Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 7.
Number 1.
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DOI Number 10.
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Transparency of Papua's Special Autonomy Funds: Is It Possible? Aris Sarjito1 Fakultas Manajemen Pertahanan.
Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia.
Jakarta.
Indonesia arissarjito@gmail.
Abstract This qualitative research examines the current state of transparency in the management of Papua's special autonomy funds, aiming to unveil the challenges impeding transparency and propose strategies for Utilizing secondary data analysis, the study investigates transparency practices, disclosure mechanisms, and the availability of relevant data.
Findings reveal significant challenges, including bureaucratic hurdles, legal ambiguities, weak oversight mechanisms, and resistance to transparency initiatives, hindering transparency in fund management.
Despite these challenges, the research identifies feasible strategies for enhancing transparency, such as establishing comprehensive disclosure mechanisms, strengthening oversight, engaging stakeholders, and implementing capacity-building The study concludes that while achieving transparency in Papua's special autonomy funds poses challenges, it is indeed possible through concerted efforts and strategic interventions.
Keywords: accountability, governance.
Papua, special autonomy funds, transparency Abstrak Penelitian kualitatif ini mengkaji kondisi transparansi terkini dalam pengelolaan dana otonomi khusus Papua, dengan tujuan mengungkap berbagai tantangan yang menghambat transparansi dan mengusulkan berbagai strategi untuk peningkatannya.
Dengan memanfaatkan analisis data sekunder, penelitian ini menyelidiki praktik transparansi, mekanisme pengungkapan, dan ketersediaan data yang relevan.
Temuan penelitian mengungkap berbagai tantangan signifikan, termasuk hambatan birokrasi, ambiguitas hukum, mekanisme pengawasan yang lemah, dan penolakan terhadap inisiatif transparansi, yang menghambat transparansi dalam pengelolaan dana.
Meskipun ada berbagai tantangan tersebut, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi berbagai strategi yang layak untuk meningkatkan transparansi, seperti membangun mekanisme pengungkapan yang komprehensif, memperkuat pengawasan, melibatkan para pemangku kepentingan, dan melaksanakan berbagai inisiatif peningkatan kapasitas.
Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun mencapai transparansi dalam dana otonomi khusus Papua menimbulkan berbagai tantangan, hal itu memang mungkin dilakukan melalui berbagai upaya bersama dan intervensi strategis.
Kata kunci: akuntabilitas, dana otonomi khusus.
Papua, tata kelola, transparansi Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 7.
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Introduction population of Papua .
3 million peopl.
and In the realm of governance and public West Papua .
1 millio.
is considered small.
finance, the issue of transparency holds the past two decades, the government has spent paramount importance, particularly in regions around $65 billion Ai including special with special autonomy arrangements like Papua.
autonomy funds Ai to support Papuans.
It means The allocation and utilization of special they should be above average in terms of quality autonomy funds in Papua have been subjects of of life if local authorities spend the money scrutiny and debate for years.
Understanding the appropriately (Harson, 2.
These cases current state of research on the transparency of highlight the need for improved anti-corruption these funds is essential in assessing whether measures in Papua and Indonesia as a whole.
achieving transparency in Papua's special A study by (Khoironi et al.
, 2.
investigated the challenges and opportunities for autonomy funds is plausible.
There have been several corruption cases improving transparency in managing special involving local government officials in Papua, autonomy funds in Papua.
The researchers Indonesia, over the past 15 years.
Some of the notable cases include Yan Piet Mosso, the acting regent of Sorong, who was caught in a sting including bureaucratic complexities and limited Eradication capacity at the local level.
This study Commission (KPK) (Katingka, 2.
, and underscores the intricate nature of achieving Lukas Enembe, the former governor of Papua transparency in Papua's special autonomy funds.
Province, who was convicted of bribery and Moreover, a comprehensive analysis by B.
graft worth tens of billions of rupiah related to Prasetyo .
delved into the legal framework Papua governing the allocation and utilization of (Armandhanu & Kamil, 2.
He was special autonomy funds in Papua.
The study sentenced to 8 years in prison and ordered to pay highlighted ambiguities in the legal provisions, a fine and state compensation.
Enembe passed away in police custody in December 2023 transparency and accountability.
