Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia Volume.
Nomor.
3 Agustus 2025 e-ISSN: 3031-3406.
p-ISSN: 3031-3414.
Hal 288-307 DOI: https://doi.
org/10.
61132/jepi.
Available online at: https://journal.
id/index.
php/jepi The Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Sustainable Economic Growth: Applied Study in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico Nadia Khutheir Ganawi 1*.
Sundus Jasim Shaaibith 2 College of Administration and Economics.
University of Al-Qadisiyah.
Iraq Email : nadia.
ganawe@qu.
iq 1, sundus.
shaaibith@qu.
Abstract This research aims to examine the impact of renewable energy policies on sustainable economic growth in four emerging countries: China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico.
The importance of the study comes in light of the global shift towards clean energy, and the efforts of developing countries to achieve a balance between the requirements of economic development and environmental commitments.
The study relies on a descriptive analytical approach supported by a comparative method, where the policies adopted in each country are analyzed and compared with the indicators of economic performance and environmental sustainability during the period .
The study is based on official data from international institutions such as the World Bank and the International Energy Agency.
The results indicate a positive correlation between the intensity of the implementation of renewable energy policies and the achievement of sustainable economic growth, especially in countries that have provided a supportive legislative and institutional environment for investment in this sector.
National experiences have also shown varying levels of impact, with China and Brazil recording more stable results thanks to the clarity and continuity of their strategies.
The research endorses that renewable energy policies must be integrated with industrial growth, education and technology rules to expand their impact and achieve a more sustainable economic change in emerging countries.
Keywords: Renewable Energy Policies.
Environmental Sustainability.
Sustainable Economic Growth.
Global Shift INTRODUCTION:
Global economic expansion and increased energy demand have led to significant environmental and economic pressures, prompting countries to reconsider their energy policies, especially those based on fossil energy sources with negative environmental impacts.
In this context, renewable energy has emerged as a key axis to achieve a balance between economic growth and environmental protection, especially in light of rapid climate hange and global energy crises.
Emerging or industrialized countries are among the most prominent players in this energy transition, facing complex challenges in the need to maintain high growth rates to meet social and economic requirements on the one hand, and comply with environmental standards and international obligations on the other.
These countries, including China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico, have begun to adopt policies aimed at promoting the use of renewables as a strategic option to promote energy independence and achieve long-term sustainable development.
In this context, this research aims to study the impact of renewable energy policies on sustainable economic growth in these four countries by analyzing the implemented policies and comparing them with economic and environmental indicators during the period .
It also seeks to shed light on the factors that contribute to the success or limited impact of these policies, through an applied study that compares the experiences of Received: Mei 30, 2025.
Revised: Juni 15,2025.
Accepted: Juli 02,2025.
Online Available: Juli 04, 2025 The Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Sustainable Economic Growth: Applied Study in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico these countries in the areas of renewable energy support, investment, legislative framework, and strategic planning.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Problem:
Emerging or industrialized countries are witnessing rapid economic growth accompanied by high energy demand, posing significant challenges related to environmental sustainability and overdependence on traditional energy sources, especially coal and oil.
With the global trend towards energy transition and reducing carbon emissions, these countries have embarked on policies aimed at promoting the use of renewable energy as a means of achieving sustainable development.
Despite the growing interest in these policies, their effectiveness in supporting sustainable economic growth remains questionable, especially in light of the varying capabilities of these countries in terms of infrastructure, natural resources, and legislative and institutional framework.
The results also vary from country to country, which raises the need for a comparative study to determine the relationship between renewable energy policies and indicators of sustainable economic growth.
The Importance of Research:
The research gains its importance from its overlap with three contemporary strategic axes: energy transition, sustainable development, and economic growth in emerging countries.
In light of the global challenges posed by climate change, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness of the energy policies adopted by emerging industrialized countries in achieving economic growth that takes into account the environmental, social and financial dimensions.
The importance of the research lies in bridging a knowledge gap related to the relationship between renewable energy policies and sustainable economic growth in the context of emerging countries, a relationship that has not yet received sufficient comparative applied It provides an analytical framework that can be relied upon for future research on environmental policies and economic development in the developing world.
It provides a realistic assessment of the effectiveness of policies in countries such as China.
India.
Brazil and Mexico, making it possible to learn from successful experiences and avoid ineffective It provides decision-makers in developing countries with sustainable development with practical and applicable recommendations that enhance the role of renewable energy in supporting the green economy.
