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Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology 10(3) (2025) 427-438

Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology
Journal homepage: http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/ijost/

Modernization of Submersible Pump Designs for
Sustainable Irrigation: A Bibliometric and Experimental
Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Oleg Glovatskii1, Berdiyor Kalimbetov2, Rustam Ergashev3*, Boybek Kholbutaev4, Mexriddim Pardaev1,
Gulchexra Ergasheva3, Naira Nasirova1, Dustnazar Omonovich Khimmataliev5
1

Research Institute of Irrigation and Water Problems, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
2
Mukhtar Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Kazakhstan
3
Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research University,
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
4
Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute, Jizzakh, Uzbekistan
5
Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Chirchik, Uzbekistan
*Correspondence: E-mail: erustamrah@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
Modernization of submersible pump design is essential to
improve the sustainability and operational reliability of
irrigation systems. This study combines bibliometric analysis
and experimental evaluation to address performance
degradation due to cavitation, sedimentation, and mechanical
wear. Bibliometric results demonstrate growing global interest
in energy-efficient and reliable irrigation technologies.
Laboratory tests evaluated pump efficiency, hydraulic
performance, and component wear. Physical inspections
showed impeller erosion and casing degradation significantly
reduced hydraulic stability, as sediment-laden flow and
cavitation accelerated material loss. To predict pump life, a
vibration-based reliability model was developed for early
detection of deterioration and condition-based maintenance.
This design innovation enhances irrigation efficiency and
energy use while extending pump life by reducing wear and
instability. The integrated approach offers a practical
framework for sustaining irrigation infrastructure amid rising
agricultural and environmental demands. The results
contribute to several Sustainable Development Goals,
especially in water resource management, clean energy, food
security, and climate resilience.
© 2025 Tim Pengembang Jurnal UPI

ARTICLE INFO
Article History:
Submitted/Received 20 Mar 2025
First Revised 23 Apr 2025
Accepted 08 Jun 2025
First Available Online 09 Jun 2025
Publication Date 01 Dec 2025

____________________
Keyword:
Bibliometric analysis,
Cavitation wear,
Irrigation systems,
Submersible pumps,
Sustainable Development Goals,
Vibration-based reliability.