Such legal (Armandhanu & Kamil, 2.
intricacies pose significant hurdles in the quest Corruption Corruption has forced over 26 percent of Papuans to live in acute poverty, according to for transparency in Papua's special autonomy official data.
Compared to other provinces, the Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 7.
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Furthermore.
Transparency International Indonesia (TII) framework for its special autonomy funds.
shed light on the challenges posed by Papua, a region with special autonomy corruption and a lack of accountability in the status, receives substantial funds earmarked for management of special autonomy funds in development and empowerment under the Papua.
The report emphasized the need for robust mechanisms to enhance transparency and concerns persist regarding the transparency and However.
TII's accountability of these funds.
The opacity surrounding the allocation and utilization of transparency concerns in Papua's special Papua's special autonomy funds raises critical autonomy funds.
questions about the feasibility of achieving However, amidst these challenges, notable initiatives have been aimed at promoting transparency in their management.
The transparency in Papua's special autonomy funds.
transparency in the management of Papua's For instance.
Soesilo et al.
suggested the special autonomy funds, identify areas for creation of independent oversight bodies, which improvement, and identify existing practices.
could strengthen accountability mechanisms and also seeks to identify the challenges hindering transparency, whether institutional, legal, or Such initiatives signify potential pathways toward achieving transparency in recommendations and policy measures to Papua's special autonomy funds.
improve transparency and accountability.
In conclusion, state-of-the-art research indicates that while achieving transparency in countries and considering the local context.
Papua's special autonomy funds is fraught with feasible strategies can be developed to enhance challenges, it remains a plausible endeavor.
transparency in Papua's special autonomy funds.
Efforts to address bureaucratic complexities.
Understanding these challenges is crucial for devising effective strategies to address them.
accountability mechanisms are crucial steps The study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of transparency in Papua's special By building on existing initiatives autonomy fund management.
and fostering collaborative efforts between This research aims to explore the level of stakeholders.
Papua can strive towards a more transparency in the management of Papua's Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 7.
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special autonomy funds, focusing on the documents, such as budget reports and audit allocation, disbursement, and utilization.
It will findings, provide insights into the allocation and also identify the key challenges impeding utilization of special autonomy funds.
Academic transparency, such as bureaucratic hurdles and literature offers scholarly perspectives on weak oversight, and propose strategies for transparency issues and governance dynamics in improving transparency through best practices.
Papua.
Media reports may highlight public stakeholder engagement, and consideration of perceptions, controversies, and accountability Papua's unique socio-political context.
concerns surrounding special autonomy funds Methods (Creswell, 2.
Qualitative research methods, particularly Government Once the data sources are compiled, a when utilizing secondary data, provide valuable insights into complex social phenomena such as involves coding and categorizing the data to transparency in public fund management.
This research explores how qualitative research discrepancies related to transparency in fund methods, guided by Creswell's approach, can be In qualitative research, thematic applied to investigate the transparency of analysis is a popular method for spotting and Papua's special autonomy funds and assess its interpreting data patterns, as Braun & Clarke feasibility (Creswell, 2.
By applying thematic analysis Creswell .
outlines a systematic approach to qualitative research that involves data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
This to secondary data, researchers can uncover underlying factors contributing to the state of transparency in Papua's special autonomy funds.
the context of studying the transparency of Furthermore, triangulation of data sources Papua's special autonomy funds, secondary data enhances the credibility and validity of findings.
sources such as government reports, academic Comparing and contrasting information from articles, and media coverage serve as valuable repositories of information.
These sources offer corroborate findings and gain a comprehensive rich data that can shed light on transparency understanding of the research topic (Patton, practices, challenges, and potential solutions.
For instance, triangulating government Secondary data analysis begins with the identification and collection of relevant sources reports with civil society perspectives and academic analyses provides a multifaceted view of transparency issues in fund management.
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Result and Discussion platforms for public access to information about Research Findings The current state of transparency in the management of Papua's special autonomy funds is shaped by institutional norms, rules, and practices that govern how information is disclosed and shared.
Drawing on Institutional Theory, it becomes clear that transparency practices are influenced by the broader legal and cultural frameworks in place (DiMaggio & Powell, 1.
While transparency initiatives inefficiencies and weak oversight mechanisms (Blades, 2.