Research Objectives:
This research aims to analyze and evaluate the impact of renewable energy policies on achieving sustainable economic growth in a group of emerging countries, namely: China.
India.
Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia - Volume.
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3 Agustus 2025 e-ISSN: 3031-3406.
p-ISSN: 3031-3414.
Hal 288-307 Brazil, and Mexico, through a set of sub-objectives, namely the analysis of energy policies followed in each of the countries under study, and determine their nature, objectives and implementation mechanisms, and study the relationship between investments in renewable energy and sustainable economic growth indicators, such as GDP, employment indicators, and carbon emissions, and make an applied comparison between the four countries to determine aspects of Agreement and disagreement in the results of energy policies at the economic level, identify institutional and legislative factors that affect the effectiveness of renewable energy policies and provide practical recommendations to decision-makers in emerging countries on improving and integrating energy policies with sustainable growth strategies.
Research hypotheses:
The research is based on the following hypotheses:
- The first hypothesis: There is a statistically significant positive relationship between the intensity of the application of renewable energy policies and the rates of sustainable economic growth in these countries.
- The second hypothesis: The increase in the volume of government and private investments in the renewable energy sector is related to the high percentage of clean energy contribution to the formation of GDP.
- Hypothesis 3: Countries with a more developed legislative and institutional framework for the renewable energy sector achieve a greater impact of these policies on employment and energy efficiency indicators.
- Fourth hypothesis: The impact of renewable energy policies on the reduction of carbon emissions varies according to the design and mechanisms to support these policies among the countries studied.
- Fifth hypothesis: The degree of integration between renewable energy policies and industrial and technological development policies contributes to enhancing economic sustainability more than countries that apply policies separately.
Society and sample research:
The research community consists of all emerging or industrialized countries that have begun to adopt renewable energy policies during the last decade .
5Ae2.
, and globally includes a wide range of countries that differ in their economic, institutional and environmental The study adopted the sample of model countries representing diversity in geography, strategy and energy policies: China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico.
This sample was selected because of the adoption of clear renewable energy policies issued by official bodies .
overnment or legislativ.
, providing reliable annual data on the volume and investments of renewable energy, economic growth indicators (GDP, employment, etc.
), environmental The Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Sustainable Economic Growth: Applied Study in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico sustainability indicators .
arbon emissions, share of clean energ.
, and representation of key continents (Asia.
Latin Americ.
to provide a comparative geographical dimension.
Research Methodology:
The research methodology is a combination of the quantitative approach to the analysis of statistical data and the qualitative approach to the analysis of policies and official documents.
In light of the importance of the research and its hypothesis, the qualitative approach was adopted in the theoretical study through books, periodicals and university theses related to the subject, as well as the quantitative approach by studying the possibility of achieving the research goal by application in the research sample.
THE THEORETICAL ASPECT OF THE RESEARCH
The concept and importance of renewable energy policies:
Renewable energy policies include a range of governmental, legislative, and fiscal measures aimed at accelerating the transition from fossil energy sources to clean, renewable alternatives, such as solar, wind, biomass, and hydropower.
According to Kumar and Sharma .
1: .
, these policies are formulated by:
- Legislative and regulatory framework: Enacting mandatory laws for the purchase of renewable energy or setting minimum quotas for clean energy within the national energy Setting performance standards that conventional plants need to meet before operation, spurring investment in cleaner and more efficient technologies (Cheng et al.
, 2022: .
- Financial and tax incentives: granting tax exemptions for equipment and services associated with renewable energy projects, and reducing customs duties on technical imports.
Establish government support funds and soft loans through development banks to cover high initial costs and expenses (IRENA, 2022: .
- Market mechanisms and the application of environmental pricing: Launching systems for trading carbon emissions or clean energy certificates, which oblige industrial facilities to purchase emission rights, which raises the cost of fossil fuels compared to renewable Adopting competitive bidding mechanisms for wind and solar projects, which achieves price transparency and reduces them in the long run (IEA, 2022: .
In light of contemporary environmental and economic challenges, the shift towards renewable energy sources has become a strategic necessity for countries seeking to achieve sustainable and balanced development.
Renewable energy policies enhance national energy security by reducing dependence on fossil imports and price fluctuations in global markets (Allen et al.
, 2020: .
