1st ICASGI 2022 Coconut Shell Fly-Ash Stabilized Soft Soil Characteristics.
Utilization of Local Waste in Ternate Jati Brono# # Department.
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AbstractAi The problem of waste is a problem in almost all urban areas.
In Ternate City, for example, one of the most common wastes is coconut waste.
Coconut waste is often found in Ternate City because North Maluku, including Ternate City, is one of the largest coconut producers in Indonesia.
However, many coconut traders and consumers are reluctant to dispose of coconut waste in a place provided by the government.
In landfills, coconut waste that is burned causes a lot of air pollution due to large-scale burning.
Therefore, there is a need for a solution to overcome this problem.
One thing that can be done is to look for alternative uses of coconut waste to be used or processed into other forms.
In this case, this research focuses on the byproduct of Fly Ash which is derived from coconut shells.
Fly Ash in this study was used as an additive for stabilizing soft soil.
The method used in this study includes observing cha nges in plasticity properties, compaction characteristics and CBR values for variations in Fly Ash content.
The results showed that the addition of Fly Ash from coconut shell waste could increase the CBR value.
Thus, coconut waste in Ternate City can provide benefits to the development of Ternate City.
KeywordsAi Put your keywords here, keywords are separated by semi colon.
also comes from the piles of garbage in the Temporary Shelters or TPS in North Oba, the Tidore Islands City area.
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia produced 17.
13 million tons of coconut in 2019.
Based on the World Atlas report, coconut production in Indonesia is the largest in the world.
The Philippines ranks second with coconut production of 14.
77 million tons.
After that, there is India with coconut production of 14.
68 million Then, coconut production in Sri Lanka was recorded at 47 million tons.
Meanwhile.
Brazil is in fifth place with coconut production of 2.
33 million tons.
Referring to data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), coconut exports from Indonesia reached 1.
53 million tons or US$ 819.
million as of the third quarter of 2020.
The countries that are the destinations for Indonesia's coconut exports include the United States, the Netherlands.
South Korea.
China.
Japan.
Singapore, the Philippines, and Malaysia.
North Oba is one of the Tidore Islands region out of a total of four sub-districts located on the mainland of Halmahera Island.
North Oba has an area of about 24.
25 percent of the total land area of Tidore Islands City of 1550.
37 square Most of Indonesia's coconuts are produced in the form of copra and other derivative products.
The main coconut producing areas in Indonesia include Riau.
Jambi.
North Sulawesi.
West Java.
East Java and North Maluku.
North MalukuAos Coconut Productivity The Central Statistics Agency (BPS) noted that coconut production in Maluku fell 0.
52 percent to 103.
77 million tons Although it declined, coconut production in the province remained the largest compared to other plantation The area of coconut plantations in Maluku is also the largest among other commodities, namely 115.
million hectares in 2020.
With a narrow area and abundant coconut production, the problem of coconut waste is a case that needs special handling in Ternate City.
Therefore, this study was conducted as an effort to overcome the problem of coconut waste, while at the same time creating an abundance of local alternative materials as supporting materials for sustainable development in Ternate.
II.
LITERATURE REVIEW
In early April 2022, the sky above the North Oba TPS was covered with smoke from burning piles of garbage.
The flames at the TPS location engulfed plastic bags, bottles, gallon covers, jerry cans, food packaging boxes, cardboard boxes, to cans and used tires.
However, in contrast to the declining production, the area of coconut plantations in Maluku actually increased by 0.
compared to 2019 which amounted to 114.
42 million hectares.
By region, the most coconut production is in Southeast Maluku Regency, which is 20.
9 million tons in 2020.
Tanimbar Islands Regency and Central Maluku are in the next The non-organic waste is mixed with other types of organic waste, such as banana peels, leaves, and coconut shells and There were also disposable medical masks that caught Some of the garbage is charred, the rest is still intact.
Not only fire and smoke can be seen, but the smell of rotten odor 1st ICASGI 2022 position with coconut production of 19.
51 million tons and 77 million tons, respectively.
Maluku also produced 20.
45 million tons of cloves in 2020.
Sago and cocoa production in Maluku were 10.
05 million tons 15 million tons, respectively, in the same period.
Then, the production of nutmeg in Maluku is 5.
31 million tons.
Then there are cashew nuts with a production of 982 thousand tons, coffee 393 thousand tons, and palm oil 86.
70 thousand tons.
TABLE I
COCONUT PRODUCTION IN NORTH MALUKU REGIONS
Production (Ton.
Region Coconut Fig.
1 Coconut Waste in Ternate City Halmahera Barat Halmahera Tengah Kepulauan Sula Halmahera Selatan Halmahera Utara Halmahera Timur Pulau Morotai Pulau Taliabu Ternate Tidore Kepulauan Maluku Utara Soft Soil Soil is one of the most essential elements in the field of civil engineering construction since it supports the strength of the underlying basis of structures.