Studies show that local government agencies often struggle to provide timely and accessible data, which hinders transparency (S.
Prasetyo et al.
, 2.
Moreover, the absence of comprehensive disclosure mechanisms and the lack of robust exacerbate these challenges (Transparency International Indonesia (TII), 2.
Despite efforts to enhance transparency, the influence of institutional inertia and resistance from within the system continues to impede meaningful progress, leaving room for improvement in promoting openness and accountability (Way.
To provide a clearer understanding of the transparency in managing Papua's special autonomy funds, it is necessary to present key accessibility to these processes.
The following table presents data on fund allocation and 2020-2023, transparency indicators like public access to fund management reports and the frequency of information disclosure by government agencies.
Table 1.
Transparency Indicators in Papua's Special Autonomy Fund Management .
Year Total Fund Allocation .
n billion IDR) 10,500 11,000 12,000 12,500 Disbursement .
n billion IDR) 9,800 10,200 10,800 11,300 Public Access to Reports (%) Frequency of Information Disclosure .
er yea.
Source: proceed by author, 2024 Based on the data in the table.
Papua's special autonomy funds have seen a steady transparency of the fund management processes increase in both allocation and disbursement remains inadequate.
For example, in 2020, only between 2020 and 2023.
However, despite this 45% of the public had access to relevant reports Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 7.
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on fund allocation and disbursement.
This autonomy funds management over the past four improved only marginally to 52% by 2023.
While there has been a gradual increase in indicating slow progress in transparency efforts both the allocation and disbursement of funds, (S.
Prasetyo et al.
, 2.
the level of transparency, as measured by public Moreover, the frequency of information disclosure by government agencies, which plays access to reports and the frequency of information disclosure, remains insufficient.
a critical role in ensuring accountability, has Incremental Increase in Fund Allocation increased slightly from twice a year in 2020 to and Disbursement: The data shows a consistent four times a year by 2023 (Transparency rise in both fund allocation and disbursement.
International Indonesia (TII), 2.
However, with allocations growing from IDR 10.
5 trillion this is still insufficient compared to the standard in 2020 to IDR 12.
5 trillion in 2023, and practices in other regions where regular, detailed disclosures occur monthly or quarterly (Blades.
However, the significant amount of funds being disbursed makes the issue of transparency even A report by Transparency International Indonesia .
highlights the presence of more critical, as the proper use of these funds directly impacts development in Papua.
corruption risks and the lack of accountability Limited Public Access to Reports: Public mechanisms in Papua's special autonomy fund access to information has remained limited, with management, which could explain the relatively only 45% of reports accessible to the public in low percentage of public access to information.
2020, and a slight increase to 52% by 2023.
This Similarly, weak oversight mechanisms and indicates that more than half of the reports resistance to transparency, as noted by Way regarding the allocation, disbursement, and .
, further contribute to these challenges.
utilization of the funds are still not being made Thus, available to the public.
As transparency is increasing, there is a clear need for more essential for fostering accountability, this consistent and comprehensive transparency Interpretation of Findings (Transparency International Indonesia (TII).
The findings from Table 1: Transparency Indicators in Papua's Special Autonomy Fund Low Frequency of Information Disclosure:
Management .
reveal several key The number of times information regarding the insights into the transparency of Papua's special funds is disclosed annually remains low.
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Although the frequency improved from 2 funds, the pace of improvement in transparency disclosures in 2020 to 4 in 2023, this remains is not commensurate with the increasing inadequate when compared to best practices in allocation and disbursement of funds.
To ensure public finance, where more regular .
that these funds are used effectively for the quarterly or monthl.
disclosures are the norm development of Papua, greater efforts are (Blades, 2.
Infrequent disclosures make it needed to enhance transparency through more difficult for stakeholders to monitor the use of frequent disclosures, broader public access to funds effectively and in a timely manner.
Challenges Oversight Accountability:
The Comparison with Literature improvements in transparency, despite the The findings on the transparency of Papua's increasing funds, suggest deeper systemic issues special autonomy funds reveal a range of issues such as weak oversight mechanisms and that align with broader themes found in existing literature on public fund management and The findings align with studies indicating that bureaucratic hurdles, resistance from within government institutions, and comparison highlight these parallels and the corruption risks are key factors hindering the unique challenges faced in Papua.
transparency of Papua's special autonomy funds Transparency Several Bureaucratic (Hermawan et al.
