AMPLITUDO 4.
AMPLITUDO: Journal of Science & Technology Innovation https://journals.
Concurrent Outbreak of Peste Des Petits Ruminants and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Goats In Jarar and Doollo Zones.
Somali Region.
Ethiopia: a Case Report Ahmed Abdi Mohomed1*.
Yahia Y.
Hassan2.
Ahmed Ali Muhumed1.
Ahmed Mahamed Abdiwahab3.
Abdikarin Ali Rafle3 Kabridahar Regional Veterinary Laboratory Center.
Kabridahar.
Somali.
Ethiopia.
Jigjiga University.
College of Veterinary.
Somali.
Ethiopia.
3 Jigjiga Regional Veterinary Laboratory Center.
Somali.
Ethiopia.
Received: February 28, 2025 Revised: June 29, 2025 Accepted: August 28, 2025 Published: August 31, 2025 Corresponding Author:
Ahmed Abdi mohomed dastuur1@gmail.
DOI: 10.
56566/amplitudo.
A 2025 The Authors.
This open access article is distributed under a (CC-BY Licens.
Abstract: The Somali region of Ethiopia, predominantly inhabited by pastoralists, faces serious threats to food security and economy from livestock diseases.
Among these diseases.
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) are of major concern, especially in small ruminants such as goats, with high morbidity and mortality rates.
To evaluate the impact of treatment interventions .
dministration of 20% oxytetracycline and Penistrip.
and mass vaccination campaigns on the morbidity and mortality rates caused by PPR and CCPP outbreaks.
The research method will focus on the epidemiological analysis of concurrent PPR and CCPP outbreaks in Jarar and Doollo Zones.
Somali Region.
Ethiopia in February 2025, by reviewing laboratory confirmation data and responses to interventions.
The study will also evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment and mass vaccination campaigns in controlling the spread of diseases in small ruminants in the region.
The research results showed that the detection of PPR Ag in the nasal discharge of infected caprine provided strong evidence of active PPR infection, also the detection of CCPP antibodies in the serum of infected caprine showed clearly active for CCPP infection.
The research conclusion is that successfully control the spread of PPR, immediate intervention measures are mandatory, such as vaccinations campaigns, isolation of sick and healthy animals and treatment of infected animals are imperative.
Keywords: Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia.
Goats.
Peste des Petits Ruminants.
Somali Region.
Vaccination Introduction Ethiopia possesses one of the largest goat populations in the continent that serves multiple functions to communities that herd them.
The total goat population in Ethiopia is estimated at 52.
5 million and in Somali Regional State of Ethiopia is well known for its large number of small ruminants, about 16.
4 million goats (Bekele Atoma et al.
, 2024.
Jemberu et al.
, 2.
pastoral and agro-pastoral areas like Jarar and Doollo zones, goats are important components of the production system which benefits smallholder farmers in generating cash income as well as milk (Andre Mataveia et al.
, 2023.
Meza-Herrera et al.
, 2.
Despite their potential in the area, the productivity of goat remains quite low (Nyakwawa et al.
, 2022.
Sujarwanta et , 2024.
Tajonar et al.
, 2.
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is an acute, extremely contagious and economically important TranAos boundary viral disease of small ruminants which is categorized by OIE as a notifiable disease (Abubakar et al.
, 2015.
Mdetele et al.
Zahur et al.
, 2.
The disease is characterized clinically by severe pyrexia, oculonasal discharge, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, enteritis and ___________ How to Cite:
Mohomed.
Hassan.
Muhumed.
Abdiwahab.
, & Rafle.
Concurrent Outbreak of Peste Des Petits Ruminants and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Goats In Jarar and Doollo Zones.
Somali Region.
Ethiopia: A Case Report.
AMPLITUDO : Journal of Science and Technology Innovation, 4.
, 150Ae156.
https://doi.
org/10.
56566/amplitudo.
AMPLITUDO: Journal of Science & Technology Innovation pneumonia (OAoToole & Li, 2.
It is caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV).
The virus belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and the Morbillivirus genus (Kumar et al.
, 2025.
Vanmechelen et al.
, 2020.
Wells et al.
, which contains Rinderpest Virus (RPV).