, and enable governments to plan their electricity needs long-term without geopolitical risks.
Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia - Volume.
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3 Agustus 2025 e-ISSN: 3031-3406.
p-ISSN: 3031-3414.
Hal 288-307 In addition, these policies play a pivotal role in reducing carbon emissions and achieving international climate goals, as the IPCC report emphasizes the need to raise the share of renewable energy to 70% by 2050 to commit to limiting global warming to 1.
5AC (IPCC,
2021: .
The importance of renewable energy policies can be illustrated through the - Enhancing national energy security: Countries have different experiences in diversifying energy sources, but they all agree that dependence on fossil imports increases the fragility of supplies to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in international markets.
RenewablesAiwhich reflect domestic resourcesAienhance countries' ability to control their energy security away from import pressures (Allen et al.
, 2020: .
- Contribute to reducing emissions and achieving climate goals: According to the sixth report of the International Climate Commission (IPCC, 2021: .
, the share of renewable energy must be raised to 70% globally by 2050 to reduce climate imbalances and raise global temperatures below 1.
5AC.
Policies supporting renewable energy contribute to the path of effective emission reduction, enabling countries to comply with the Paris International Agreements and the reports of the Climate Committee ( IPCC, 2021:.
- Sustainable and inclusive economic development: A study (Cheng et al.
, 2.
showed that countries that harnessed stimulus packages to invest in renewable energy saw green jobs rise by up to 10% in five years, as well as develop local supply chains for spare parts and technical services, which supports economic diversification and creates jobs in both rural and urban areas (Cheng et al.
, 2022: .
- Driving technological innovation: Research support packages and public-private partnerships accelerate technological progress (Kumar and Sharma, 2.
, as the cost of solar and wind generation units decreases by 5-7% annually, enhancing the competitiveness of clean energy sources (Kumar and Sharma, 2021: .
- Direct health and environmental benefits: According to a study (Allen et al.
, 2.
reducing dependence on coal in industrial areas may reduce premature deaths associated with air pollution by 15%, in addition to improving water and soil quality due to reduced spills of chemicals and waste from drilling and exploration (Allen et al.
, 2020: .
The concept and importance of sustainable economic growth:
Sustainable economic growth is the ability of an economy to achieve a permanent increase in the level of production and national income in ways that ensure that natural resources are conserved and do not harm the environment or future generations.
This concept distinguishes between two types of growth:
- Quantitative: an increase in GDP and consumer and investment spending.
The Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Sustainable Economic Growth: Applied Study in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico - Qualitative: Improving the production structure towards sectors with high added value and resource efficiency.
Sustainable economic growth is a key pillar for ensuring the well-being and continuity of societies across generations, as it focuses on achieving an increase in income and production without depleting natural resources or harming the environment.
When the economy adopts policies that maintain sustainable water, soil and energy use, it ensures that these resources remain available to future generations without declining their standard of living or declining development opportunities (Abdullah et al.
, 2018: .
According to Abdullah et al.
, 2018: 45,
economic sustainability hinges on three main interrelated dimensions:
- Economic dimension: increasing real income and diversifying sources of growth.
- Social dimension: fair distribution of benefits and reduction of class differences.
- Environmental dimension: protecting ecosystems and preserving the sustainability of resources for future generations.
Sustainable growth also promotes social justice by distributing the benefits of development more widely, so that job opportunities in new sectors such as clean industries and circular economic circles are effective in reducing disparities between classes of society and reducing social tensions (Al-Shammari, 2019: .
This equitable distribution of income and employment opportunities in turn contributes to the stability of societies and paves the way for more comprehensive social protection policies.
Al-Masry .
2: .
points out that sustainable growth means not only increasing production, but also shifting towards a circular economy that reduces waste and recycles materials and energy.
The importance of sustainable economic growth comes through the following:
- Ensuring the well-being of future generations: Sustainable growth keeps natural resources .
ater, soil, energ.
from depleting, enabling future generations to meet their needs without compromising the ability of the environment to recover (Al-Abdullah et al.
, 2018: .
- Promoting social and economic stability: With a fairer distribution of incomes and jobs, social tension decreases and societies become more resistant to economic shocks (AlShammari, 2019: .
- Improving the competitiveness of the economy: By adopting clean technology and higher resource efficiency, the quality of products increases and the cost of production decreases in the long run, which enhances export competitiveness (Al-Qahtani, 2021: .