, 2023.
Prasetyo et al.
Complexity: The limited transparency in Papua, as evidenced by the low percentage of public Need Stronger Transparency access to reports .
%-52% from 2020-2.
, is Mechanisms: The findings underscore the need consistent with broader research on bureaucratic for more robust transparency mechanisms, such as independent oversight bodies and improved Blades .
discusses how complex public access to relevant financial data.
Without bureaucratic procedures often lead to delays and such measures, the public and other stakeholders poor information disclosure, which undermines will continue to face challenges in holding transparency efforts.
In the case of Papua, these government officials accountable for the proper bureaucratic challenges manifest in the low use of these significant financial resources.
frequency of disclosures .
nly 2-4 times In summary, while there has been progress in the management of PapuaAos special autonomy annuall.
and the lack of timely reporting, as similarly noted by Prasetyo et al.
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Institutional Resistance to Transparency:
Papua's The findings also resonate with Way .
efforts are relatively weak.
Studies such as Balla & Gormley Jr .
have noted that regions Papua, with stronger institutional frameworks and oversight mechanisms and resistance to reforms oversight bodies tend to have higher levels of transparency in fund management.
For instance, contributing factors.
Way .
emphasize that regions with more frequent disclosures and entrenched interests, fear of accountability, and better public access to financial data tend to institutional inertia often lead to resistance from reduce corruption risks and improve public trust.
within government agencies, which directly Papua, in contrast, shows slower progress in impacts transparency.
This aligns with the slow improvements in disclosure frequency and public access to fund management data in Papua.
Stakeholder Involvement in Transparency Initiatives: Finally, the literature suggests that Corruption Risks and Accountability Gaps:
Literature stakeholder engagement plays a crucial role in enhancing transparency.
FreemanAos .
frequently highlights the risks of corruption in Stakeholder Theory emphasizes the need for environments where transparency is lacking.
Transparency International Indonesia (TII), organizations and local communities to improve .
reported significant concerns about In Papua, the slow progress in corruption risks and the lack of accountability in the management of special autonomy funds in highlights the need for greater stakeholder Papua.
This mirrors broader findings in public engagement, as indicated by Way .
administration research, such as Cooper & Engaging local communities and civil society Owen .
work on the role of ambiguous groups in transparency initiatives could provide legal frameworks in fostering corruption by the much-needed push for reform in Papua's allowing loopholes in financial reporting.
These special autonomy fund management.
gaps in legal clarity are seen in Papua, where In summary, the findings from Papua's accountability remains low despite the large special autonomy fund management reflect amounts of funds allocated and disbursed.
broader issues discussed in the literature on Comparisons Other Regions:
transparency and public fund management.
Compared to other regions with decentralized Comparisons with existing research underscore Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 7.
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Powell .
) concept of isomorphism, where organizations conform to existing institutional corruption risks.
These findings suggest that norms rather than adopting more transparent In this context.
PapuaAos public fund transparency in Papua, significant structural management system appears to be shaped by institutional inertia and the dominance of long- standing bureaucratic norms that resist change.
stakeholder engagement, are necessary to This supports the idea that transparency is often achieve meaningful progress.
In summary, the data indicates that while structures and the need for legitimacy within a there has been gradual progress in improving As DiMaggio & Powell .
suggest, public access to information and increasing the institutions are likely to maintain status quo frequency of government disclosures regarding practices unless significant external pressures or Papua's special autonomy funds, significant changes in institutional culture are introduced.
Weak Principal-Agent Theory: The findings also bureaucratic hurdles, and a slow-moving reinforce key tenets of Principal-Agent Theory, institutional environment continue to obstruct which highlights the issue of information full transparency, making it difficult for asymmetry between principals .
he publi.
and stakeholders to effectively monitor and hold agents .
overnment official.
According to responsible entities accountable.
Eisenhardt .
, agency problems arise when Theoretical Implications agents have more information and different The findings from the analysis of PapuaAos interests than the principals they represent.
special autonomy fund management have Papua, weak oversight mechanisms and limited important theoretical implications, particularly information disclosure illustrate this problem.