Canine Distemper Virus (CD), and Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV), which plague cattle, dogs, and seals, respectively (Ohishi et al.
, 2012.
Uhl et al.
, 2.
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is one of the highly infectious and serious respiratory diseases of goats clinically characterized by coughing (Rahman et al.
, 2.
, respiratory distress, and very high morbidity and mortality rates , the disease is caused by the smallest fastidious bacteria, member of the Mycoplasma genus- usually Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mcc.
grouped as one of the members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster .
In Somali Region of Ethiopia, known for its large pastoralist community, faces ongoing challenges with livestock diseases that threaten food security and economic stability.
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) are among the most common diseases affecting small ruminants, such as goats and sheep (Ma et al.
, 2020.
Molla et al.
, 2023.
Selim et al.
These diseases are characterized by high morbidity and mortality, especially in young and unvaccinated In February, 2025, an outbreak of both PPR and CCPP occurred simultaneously in the Jarar and Doollo Zones, prompting an urgent response from local veterinary services.
Method August 2025.
Volume 4.
Issue 2, 150-156 Development Bureau.
The outbreak was reported by the farmers and pastoralists, prompting a response from the veterinary team.
Identification of Affected Areas Affected zones, including the Jarar and Doollo Zones, were mapped based on reports from local farmers and field observations.
Figure 1.
Map of the study areas.
Animal Surveys Affected households in the zones were surveyed to determine the extent of the disease and identify the clinical signs of infection.
Information was gathered through interviews with farmers, who provided details on the symptoms observed and the affected animals.
Clinical Observation Clinical examination was carried out on the animalsAo showing signs of disease.
This included physical examination, observation of symptoms, and recording of details such as:
The methodology for investigating and managing the concurrent outbreak of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in goats at Ararso and Dig Districts of Jarar Zone and Warder.
Bokh and Galadi Districts of Dollo Zone in the Somali Regional of Ethiopia, involved several stages, including outbreak investigation, clinical observation, laboratory diagnostics, treatment, and control measures.
Hence, the below describes the appropriate steps followed during the investigation and management of the outbreak at study areas accordingly.
Outbreak Investigation The first step involved identifying and investigating the outbreak in the affected zones.
The investigation was conducted by a collective team composed of veterinary laboratory officers from both Jigjiga and Kabridahar Regional veterinary laboratories in collaboration with the Somali Regional State Pastoral Figure 2.
Two PPR Infected goats severely depressed goats, sleepy and discharges from noise and mouth.
B and C:
infected goat with mouth lesions, completely obstruct, and thick cheesy from mouth.
D: PPR Infected goat with severe profuse watery diarrhea AMPLITUDO: Journal of Science & Technology Innovation Clinical Signs of PPR High fever, nasal discharge .
erous to mucopurulen.
, oral ulcers and lesions .
specially in the mouth and around the eye.
, diarrhea, and respiratory distress .
oughing, labored breathin.
Clinical Signs of CCPP Respiratory signs such as coughing, nasal discharge, and labored breathing, pleural exudates, dehydration due to fever and respiratory difficulty, sudden deaths, particularly in young goats and rapid spread of the disease among affected herds.
August 2025.
Volume 4.
Issue 2, 150-156 virus was performed to detect antigen in the nasal discharges of infected caprine to detect active PPR While, the collected serum samples from infected animals were transported to Jigjiga Regional Veterinary laboratory for further investigations In addition, serological test of Enzymelinked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was performed to detect antibodies in the serum of infected caprine against CCPP.
Result and Discussion Laboratory Results To confirm the diagnosis of PPR and CCPP, samples were collected from the affected animals for laboratory testing.
Thus, the laboratory confirmed the presence of both PPR and CCPP in the affected goats, with 9 infected caprine testing positives for PPR and other 10 infected caprine showed positive test for CCPP As shown below .
describes the number of infected goats with its respective disease in terms of district level accordingly.
Figure 3.
A: Expert collecting blood from CCPP suspected B: Infected goat with severe depressed and dyspnea.
and D: Showed postmortem findings of lung abscess and pleural fibrosis of infected goat Figure 4.
A & B: Shows positive tests of PPR infected goats from targeted areas.
