75 | Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology, 3 Issue April 2018 Indonesian Journal of Science & Volume Technology 3 .
75-81Hal 75-81 Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology Journal homepage: http://ejournal.
edu/index.
php/ijost/ Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment for Biorefinery: A Review Zulfan Adi Putra Chemical Engineering Department.
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS.
Malaysia.
Correspondence: E-mail: zulfan.
adiputra@utp.
ABSTRACT
Lignocellulosic biomass consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which have the potential to produce the so-called green chemicals.
Many processes are available at different scales .
labs, pilots, demos, commercial.
, utilizing lignocellulosic biomass as the raw material.
Due to its complicated chemical structures, lignocellulosic biomass must be pretreated before it can be processed further.
Simultaneous separation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from the biomass is an important step to maximize the full potential of the In this review, several well-known biomass pretreatment technologies are evaluated.
These are low pH process .
dilute acid, steam explosion, hot water liquid, and concentrated aci.
, high pH .
NaOH, lime.
NH.
, organosolv, ozonolysis.
CO2 explosion, and ionic liquids.
The objective of this review is to understand how effective the pretreatment process for separating cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
Based on this review, organosolv is the only pretreatment process that is capable of separating cellulose.
C5 sugars .
rom hemicellulos.
, and lignin, simultaneously.
This process
is currently at pilot scales of 30 Ae 100 ton per day of biomass
ARTICLE INFO
Article History:
Submitted/ Received 11 Dec 2017
First Revised 15 Jan 2018
Accepted 29 Feb 2018
First available online 09 Mar 2018
Publication Date 01 Apr 2018
____________________
Keyword:
Lignocellulosic biomass.
Biorefinery.
Techno-economic analysis.
A 2018 Tim Pengembang Jurnal UPI
INTRODUCTION
Lignocellulosic biomass is considered as future sustainable feedstock for chemicals (Permatasari et al.
, 2.
It consists of three major components, namely cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin (Nandiyanto et al.
, 2016.
Nandiyanto et al.
, 2.
Due to their complicated structures, the biomass must be pretreated before undergo further processing.
There are already several biomass pretreatment technologies.
Some of them can be categorized into mechanical and thermochemical processes (Cherubini, 2.
Mechanical process aims only to reduce the size of biomass for subsequent processes.
Zulfan Adi Putra.
Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment for Biorefinery: A Review | 76 Thermochemical processes .
gasification, etc.
) produce different products, such as bio-oil or syngas for other applications.
These pretreatment technologies, however, do not separate lignocellulosic biomass into its major components.
This separation is an important step to maximize the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable chemicals.
Hence, these pretreatment technologies are not considered in this work.
The main goal of biomass pretreatment in biofuel plants is to prepare the cellulose fraction of the biomass for subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast fermentation processes (Farobie & Hasanah, 2016.
Bilad.
The hemicellulose fraction is also sometimes used depending on the technology provider of those subsequent processes (Nandiyanto et al.
, 2.
Hence, it is basically to make access, provide large surface area, and prepare cellulose and hemicellulose for the enzymes and the yeasts.
In short, this goal is achieved technically by: .
Increasing surface area .
of the .
Removing inhibitor of yeast growth, e.
furan derivatives from C5 sugars, which come from the hemicellulose.
This is done via controlled hydrolysis of hemicellulose not to produce furan derivatives .
ia change of operating conditions or reactor desig.
and removal the hemicellulose from the .
Breaking bonds between lignin and cellulose-hemicellulose via disruption of the lignin structure and dissollution of the lignin itself.
Reduction of crystallinity of the cellulose because this crystallinity feature repels water.
Schematically, the pretreatment in this regard is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Schematic goals of pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials .
com, retrieved on June 2.
Technologies used commercially Some commercially used pretreatment technologies are:
Steam explosion technology combined with dilute acid (Advanced Steam-ExTM proces.
of ANDRITZ, which is used in the bioethanol plant of POET-DSM.
The technology is shown in Figure 2.
In the project Liberty (POETDSM), sugars from both cellulose and hemicellulose are fermented to bioethanol .
ttp://poet.
com/pr/poet-dsm-makes-majortechnology-process-purchase-for-cellulosicbio-ethanol.
Retrieved on June 2.
The remaining lignin is sent to an anaerobic digestion treatment to produce biogas.
The biogas is used to create power to run the bioethanol plant .
ttp://demoplants.
projects/info/225, retrieved on July 2.