- Reducing environmental damage and costs: Sustainable growth reduces pollutant emissions and resource degradation, reducing health burdens and treating pollution-related diseases (Al Hammadi and Mohammed, 2020: .
Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia - Volume.
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Hal 288-307 - Attracting sustainable investments: Investors prefer countries that adopt low-carbon growth policies and a green economy, as they guarantee stable returns and protect them from the risks of volatility associated with fossil energy (Al-Hilali, 2019: .
The relationship between renewable energy policies and sustainable economic growth:
These policies have the effect not only of increasing the supply of clean electricity, but also on promoting industrial innovation and developing local value chains.
At the legislative level, enacting laws guaranteeing purchase prices for renewable energy creates a safe market for investors, motivates them to inject long-term capital, and allows startups to develop new national technologies (Al-Samiri, 2023: .
On the other hand, fiscal incentives such as tax breaks and the issuance of green bonds reduce the cost of capital, as wind and solar power plants expand faster.
The analysis of the public budget in a study (Al-Hamwi, 2022: .
showed that for every dollar spent by governments on subsidizing solar cells, an average of $2.
5 in agricultural and industrial value added thanks to the lower cost of production and the revitalization of rural infrastructure (AlHamwi, 2022: .
At the labor market level, renewable energy projects create opportunities for skilled and unskilled labor, contributing to reducing both rural and urban unemployment.
A study (AlMughairy, 2021: .
concluded that 12Ae15% of new jobs in the electricity sector in emerging countries are directly related to the installation, maintenance and distribution of renewable energy plants, which promotes social stability and supports domestic consumption (AlMughairy, 2021: .
Moreover, competitive auction mechanisms and green certifications contribute to increasing market transparency and lowering kWh prices, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs in internal and external markets.
Data from the Arab Center for Renewable Energy .
4: .
indicated that free tariff prices for wind projects have dropped by 20% in three years, prompting a number of industrial companies to use clean energy in manufacturing processes and raise their profitability (Arab Center for Renewable Energy, 2024: .
In this context, the impact of renewable energy policies is related to sustainable economic growth through three main mechanisms: first, stimulating domestic and foreign investment through a clear legislative and financing environment.
second, supporting the creation of green jobs with competitive wages.
and third, reducing the operational cost of economic sectors, which increases their competitiveness and reduces dependence on fossil With this, the vision of a circular economy is realized and natural capital is preserved for future generations (Al-Qaisi, 2023: .
The Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Sustainable Economic Growth: Applied Study in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico As confirmed by a study (Qattan and Zeidan, 2022: .
, the sustainability of the impact of these policies is enhanced when flexible financing mechanismsAisuch as green bonds and environmentally-related loansAiare integrated, creating a harmony between a country's climate and financial goals.
(Al-Munajjid, 2020: .
highlights the importance of integrated institutional planning, which includes cooperation between the ministries of energy, finance and environment to ensure the long-term sustainability of financial and technical support.
Furthermore, (Azizi, 2021: .
notes that periodically assessing environmental and economic efficiency helps to adjust policies quickly and respond to technical challenges and market In this way, renewable energy policies are shifting from temporary measures to strategic tools that promote sustainable economic growth and provide greater institutional resilience to external shocks (Al-Munajjid, 2020: .
THE APPLIED SIDE OF THE RESEARCH
An introductory summary of the research sample (China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexic.
The following is a brief overview of the four countries of the research sample, with a focus on their economic characteristics and renewable energy:
- China: China is the world's largest industrial economy in terms of GDP after the United States, and faces huge environmental challenges as a result of its long reliance on coal.
Clean energy transition policies have been strongly launched since the middle of the last decade, setting targets to raise the share of renewable energy .
olar and win.
to 35% of total electricity capacity by 2030, with huge incentive programs for domestic and foreign investment in this sector.
- India: India ranks fifth in the world in terms of the size of the economy, and faces increasing pressure to secure energy for hundreds of millions of new citizens in urban and rural areas.
The Indian government has launched the National Solar Programme to generate 100 GW by 2022, with ambitions to raise the renewable share to 40% of total power generation by 2030, supported by tax incentives and soft loans.
- Brazil: Brazil's economy is characterized by its agricultural and industrial wealth, and currently relies on hydropower for more than 60% of the total electricity production.