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1. INTRODUCTION
Efficient water resource management is a critical component for enhancing global
agricultural productivity and ensuring food security, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.
In the development strategies of Central Asian countries, improving the operation of water
management facilities, enhancing the efficiency of irrigation projects, and strengthening
scientific research in this field remain primary priorities [1, 2]. The operation of mechanical
water-lifting systems presents multiple challenges, including rapid equipment wear,
shortened service life, and excessive energy consumption, which are primarily caused by
waterjet-induced impeller wear, declining pressure characteristics, and deteriorating system
conditions.
Submersible pumps play a central role in sustaining irrigation systems; however, their
operational reliability is frequently compromised by cavitation damage and sediment
accumulation, thereby limiting continuous operation duration. The growing significance of
submersible pump reliability has attracted extensive research interest focused on enhancing
pump performance and extending service life [3, 4].
Vertical drainage systems have demonstrated the ability to stabilize water-salt regimes on
irrigated lands while conserving irrigation water by regulating its use [5]. Vertical drainage
offers superior land use efficiency compared to horizontal systems, contributing significantly
to water-saving initiatives. Moreover, these systems support broader objectives of
sustainable agricultural practices, which are essential for countries facing increasing water
scarcity.
In recent years, bibliometric analyses have highlighted a growing global research interest
in modernizing irrigation pumping systems, emphasizing the importance of integrated
approaches that combine technological innovation and sustainability principles [6, 7].
However, studies that directly integrate bibliometric findings with experimental validation in
the context of submersible pump modernization remain scarce.
This study introduces a novel integration of bibliometric analysis and experimental
validation to optimize submersible pump designs for sustainable irrigation. Bibliometric is
effective for understanding current research as reported elsewhere [6, 7].
The research provides new insights into vibration-based reliability assessment, sediment
management, and cavitation mitigation, as these improvements minimize operational
failures, extend equipment lifespan, and enhance resource efficiency. Furthermore, the study
explicitly aligns its contributions with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), particularly SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), and SDG 7
(Affordable and Clean Energy). Detailed information regarding SDGs is reported elsewhere [810]. The outcomes aim to support sustainable agricultural water management, particularly in
regions confronting environmental and resource challenges.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Submersible Pumps in Irrigation Systems
The effective operation of irrigation systems largely depends on the performance of
submersible pumps, which are widely employed to lift groundwater in both vertical and
horizontal drainage systems. These pumps are vital for maintaining water-salt regimes and
supporting agricultural productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions [1, 2]. Vertical
drainage systems, in particular, have demonstrated superior efficiency compared to
horizontal drainage because they offer better water regulation and higher land-use efficiency
[5].
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2.2. Efficiency, Wear, and Reliability Factors
Submersible pump performance is often limited by mechanical wear, hydraulic losses,
cavitation, and sediment accumulation. Among these, impeller waterjet wear has been
identified as one of the most significant contributors to performance degradation. Other
components, such as spiral branches, gate valves, support units, and bearings, are also prone
to operational wear, leading to frequent system failures if not addressed properly [3, 4].
Cavitation is particularly destructive because it causes structural degradation in the
impeller chamber, substantially reducing the pump's operational life. Wear indicators such as
vibration levels, sedimentation rates, and pressure fluctuations have become essential
parameters for assessing pump reliability [11, 12]. Predictive maintenance using vibration
monitoring has shown promise in improving pump longevity and preventing unplanned
outages [13].
2.3. Current Challenges in Sustainable Irrigation
Sustainable irrigation requires not only reliable pump operation but also energy efficiency
and effective water conservation. Failures in pump systems contribute directly to unnecessary
energy consumption and water loss, negatively affecting both economic viability and
environmental sustainability [9]. The increasing global demand for sustainable solutions has
driven research efforts toward innovative design improvements and advanced monitoring
systems [14, 15].
Detailed technical principles related to pump design and testing procedures are discussed
comprehensively by Chebaevsky & Vishnevsky in their book published in 2000 regarding
“Design of pumping stations and testing of pumping units”. However, despite the rising
volume of research, bibliometric analyses reveal that experimental studies combining
technical innovation, failure analysis, and sustainability perspectives are still limited. This
research gap underscores the need for studies that systematically integrate bibliometric
insights with experimental validation to inform the modernization of submersible pump
systems.
3. METHODS
This study employed a combination of bibliometric analysis, theoretical modeling, expert
evaluation, and experimental testing to assess and improve the technical condition of
submersible pump systems used in irrigation. The bibliometric analysis was conducted to
identify current global research trends and gaps related to pump modernization and
sustainable irrigation technologies. Detailed procedures for conducting bibliometric analysis
are explained elsewhere [16-18].
The technical analysis involved the generalization and evaluation of operational data from
irrigation systems, including both classical and modern design methods. Indicators related to
the technical condition of pumping systems, such as hydraulic efficiency, operational
reliability, and component wear, were determined based on standardized evaluation criteria
[9].
To evaluate system performance, efficiency measurements were conducted for both lined
and unlined irrigation canals. The technical condition of key hydraulic structures was assessed
based on normative values of hydraulic efficiency (ηs), system reliability (Rts), and wear
indicators (Iws), following established methodologies [11].
Experimental tests were performed using submersible pumps installed on dedicated test
benches. The measurement system included specialized instruments capable of capturing
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flow rate, head, rotational speed, efficiency, power consumption, and vibration levels under
controlled laboratory conditions. These tests allowed verification of pump performance
under varying operational scenarios, including conditions approaching cavitation wear [13].
In addition, the experimental design incorporated vibration monitoring to assess earlystage failures, mechanical imbalance, and hydrodynamic instabilities. The evaluation of
vibration parameters across multiple frequency ranges provided detailed insights into the
operational condition and remaining service life of the submersible pump units [12].
All measurements were performed using standardized instruments with traceable
calibration to ensure accuracy and reproducibility of results under both laboratory and
simulated field conditions.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends
To understand the current global research landscape on submersible pumps for irrigation
systems, a bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database. The search utilized
the query TITLE-ABS-KEY ("pump" AND "irrigation") and retrieved a total of 4,887 documents
published between 1935 and 2024.
As shown in Figure 1, there has been a significant increase in research output over the past
decade. In 2016, the number of publications was relatively modest at 174, but steadily
increased to 186 in 2017 and reached 377 publications by 2024. This clear upward trajectory
highlights the growing global research focus on pump design, irrigation efficiency, and
sustainable water resource management.
The increasing number of publications reflects heightened international attention toward
developing efficient pumping technologies to address challenges related to water scarcity,
energy consumption, and climate change because these issues are becoming increasingly
critical in global agricultural sustainability agendas [16-18].
The dominant themes identified in this bibliometric analysis include cavitation mitigation,
energy-efficient irrigation, vibration-based monitoring, and predictive maintenance models—
topics that directly align with the objectives and contributions of this study.
The results of this bibliometric review further validate the novelty of the present research
because integrated studies combining experimental validation with bibliometric insights
remain limited. Therefore, this work contributes to addressing an important research gap at
the intersection of engineering innovation and sustainable development.