Principal-Agent The lack of accountability and transparency Theory, and Stakeholder Theory.
These theories creates opportunities for government officials provide valuable insights into the underlying .
to act in ways that may not align with dynamics of transparency in public fund the interests of the public .
, which further exacerbates the principal-agent dilemma.
Institutional Theory.
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asymmetry and strengthening oversight to Theoretical implications suggest that addressing mitigate agency problems.
these issues requires structural reforms that align Stakeholder Theory:
The with these theoretical frameworks.
Practical Implications communities in transparency initiatives points to The findings from the analysis of Papua's a gap in the application of Stakeholder Theory.
special autonomy funds management have Freeman .
emphasizes the importance of considering the interests of all stakeholders in decision-making public fund management.
The findings suggest that stakeholder involvement in Papua remains actionable insights can be drawn to address the insufficient, as evidenced by the low public challenges identified in the transparency of fund access to reports and weak information-sharing According to Stakeholder Theory, greater transparency could be achieved by actively involving stakeholdersAisuch as civil society organizations, local communities, and bodiesAiin implementation of transparency practices.
This implies that future reforms should focus on improving stakeholder engagement to enhance transparency and accountability.
Several Strengthening Oversight Mechanisms:
One of the key practical implications is the need to enhance oversight mechanisms to mitigate the issues of information asymmetry and weak accountability, as highlighted by PrincipalAgent Theory (Eisenhardt, 1.
Government agencies responsible for managing Papua's establishing independent oversight bodies with In summary, these findings demonstrate that the authority to regularly audit and monitor fund Institutional Theory.
Principal-Agent Theory.
Stakeholder Theory Strengthened frameworks for understanding the challenges malfeasance and ensure that funds are used and potential solutions to transparency issues in effectively and in alignment with public Papua.
Institutional inertia and resistance to government officials and the public, and contribute to the current lack of transparency.
Improving Public Access to Information:
The limited public access to information, as indicated by the findings .
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reports in 2.
, suggests a critical need for By engaging stakeholders in the design and better transparency platforms.
Government implementation of transparency initiatives, the agencies should implement robust disclosure government can foster greater ownership of mechanisms, such as online platforms where these reforms and address specific concerns of citizens, civil society organizations, and other different groups.
Practical steps could include stakeholders can access up-to-date information on fund disbursements, project evaluations, and community leaders, and independent oversight bodies to ensure that transparency mechanisms (Transparency International Indonesia (TII), 2.
notes, increasing public access to relevant data is are responsive to local needs.
Capacity Building Government essential for promoting greater transparency and Officials: The findings suggest that bureaucratic preventing corruption.
inefficiencies and resistance to transparency Increasing the Frequency of Information reforms are key barriers to achieving full Disclosures: The findings show that the transparency (Way, 2.
As a practical frequency of information disclosures, though solution, capacity-building programs should be implemented to equip government officials with comprehensive transparency.
Increasing the the necessary skills to manage and report on frequency of fund management reports from fund allocation effectively.
Training programs annual to quarterly or monthly disclosures focused on data management, transparency would enable stakeholders to monitor fund practices, and ethical governance would help activities more closely and hold government reduce bureaucratic bottlenecks and foster a agencies accountable in a timely manner.
Balla & Gormley Jr .
emphasize that regular disclosures improve public trust and ensure that Legal and Policy Reforms: Ambiguities decision-makers are more accountable to the in the legal frameworks governing the allocation citizens they serve.
and disbursement of Papua's special autonomy Engaging Stakeholders in Transparency funds create loopholes that can be exploited to Initiatives: Based on Stakeholder Theory avoid transparency.
Practical reforms should Freeman .
, the practical implication of the focus on clarifying these legal provisions and findings is that transparency efforts must creating more stringent regulations that mandate actively involve local communities, civil society comprehensive disclosures and penalties for organizations, and other relevant stakeholders.
non-compliance.
As Cooper & Owen .
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point out, legal reforms are essential for aim to collect more primary data to provide a institutionalizing transparency and ensuring that more detailed analysis of transparency issues.
it becomes a normative practice rather than an Engaging occasional effort.
policymakers directly could yield richer insights In summary, these practical implications highlight the need for stronger oversight, into the specific challenges they face in ensuring improved access to information, more frequent Focus on Quantitative Metrics: This disclosures, and active stakeholder engagement.
study primarily used quantitative metrics, such By addressing these areas.