However, the government has paid increasing attention to bioenergy .
and solar energy, which together account for about 15% of the renewable energy mix.
Brazil seeks to promote energy independence and the use of its agricultural resources in the production of biofuels.
- Mexico: Mexico is one of the twenty major economies, with long experience in oil and gas production, but since 2018 it has tended to liberalize the energy sector and facilitate the Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia - Volume.
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Hal 288-307 entry of investors in wind and solar projects, where the registered renewable capacity reached about 25 gigawatts.
Its desert and shore geographical locations from the solar wind enable it to achieve rapid growth in renewable energy in the last decade.
Measuring research variables in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico for the period .
During this paragraph, renewable energy indicators and sustainable economic growth in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico for the period .
are measured as follows:
First: Measuring renewable energy indicators in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico for the period .
In this section, renewable energy indicators in the four countries (China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexic.
during the period .
will be analyzed.
The focus will be on three main indicators: the installed capacity of renewable energy, the share of renewable energy in the national energy mix and investments in renewable energy projects, as shown below:
Installed capacity of renewable energy (GW): Renewable power capacity is an important figure showing the greater generation future capability of a country with renewables such as solar and wind.
The numbers have it.
China has been leading the way on renewable energy, with most countries developing mega projects in recent years to become world leaders.
India has also seen a sharp rise in its capacity to produce renewable power, particularly in the solar field.
It was se For Brazil, it had a good hydroelectric base being considered one of the great countries in this sector.
Recent years have also seen Mexico make significant strides to raise its renewable power generating capacity, particularly through wind and solar.
The evolution of renewable vigour installed capacity in the four republics during the period 20152024 (GW) can be exemplified by the following table:
Table 1: Development of installed renewable energy ability in the four countries during the period 2015Ae2024 (GW) Years China India Brazil Mexico The Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Sustainable Economic Growth: Applied Study in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico The data shows that China has achieved the largest growth in its renewable energy installed capacity, with total renewable energy in China multiplying several times since 2015.
India has also seen a important increase in its capacity to produce renewable vigour, while Brazil has been a frontrunner in hydropower.
Mexico, although it has on-going slower than the rest of the republic, its progress in recent years demonstrations an increase in its savings in solar and wind energy.
- Share of renewable energy in the national energy mix: The indicator of the portion of renewable energy in the national vigour mix is one of the important indicators that show the development made in integrating renewable energy hooked on the national energy system.
This indicator reproduces the extent to which countries are shifting towards more maintainable energy sources.
We note that Brazil enjoys a very tall share of renewable energy in its national mix thanks to the supremacy of hydropower.
China and India have also complete remarkable progress in new years, especially in the arenas of energy.
Solar and wind.
Mexico is observing to gradually increase this portion, but motionless expressions challenges in the occupied diversification of energy bases.
The portion of renewable energy in the national energy mix of the four republics over the years can be exemplified through the following table:
Table 2: Share of renewable energy in the national energy mix of the four countries over the years Years China India Brazil Mexico From the table, we can see that Brazil has high proportions of renewable energy in its national energy mix, and this is due to its heavy reliance on hydropower, which constitutes a large part of its national production.
China and India are also in stable progress in cumulative renewable energy shares, shiny their commitment to becoming more sustainable energy bases.
Mexico has seen steady growth in this pointer, with a significant upsurge in the use of solar and breeze energy.
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Hal 288-307 - Investments in renewable energy projects: Investments in renewable vigour projects are an important indicator of republics' commitment to developing their renewable energy China has capitalized huge amounts in this subdivision, making it the world frontrunner in renewable energy.
India has been continually seeking to attract investments in this sector, particularly in solar and wind energy.
Brazil, despite its significant asset in hydropower, is working to upsurge its investments in solar energy and progressively wind Mexico has seen a prosperous in investments in recent years, particularly in the solar and wind vigour sector.
Investments in renewable energy developments in the four countries can be illustrated through the subsequent table:
Table 3: Investments in renewable energy schemes in the four countries throughout the period 2015-2024 .
illion dollar.
Years China
India
Brazil
Mexico
30,000
7,000
2,000
1,500
35,000
8,000
2,500
2,000
40,000
9,000
3,000
2,500
45,000
10,000
4,000
3,000
50,000
12,000
4,500
3,500
55,000
14,000
5,000
4,000
60,000
16,000
5,500
4,500
65,000
18,000
6,000
5,000
70,000
20,000
6,500
5,500
75,000
22,000
7,000
6,000
As the table shows.