Figure 1. Bibliometric trend of global publications on pump and irrigation (1935–2024),
based on Scopus database analysis.
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4.2 Experimental Results and Degradation Analysis
Experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the operational performance,
degradation behavior, and failure mechanisms of submersible pumps used in irrigation
systems. The experimental setup is illustrated schematically in Figure 2, which details the test
configuration, including the swimming pool (1), test unit (2), connecting pipe (3), pressure
pipeline (4), valve (5), discharge pipe (6), K 505 set (7), pressure gauge (8), and thermometer
(9). The physical installation of the test bench system is shown in Figure 3, confirming the
controlled laboratory conditions under which all tests were performed.
To ensure that the experimental investigation accurately reflected the range of operating
conditions encountered in practical irrigation systems, multiple submersible pump
configurations were selected for testing. The ECW pump series includes variations in both
flow capacity and head rating, allowing for performance assessment across different
hydraulic scenarios. Lower head and higher flow models, such as ECW 12-255-30МКt,
represent typical applications for high-volume, shallow-well irrigation, while higher head and
lower flow models, such as ECW 10-63-150МКt, simulate conditions where water must be
lifted from deeper sources. This variation provides a comprehensive evaluation of pump
performance under diverse operational demands, supporting broader applicability of the
research findings to real-world irrigation systems.
Performance parameters such as flow rate, total head, rotational speed, unit efficiency,
and power consumption were measured for different ECW pump models. The collected data
are summarized in Table 1, presenting operational variations across multiple test
configurations. The measured efficiency ranged between 30% and 61%, depending on pump
condition, impeller geometry, hydraulic load, and degradation severity. The highest efficiency
was observed in pumps with minimal wear, while lower efficiencies were recorded for pumps
experiencing significant cavitation and mechanical wear.

Figure 2. Schematic of test bench system. Note: 1 is the swimming pool; 2 is the unit under
test; 3 is the connecting pipe; 4 is the pressure pipeline; 5 is the valve; 6 is the discharge
pipe; 7 is the set K 505; 8 is the pressure gauge; 9 is the thermometer.
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Figure 3. Actual photo of test bench system.
Table 1. Experimental Test Results of Submersible Pumps.
Unit Type
ECW 10-63110МКt
ECW 10-63150МКt
ECW 10-12040МКt
ECW 10-16035МКt
ECW 12-25530МКt

Flow Rate
(m³/h)
63.0

Head
(m)
110.0

Rotational Speed
(min-¹)
2900

Efficiency
(%)
60

Power
(kW)
27.0

63.0

150.0

2900

61

45.0

120.0

30.0

2900

52

22.0

160.0

35.0

2900

35

22.0

255.0

30.0

2900

30

27.0

Note: unit pump ECW series with detailed types:
(i) ECW 10-63-110МКt = diameter 10, flow rate 63 m³/h, head 110 m
(ii) ECW 10-63-150МКt = Diameter 10, flow rate 63 m³/h, head 150 m
(iii) ECW 10-120-40МКt = Diameter 10, flow rate 120 m³/h, head 40 m
(iv) ECW 10-160-35МКt = Diameter 10, flow rate 160 m³/h, head 35 m
(v) ECW 12-255-30МКt = Diameter 12, flow rate 255 m³/h, head 30 m

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After testing, the pumps were disassembled for physical inspection to assess degradation
levels. Figure 4 shows the external condition of the pump unit, where extensive casing wear,
corrosion, and shaft degradation are evident after prolonged exposure to sediment-laden
water. These structural degradations reduce hydraulic stability and overall system reliability.
Internally, severe impeller wear was observed, as depicted in Figure 5, which displays
cavitation-induced pitting, edge erosion, and blade thinning resulting from continuous highvelocity water flow containing abrasive particles. The combined effects of cavitation and
sediment erosion alter the impeller geometry and significantly reduce hydraulic efficiency.
Quantitative assessment of system degradation was performed using wear indicators
(Iws). Based on established technical standards [11], wear below 5% indicates normal
condition, while values between 15 and 20% reflect satisfactory but degrading conditions.
Severe wear above 25% signifies advanced deterioration, requiring immediate maintenance
or component replacement to prevent catastrophic failure.
The degradation process directly affects system capacity because wear reduces hydraulic
performance and accelerates failure rates. The relationship between system capacity (Q),
design capacity (Qd), and reliability under degraded conditions can be expressed as equation
(1):
𝑄
𝑄𝑑

≤1

(1)

In parallel, the frequency of failure related to siltation can be modeled as equation (2):
𝑊(𝑡)

𝜔(𝑡) = [𝑉]

(2)

where ω(t) represents the failure flow parameter, W(t) is the accumulated sediment
volume at time t, and [V] is the permissible sedimentation volume.