The schematic of the plant is shown in Figure DOI: http://dx.
org/10.
17509/ijost.
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 77 | Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology.
Volume 3 Issue 1.
April 2018 Hal 75-81 Figure 2.
Advanced Steam-ExTM process of ANDRITZ used in the bioethanol plant in Project Liberty POETDSM .
org, retrieved on June 2.
Figure 3.
Schematic drawing of POET-DSM project Liberty.
Steam explosion technology combined with dilute acid developed by ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies.
Energy and Sustainable Economic Developmen.
is also used in the bioethanol plant of Beta Renewables.
Crescentino .
ttp://w.
chemicals-technology.
com/projects/mg-ethanol/ and http://w.
/en/events/amazon_30jun14/Biomassasasou rceofEnergy_Biofuels_Chemicals, retrieved on June 2.
Figure 4 shows the steam explosion pretreatment developed by ENEA.
this particular Crescentino plant, sugars from both cellulose and hemicellulose are fermented to bioethanol, while lignin is used as an energy source to create power .
ttp://w.
/proesa/biorefinery, retrieved on July 2.
DOI: http://dx.
org/10.
17509/ijost.
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 Zulfan Adi Putra.
Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment for Biorefinery: A Review | 78 Biomass pretreatment in pulp & paper industries Goal of the pretreatment Figure 4.
Steam explosion pretreatment by ENEA .
com , retrieved on June 2.
Steam pretreatment combined with dilute am monia developed by joined technology of DuPont and NREL is probably being used in the on-going construction of a bioethanol plant of DuPont .
ttp://biofuels.
/cellulosic-ethanol/nevada-site-ce-facility/, retrieved on June 2.
The main goal of the pretreatment in the pulp and paper industries is to preserve cellulose while removing both hemicellulose and In the Kraft process, this is done by treating the biomass chips with white liquor .
mixture of Na OH and Na2S).
The hemicellulose and lignin are dissolved in the solution giving a black liquor mixture.
This black liquor is evaporated and then sent to a recovery boiler to produce green liquor.
The green liquor is then treated chemically with lime to .
ttp://ipst.
edu/faculty/ragauskas_art/technical_reviews/Kraft Pulping and Recovery Process basics.
pdf, retrieved on June 2.
This Kraft process is shown in Figure 5.
The remaining cellulose is washed and bleached and it is then called pulp.
It can be seen in Figure 6.
This cellulose pulp is then sent to paper manufacturing plants.
Figure 5.
Kraft process .
com, retrieved on July 2.
DOI: http://dx.
org/10.
17509/ijost.
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 79 | Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology.
Volume 3 Issue 1.
April 2018 Hal 75-81 Figure 6.
Cellulose pulp.
Figure was adopted from youtube.
Technologies used commercially Pulp and paper making industries have existed for years and there are many technology suppliers such as ANDRITZ or Metso.
improved digester (Compact Cooking G.
from Metso is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7.
An improved digester (Compact Cooking G.
from Metso (Harmsen et al.
, 2.
From the black liquor, lignin has been commercially extracted with a process called LignoBoost.
The technology is owned by Valmet .
ttp://w.
com/en/products/chemical_recovery_boilers.
nsf/WebWID/WTB-090518-22575-328A1?OpenDocument&mid=BAD0112EAFD7623BC2257C2B0 03A12E1, retrieved on July 2.
It has been applied in Domtar pulp millAos site in Plymouth.
North Carolina .
com, retrieved on July 2.
Lignoboost is schematically shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8 Lignoboost process to extract lignin out of black liquor .
com, retrieved on July DOI: http://dx.
org/10.
17509/ijost.
p- ISSN 2528-1410 e- ISSN 2527-8045 Zulfan Adi Putra.
Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment for Biorefinery: A Review | 80
CONCLUSION
This paper reviews pretreatment technologies for separating cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from the biomass.
Several well-known biomass pretreatment technologies are evaluated.
Many processes are available at different scales .
labs, pilots, demos, commercial.
, utilizing lignocellulosic biomass as the raw material.
These are low pH process .
dilute acid, steam explosion, hot water liquid, and concentrated aci.
, high pH .
NaOH, lime.
NH.
, organosolv, ozonolysis.
CO2 explosion, and ionic liquids.
The objective of this review is to understand how effective the pretreatment process for separating cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS.
AUTHORSAo NOTE The author.
that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.
Authors confirmed that the data and the paper are free of plagiarism.
REFERENCES