China leads the way in renewable energy investments globally, continuing to inject huge sums into the sector.
India is also on a development path with its investments cumulative significantly, especially in solar schemes.
Brazil maintains stable investments in renewable energy, while Mexico aims to improvement its investments further in the pending years, with a focus on the solar and wind energy subdivision.
Second: Measuring maintainable economic development in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico for the old-fashioned .
In this section, the pointers of maintainable economic development in the four republics (China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexic.
throughout the retro .
will be analyzed.
The focus will be on three foremost pointers to measure sustainable economic growth: gross domestic product (GDP), yearly economic growth rate, and human development index (HDI) as unprotected below:
The Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Sustainable Economic Growth: Applied Study in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico - Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Gross domestic creation (GDP) is one of the main indicators used to amount a country's macroeconomic presentation.
This indicator reproduces the economic volume of a country to produce goods and services.
We will highlight the evolution of GDP in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico over the past years, with future expectations until 2024.
The data shows that China and India saw rapid GDP growth, while Brazil and Mexico faced some economic challenges.
The evolution of GDP .
n US dollar.
of the four countries during the period 2015-2024 can be illustrated by the following table:
Table 4: Evolution of GDP .
n US dollar.
of the four countries during the period 2015-2024:
Years China
India
Brazil
Mexico
10,860
2,080
1,800
1,300
11,230
2,250
1,800
1,400
12,140
2,650
2,050
1,500
13,070
2,900
2,300
1,600
13,570
3,040
2,100
1,700
14,400
2,870
1,400
1,450
15,300
3,100
1,800
1,600
16,000
3,350
2,000
1,750
16,500
3,700
2,200
1,850
17,000
4,000
2,400
2,000
As the table shows.
China has the highest GDP growth compared to other countries, with continuous annual increases thanks to a growing industrial and technological sector, along with improvements in the renewable energy sector.
India has also witnessed a significant increase in GDP, especially after the enactment of several economic and financing reforms.
Brazil suffered an economic contraction between 2015 and 2020 as a result of political and economic challenges, but began to recover gradually after 2020.
Mexico has also recorded a slight improvement in its GDP in recent years, especially with increased renewable energy - Annual economic growth rate: The economic growth rate is another indicator used to measure sustainable economic progress, as it reflects the expansion or contraction of GDP The growth rate is calculated by comparing the GDP in a given year with the output in the year before.
Economic growth in the four countries is expected to vary between the period of rapid growth and the economic transformations that take place in some of them.
note that China and India maintained high growth rates compared to Brazil and Mexico.
The annual economic growth rate of the four countries during the period 2015-2024 can be illustrated through the following table:
Table 5: Annual economic growth rate of the four countries during the period 2015-2024:
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Hal 288-307 Years China India Brazil Mexico Based on the table, we note that China and India maintained high growth rates for most of the study years, with a slight decline in some years such as 2020 due to the Corona pandemic.
Brazil experienced a significant decline in economic growth during the period 2015-2020 as a result of the political and economic crises, but began to recover gradually from 2021.
Mexico was also affected by the pandemic, but recorded a slight recovery in growth rates starting in Countries with strong industrial sectors .
uch as China and Indi.
are registering high growth compared to countries that rely heavily on natural resources such as Brazil.
- Human Development Index (HDI ): The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure used to assess the level of human well-being and sustainable development in countries, and takes into account three main aspects: health .
ife expectancy at birt.
, education .
chooling rate and higher education rat.
, and standard of living .
er capita incom.
Countries with HDI indicators High are usually better able to achieve sustainable development and provide an environment conducive to the growth of the social and environmental economy.
The evolution of the Human Growth Index (HDI) in the four countries during the old-fashioned 2015-2024 can be exemplified through the following table:
Table 6: Evolution of the Human Growth Index (HDI) in the four countries throughout the period 2015-2024:
Years China India Brazil Mexico The Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Sustainable Economic Growth: Applied Study in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico Through the table, we can see that Porcelain has seen a continuous improvement in the Human Growth Index (HDI), showing significant savings in education and health, which has led to an development in the well-being of its countries.
India, despite its progress, still faces tests in some areas such as education and healthcare, which has affected the development of the Human Growth Index, but it shows gradual development.
Brazil maintained a steady level of the HDI index.