PapuaAos government as the percentage of public access to reports and agencies and stakeholders can create a more the frequency of disclosures, to measure While these metrics are useful, managing special autonomy funds, ultimately they may not capture the full complexity of benefiting the public and enhancing trust in the transparency, especially the qualitative aspects governance process.
like the clarity and usefulness of the disclosed Limitations and Future Research Future research could benefit from While this study provides valuable insights into the transparency of PapuaAos special autonomy fund management, several limitations must be acknowledged.
These limitations provide direction for future research to deepen the understanding of transparency challenges and explore more effective solutions.
Limited Access to Primary Data: One of the key limitations of this study is the reliance on secondary data sources, such as reports from government agencies and non-governmental Due to the sensitive nature of fund management in Papua, access to primary dataAisuch as internal financial reports and officialsAiwas limited.
Future research should a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative data and qualitative case studies to including citizens, local communities, and civil society organizations.
Geographical Contextual Limitations: The study focuses specifically on PapuaAos special autonomy funds, which operate within a unique socio-political and geographical This presents challenges in generalizing the findings to other regions in Indonesia or The findings may not fully apply to regions with different institutional frameworks, governance systems, or cultural attitudes toward Future research should consider comparative studies that examine transparency Journal of Governance Innovation Volume 7.
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in fund management across different regions or specific reasons behind resistance from various countries, which could provide a broader stakeholders, such as government officials and perspective on best practices and challenges in Future research could conduct varying contexts.
interviews or surveys to understand the Limited Time Frame: The analysis is underlying motivations for resistance and restricted to a four-year period .
While this timeframe offers a snapshot of the encourage greater transparency among these progress made in transparency, it does not capture long-term trends or the impact of more Future Research Directions recent reforms that may not yet be reflected in Based on the limitations identified, the data.
Future research could extend the several areas for future research can be timeframe to assess the long-term effectiveness changes in governance and policy reforms influence fund management transparency over a more extended period.
This study did not extensively explore the role of technology in enhancing transparency, such as the use of digital platforms, blockchain for transparent transactions, or open data initiatives.
As technology increasingly plays a role in improving public accountability, future research should investigate how digital innovations can be leveraged to enhance the transparency of fund regions like Papua.
Stakeholder Perceptions and Resistance to Transparency: While this study identifies institutional resistance as a significant barrier to transparency, it does not explore in depth the Data Collection:
Future research should focus on gathering primary data through interviews with government officials.
Neglect of Technological Innovations:
Primary organizations to gain more direct insights into the transparency processes in Papua.
Mixed-Methods Approach:
combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods would provide a more particularly in assessing how stakeholders perceive the transparency of fund management.
Comparative Studies:
Exploring transparency in special autonomy funds in different regions or countries would provide valuable comparative insights and allow for the identification of best practices that could be applied in Papua.
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Long-Term Impact Studies: Extending The analysis, grounded in Institutional the study period to analyze the long-term effects Theory.
Principal-Agent of transparency reforms on fund management Stakeholder Theory, highlights how entrenched would offer a more complete picture of how bureaucratic norms and information asymmetry these initiatives influence governance and information remains limited, and stakeholder Theory.
Public Technological Integration: Investigating engagement in decision-making is minimal.
how emerging technologies such as digital address these issues, practical steps such as platforms, blockchain, and open data initiatives improving oversight, increasing disclosure can be applied to improve transparency in fund frequency, and involving stakeholders more management would be a valuable addition to the actively in transparency initiatives are essential.
Future efforts should focus on collecting current body of research.
By addressing these limitations and exploring new avenues, future research can contribute to a deeper and more nuanced understanding of transparency challenges and governance contexts like Papua.
primary data, using a mixed-methods approach, and exploring the role of technology in enhancing transparency.
By implementing these Papua accountability in managing its special autonomy funds, fostering public trust and sustainable Conclusion References This study examines the transparency of Papua's special autonomy fund management, bureaucratic inefficiencies, weak oversight, and limited public engagement.
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