Figure 4. Experimental testing of ECW submersible pumps on dedicated test benches during
performance evaluation: Internal view of impeller.
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Figure 5. Experimental testing of ECW submersible pumps on dedicated test benches during
performance evaluation: External view of pump.
The combined findings demonstrate that both hydraulic efficiency losses and sedimentinduced wear strongly influence system degradation because they simultaneously reduce
performance and shorten service life. Therefore, continuous monitoring and modernization
strategies focusing on sediment management, impeller design optimization, and cavitation
control are essential for sustaining long-term pump reliability in irrigation systems.
4.3. Reliability Modeling and Vibration-Based Lifetime Prediction
In addition to performance testing and physical degradation analysis, this study
incorporated reliability modeling to predict the remaining service life of submersible pumps
based on vibration monitoring data. Operational experience has shown that as wear
progresses, vibration levels increase due to imbalances, shaft misalignment, bearing
deterioration, and hydrodynamic instabilities [13].
Vibration measurements were taken across multiple frequency bands to capture
mechanical and hydraulic abnormalities during pump operation. Increased impeller blade
angle was found to elevate vibration amplitudes by approximately 10 dB in the first frequency
range, 8 dB in the second, and 6 dB in the third range. Radial and vertical vibrations were
strongly influenced by shaft-line misalignment, while hydrodynamic imbalance elevated
tangential vibrations. Bearing wear contributed primarily to radial vibration growth [11, 12].
Because vibration amplitude directly reflects the internal condition of the pump, a
predictive model was established to estimate the remaining operational life based on
observed vibration growth. The model is mathematically expressed as equation (3):
1

1

𝑊 𝛽
𝑇 = 𝐾𝑓 (𝐵0)

(3)

where T is the remaining service life of the pump, Kf is the detection frequency coefficient
of increased vibration (typically 0.80 - 0.95), β is the exponent representing the rate of
vibration growth over time, B0 is the initial vibration level, and W is the overall vibration level
at the time of observation.
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This model allows for real-time calculation of remaining service life, enabling operators to
schedule predictive maintenance interventions before severe failures occur. Because the
model integrates real-time vibration data, it offers a more accurate and dynamic estimation
of system reliability compared to conventional time-based maintenance schedules.
The application of vibration-based lifetime prediction provides a significant advancement
in condition-based maintenance strategies for irrigation pumping systems. Early detection of
abnormal vibration patterns allows corrective actions to be implemented before catastrophic
breakdowns, reducing downtime, minimizing repair costs, and extending pump lifespan.
Ultimately, this approach supports both operational efficiency and long-term sustainability of
irrigation infrastructures.
4.4. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The findings of this study directly support multiple United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) by improving the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of
irrigation pumping systems. The proposed modernization of submersible pump designs
contributes to SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) because it enhances water-use efficiency
by minimizing hydraulic losses, preventing unnecessary leakage, and optimizing water
distribution across irrigated farmlands. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that
system efficiency deteriorates due to cavitation, sediment-induced wear, and mechanical
degradation. Addressing these failure mechanisms through design improvements and
predictive maintenance extends pump service life and operational stability. Consequently,
energy consumption is significantly reduced because pumps operate closer to their design
efficiency throughout their service period, directly supporting SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean
Energy). By improving water availability and irrigation performance, the proposed
innovations also contribute to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), especially in regions experiencing water
scarcity and increased agricultural demand. The bibliometric analysis further highlights
growing global research efforts targeting technological innovation in irrigation infrastructure,
aligning with SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) [16-18]. Moreover, by reducing
resource waste, lowering energy demand, and enhancing operational reliability under
variable environmental conditions, the proposed system advances SDG 13 (Climate Action).
These combined improvements provide a practical framework for enhancing irrigation system
sustainability and resilience under increasing pressures of climate variability and global food
security demands. Finally, this study extends the SDG discussion following previous
investigations related to educational, environmental, and technological SDG topics reported
elsewhere [19-25].
5. CONCLUSION
This study successfully modernized submersible pump designs by integrating bibliometric
analysis with experimental validation. The investigation addressed key degradation
mechanisms such as cavitation wear, sediment-induced erosion, and mechanical instability.
Vibration-based reliability modeling enabled accurate lifetime prediction and supported
condition-based maintenance. These innovations improve irrigation efficiency, reduce energy
consumption, and enhance long-term system sustainability because they directly mitigate
failure progression. Overall, the outcomes contribute significantly to global efforts in
achieving multiple SDGs related to water, energy, agriculture, and climate resilience.

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6. AUTHORS’ NOTE
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this
article. The authors confirmed that the paper was free of plagiarism.
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