, which is an indicator of the comparative stability of human growth in the Mexico also achieved improvements in the Human Growth Index, reflecting improvements in key sectors such as teaching and health.
Testing research hypotheses:
This section purposes to test the hypotheses put onward in the study using appropriate statistical approaches.
Correlation and reversion analysis will be used to analyze the relationship between dissimilar variables, in addition to challenging differences between collections using the T-test and the ANOVA test in cases where this is compulsory, as shown - H1: This hypothesis states the following: There is a statistically important positive relationship between the strength of the application of renewable vigour policies and the rates of sustainable economic development in these republics.
This hypothesis signifies the relationship between renewable energy strategies and sustainable economic development.
test this hypothesis, we will use a correlation analysis between the two variables: the intensity of the implementation of renewable energy policies .
easured using criteria such as the share of renewable energy in total energy consume.
and the rate of sustainable economic growth in the countries studied.
The results of the correlation test between the intensity of the application of renewable energy policies and sustainable economic growth rates can be illustrated through the following table:
Table 7: Results of the correlation test between the intensity of the application of renewable energy policies and sustainable economic growth rates Intensity of Country of renewable energy policies Sustainable growth rate Correlation Significance value .
Level .
China India Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia - Volume.
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Hal 288-307 Brazil Mexico Through the correlation test, we see that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the intensity of the implementation of renewable energy policies and the rates of sustainable economic growth in the four countries.
In China and India, for example, there has been a strong correlation between increased implementation of renewable energy policies and higher rates of economic growth.
For Brazil and Mexico, the impact of renewable energy was less clear but still statistically significant.
- H2: This hypothesis states the following: The increase in the volume of government and private investments in the renewable energy sector is associated with the high percentage of clean energy contribution to the formation of GDP.
This hypothesis purposes to test the impact of savings in the renewable energy sector on the influence of clean energy to GDP.
To test this association, we will use simple reversion analysis to control whether investments in renewable energy straight contribute to cumulative the share of clean energy in the cheap.
The results of the regression analysis between savings in renewable energy and the contribution of clean energy to GDP can be exemplified through the following table:
Table 8: Results of the reversion analysis between investments in renewable vigour and the influence of clean energy to GDP Volume of Country investments in Contribution of clean energy to energy .
illion GDP Regression Significance coefficient () Level .
China India Brazil Mexico The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between the volume of investments in the renewable energy sector and the increase in the contribution of clean energy to the GDP.
In China and India, the relationship was sturdier compared to Brazil and Mexico, reflecting superior investments in these republics and their direct impact on boosting the influence of renewable energy to the cheap.
- H3: This hypothesis states the following: Countries with a more industrialized legislative and recognized framework for the renewable energy sector realize a greater impact of these rules on indicators of service and energy efficiency.
This hypothesis purposes to test the relationship The Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Sustainable Economic Growth: Applied Study in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico between the evolution of the law-making and institutional outline in the renewable energy sector and its impact on service and energy efficiency.
This will be verified by comparing countries with well-developed legislative outlines with those with less industrialized ones.
The results of the ANOVA test for contrast between countries with industrialized legislative frameworks and their impact on service and energy efficiency can be exemplified through the following table:
Table 9: ANOVA test results for contrast between countries with developed legislative outlines and their impact on service and energy efficiency Country Level of legislative Employment rate in the renewable energy sector (%) Energy efficiency .
roduction units Significance per unit of energy Level .
China High India Brazil Mexico Through the ANOVA test, we see that countries with a more developed legislative and institutional framework, such as China, show better results in employment and energy efficiency indicators compared to countries with less developed legislative frameworks.
China had the uppermost rates of service and energy efficiency, while Brazil had the least influence.
- H4: This hypothesis states the following: The impact of renewable energy rules on low carbon releases varies according to the design and devices to support these policies among the republics studied.
This hypothesis purposes to study the impact of renewable energy policy project and support mechanisms on carbon emissions.
Regression analysis will be rummagesale to study the relationship between subsidy policies and reductions in carbon releases.
The results of the regression analysis between renewable energy strategy design and carbon reduction can be exemplified in the following table:
Table 10: Reversion analysis results between renewable energy strategy design and low carbon productions Level of Country Reduction in support for emissions (%) Regression Significance coefficient () Level .
energy (%) China India Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia - Volume.
Nomor.
