view about the Source: Eurostat, 2014 possibility of multicultural society.
Older Ratih Indraswari & Calvin Michel Sidjaya.
Migration in EU: Implication to the Regional Integration people, according to the research are more Freedom and Direct Democracy party (EFDD) who won 48 of 751 European younger people with constant exposure and Parliaments.
EFDDAos charter stated that socialization of European identity will most Au likely to have multiple EuropeanAy identity.
there are no such thing such as single We believe that building European identity further European integration (EFD group, is a long process.
This is because the European people and the group opposes Europe itself has a long history of war within their neighbors.
The first two world wars were caused by the European powers.
Conclusion: National Identity Threat to Further Integration It is only in the past half century, the region achieved a relative stability.
Migration from less developed European countries to more developed Meanwhile, contrary arguments can countries is economically beneficial for be built under the premises that people both sides.
Migrants in host countries could from troubled economic zones most likely help to fulfill the aging gap of employment, to seek better opportunities in more and could take lower-skilled jobs that are developed countries of Western Europeans.
reluctant to be taken by the local residents.
A sudden increase of migration of non- The home countries benefited as migrants historic minorities may not be easily accepted by the local citizens (Kymlicka, household and increasing economic growth Migrations, thus may create social However, the influx of migrants tension which will deepen the gap between has created social problems such as abuse national identity and regional identity.
This of welfare system, complaints from local situation created dilemmas for the western low-skilled workers and competition over European as migrants can help to fill the gaps in labor market, however it has also The dynamic relations between created situation where the migrants abuse migrants and the possible clashes of the welfare system.
identities give birth to the emergence of There have been discussions in symbolism threat that could punish the Germany.
Netherlands.
United Kingdom.
European integration movements.
This and Austria to prosecute people who abuse accentuated by the increasing influences the the welfare system (Deutsch Welle, 2.
Eurosceptic proponents that have acquired Furthermore, social tension is reflected on seats in the European Parliement.
Sound the rise of Eurosceptic parties in European policies to migrations will have to focus on Parliement, most notably is the Europe of ensuring smoother exchanges Ratih Indraswari & Calvin Michel Sidjaya.
Migration in EU: Implication to the Regional Integration migrants and host society.
Failure to facilitate the exchanges will result in EFDgroup.
Charter.
Retrieved from http://w.
eu/aboutus/our-charter.
greater risk of polarizing identities.
This in return will undermine the building of regional identity and hamper the regional integration processes.
REFERENCES