C and D: displays vaccination interventions made against PPR and CCPP from goats at targeted areas Sample Collection Diagnostic Techniques Nasal swabs were collected from suspected animals to detect antigen (A.
against PPR virus, while blood samples (Seru.
were collected to perform serological testing for CCPP identification.
A total of 160 infected goats were sampled for both nasal discharges and blood serum from study areas.
Then after.
Penside test for PPR Mortality and Morbidity A significant number of goats in both the Jarar and Doollo Zones exhibited high mortality and morbidity due to the concurrent outbreak of PPR and CCPP.
Initial estimates suggest that over 25% of the affected goats died during the first week of the outbreak (Van Den Bergh et al.
, 2019.
Zamuner et al.
, 2.
Impact on Local Communities The outbreak caused a considerable loss in livestock, which is the primary livelihood for pastoralists in these affected zones of Somali region.
Ethiopia (Abebe et al.
, 2024.
Lelamo et al.
, 2022.
(Zecca & Saima, 2.
Additionally, the economic impact on farmers, who rely on goats for milk, meat, and income, was substantial (Maria et al.
, 2022.
Morales-Jerrett et al.
Disease Outbreak Treatment and Control Measures The affected animals were administered with antibiotics such as oxytetracycline 20% and Penistripe to limit secondary infections and supportive care to alleviate symptoms.
Similarly, mass vaccination campaigns for both PPR and CCPP were initiated in the affected zones to prevent further spread.
However, the vaccine for CCPP is less widely available, and the campaign relied on available stock from government sources (Grzywacz et al.
, 2014.
Lalah et al.
, 2022.
Patel et al.
, 2.
In addition, local farmers and pastoralists were actively involved in the management and control of the outbreak through education campaigns and awareness programs (Debrah et al.
, 2021.
Mat Zain et al.
Tiwari et al.
, 2.
, while, veterinarians advised AMPLITUDO: Journal of Science & Technology Innovation August 2025.
Volume 4.
Issue 2, 150-156 pastoralists on importance of animal movement restrictions to limit the transportation of potentially infected animals.
Table 1.
Laboratory Results Zone Districts Species Sampled animals Jarar Ararso Dig Warder Bokh Galadi .
Caprine Caprine Caprine Caprine Caprine .
Dollo
Total
Total
Laboratory results ( /-) PPR
CCPP
Discussion PPR is a highly contagious and deadly viral disease in goats.
The disease is usually seen in adults .
to 5 year.
which is similar to our case report (Alhaji Bukar & Musa Mabu, 2.
Similarly, a study concluded that the clinical manifestation such as high fever, oculonasal discharges, pneumonia, stomatitis, and inflammation of gastrointestinal tract leading to severe diarrhoea followed by death or recovery (Huang et al.
, 2.
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a severe disease of goats with high morbidity and mortality and occurs in many countries in Africa and Asia (Parray et al.
, 2019.
Prats-van Der Ham et al.
, 2.
In Ethiopia, the circulation of CCPP has been suspected for a long period, especially in remote regions those are bordering to the known infected countries with Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae like Kenya and Sudan In 1990 outbreak of CCPP occurred in Ogaden in eastern Ethiopia and in east Shoa province (Chota et al.
, 2019.
Haq et al.
, 2022.
Semmate et , 2.
disease prevention and control.
Enhance veterinary infrastructure and resources in affected zones.
Develop a contingency plan for future outbreaks to ensure a more rapid and efficient respons Conclusion References The detection of PPR Ag in the nasal discharge of infected caprine provide strong evidence of active PPR infection, also the detection of CCPP antibodies in the serum of infected caprine shows clearly active for CCPP infection.
Therefore, the highly contagious nature of PPR and CCPP, there is a significant risk of diseases transmission within and between districts.
successfully control the spread of PPR, immediate intervention measures is mandatory, like vaccinations campaigns, isolation of sick and healthy animals and treatment of infected animals are imperative.
Based on the above conclusion the following recommendations are forwarded: Strengthen disease surveillance systems in pastoral regions.
Improve the distribution and administration of vaccines to remote areas.
Increase awareness and education programs for pastoralists on Abebe.
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Acknowledgments