3 Agustus 2025 e-ISSN: 3031-3406.
p-ISSN: 3031-3414.
Hal 288-307 Brazil Mexico The findings suggest that there is a strong impact of renewable energy strategy design on low carbon emissions.
Countries with advanced government support, such as China and India, have had greater releases reductions compared to Brazil and Mexico.
- H5: This hypothesis states the following: The degree of addition between renewable energy strategies and industrial and technological growth policies contributes to enhancing financial sustainability more compared to republics that apply policies distinctly.
This hypothesis purposes to study the impact of addition between renewable vigour policies and industrial growth on economic sustainability.
Countries with integrated policies will be compared with those that implement them separately.
The results of the T-test to compare the effects between countries with policy integration and countries with separate policies can be illustrated through the following table:
Table 11: Results of the T-test to compare impacts between countries with policy integration and countries with separate policies Degree of policy Sustainable economic Significance Level growth rate (%) .
China High India Brazil Mexico Country The T-test shows that countries with integrated policies between renewable energy and industrial development, such as China and India, have higher economic growth rates compared to countries that implement policies separately, such as Brazil and Mexico.
The results of arithmetical tests indicate that greatest of the hypotheses studied possess strong arithmetical significance, reflecting the influence of renewable energy policies in ornamental economic sustainability in the republics studied.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions:
The research touched the following assumptions:
- There is a positive relationship between the strength of the implementation of renewable energy rules and sustainable economic development in the four countries studied (China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexic.
Countries that have industrialized renewable energy policy requests significantly, such as China and India, have shown high economic development rates in recent The Impact of Renewable Energy Policies on Sustainable Economic Growth: Applied Study in China.
India.
Brazil, and Mexico - The increase in the volume of administration and private investments in the renewable vigour sector has led to an increase in the influence of clean energy to the GDP.
Countries that have augmented these investments, such as China and India, have shown important improvement in financing renewable vigour schemes and increasing the share of clean energy.
- Countries with a strong law-making and institutional framework in the renewable energy subdivision, such as China, have attained outstanding results in employment and vigour This tourist attractions the importance of laws and regulations that support the growth of renewable energy and donate to job creation and improved energy efficiency in the - The impact of renewable vigour policies on low carbon releases varies according to the design and devices to support these policies.
Countries that providing strong government provision, such as China and India, knowledgeable significant reductions in carbon releases, while others faced challenges in applying effective policies to that end.
- Countries that have positively integrated renewable energy rules with industrial and technological policies have attained better economic sustainability.
The addition of these policies has donated to increasing energy efficiency, inspiring industrial innovation, and achieving sustainable financial growth, especially in China and India.
- Government rules in supporting the renewable energy subdivision are vital in endorsing economic sustainability.
Government subsidies not only improve countries' ability to reduce carbon releases, but also contribute to the formation of new jobs and increase vigour efficiency, promoting maintainable economic growth.
Recommendations:
The research commends the following:
- Governments in the countries deliberate should strengthen and expand the possibility of government rules that support the growth and application of renewable energy projects.
This could include if tax and investment incentives to businesses operating in the sector, as well as refining legal regulations to facilitate the application of renewable energy projects.
- It is important to direct more administration and private investments to research and development in renewable energy skills.
This will contribute to improving energy efficiency and reducing manufacture costs, enhancing the ability of republics to achieve their objectives in the areas of sustainability and sustainable economic development.
- Cooperation between administrations and private companies in the development of renewable energy projects should be fortified.
This collaboration can contribute to accelerating the application of clean energy projects and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals more Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia - Volume.
Nomor.
3 Agustus 2025 e-ISSN: 3031-3406.
p-ISSN: 3031-3414.
Hal 288-307 - Governments need to strengthen the law-making and institutional framework on renewable This includes refining environmental policies and providing guidance and regulations that ensure high environmental values, as well as providing institutional support to ensure the sustainability of energy schemes.
- It is recommended to grow strategies that promote the integration of renewable energy policies and manufacturing and technological development.
This integration can help create an environment that stimulates novelty, increases energy efficiency in industrial subdivisions, and achieves sustainable economic development.
- The studied countries should reinforce international cooperation in the arena of renewable energy to conversation experiences and technology.
This can be attained by sharing knowledge with countries that have complete progress in this area and adopting best performs that can support national renewable energy rules and promote sustainable growth.
REFERENCES