A suitable soil for structures is one that has a high bearing capacity and can handle the loads that are placed on it.
In the course of building construction, including structures and roads, poor soil conditions are frequently discovered.
Clay is one of it.
Clay soils are considered tricky in civil engineering construction due to their extreme plasticity, which results in limited bearing capacity and easy deformation.
Another disadvantage of clay is its limited permeability, relatively small pore volume, and high water content.
Consolidation will occur in the soil that is loaded on it.
Coconut Waste Issues Consolidation is the process of reducing the volume or pore voids of a low-permeability saturated soil as a result of stress.
Because of the poor permeability of clay soils, the consolidation process takes a significant period.
As a result, the longer the consolidation process continues, the longer it will take for the soil to stabilize.
Because of the extreme lowering, this might cause structural damage to the structure.
Coconut husk waste is a severe task for the Ternate City Government to handle, as adding to obscuring views and disturbing activities.
The location, for instance, does not address the issue of abandoned coconut shells scattered in the roadway area of Ternate's Jatiland mall, despite the fact that the City Government, through the Department of Environment (DLH), has provided a nearby waste collection station.
However, because they do not want to pay environmental retribution, coconut fruit traders are unwilling to dispose of coconut shell trash at a dumpsite .
Based on the issues discussed above, clay soil is not suitable for use as a subgrade in building construction, hence soil stabilization is required to enhance its bearing capacity.
Soil Stabilization DLH not only provides a garbage collection site, but it also transports garbages every day.
However, coconut traders are unwilling to put coconut shells in the collection and disposal center, preferring to leave the waste on the side of the highway near the culinary center area .
Soil stabilization is an effort to enhance the mechanical qualities of soil by the use of certain materials .
This procedure is often done by combining the dirt with other types of soil to get the correct gradation.
Furthermore, soil mixing can be done using factory-made components to improve the functionalities of the soil .
The fundamental purpose of soil stabilization is to improve the mechanical features of the soil itself, such as 1st ICASGI 2022 compressibility, bearing capacity, ease of work, permeability, responsiveness to water content, and ability to expand .
reacting materials and also the temperature .
The result of this mixture of soil, fly ash, and water produces soil that has better technical properties or characteristics than before.
The advantage of adding fly ash as a stabilizing agent is due to its high economic value .
compared to other materials .
To achieve this purpose, the stabilization process can be carried out using basic ways like as compaction .
, or it can be carried out using more effective procedures that demand significant funds .
, such as combining soil with sand or cement, grouting or cement injection, fly ash, heating, and so on .
METHODOLOGY
Fine-grained soil was collected from the foothills of Mount Gamalama in Ternate for this investigation.
Fly ash, which is utilized as a stabilizing agent, is made from burned and crushed coconut shell waste.
One type of soil stabilization that is regularly carried out in the community is the development process in the context of road pavement .
The objectives of this work is to enhance the material on local roads by employing mechanical stabilizing methods or adding new materials to the soil .
The research was started by conducting a literature study on testing soft soil stabilized with fly ash.
The data collection was carried out as a consideration in this study, namely soil stabilization with the addition of fly ash to the CBR value as a parameter to determine the bearing capacity of the soil.
Road pavement design must first go through the design Each layer of material used in road pavement must also fulfill high quality standards.
Of course, each component in the road pavement layer must be robust enough to endure excessive bending .
, which can cause the top layer to break, move soil, and prevent permanent excessive deformation caused by the constituent materials, solidified .
This research procedure consists of 4 stages, namely:
This stability is especially critical at construction sites.
Because the heavy machinery used in the project, of course, need a strong enough work base and a road that meets the standards as a foundation .
As a consequence, work in projects may be completed more quickly and efficiently, with higher-quality outcomes .
Based on SNI 03-6414 .
defines fly ash or fly ash is waste from burning coal in a steam power plant furnace which is smooth, round, and pozzolanic.
The pozzolanic nature in question is because fly ash contains pozzolanic materials, namely chemical silica (SiO.
, alumina (Al2O.
, ferrum (Fe2O.
, and calcium oxide (CaO).
In Figure 1 shows the shape of fly ash particles by Scanning Electron Microscop (SEM) testing.
The smaller the fly ash particles, the more spherical the shape is compared to the large particles .
Soil Physical Properties Test The physical properties of the soil were tested on the original soil, including: water content, specific gravity, consistency limits .
tterberg limi.
, and grain size distribution.
Fly Ash Mixing The soil sample used passed sieve no.
200 and mixed with variations in fly ash content of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the dry weight of the soil, then tested for compaction .
tandard procto.
Standard Compaction Test The soil sample that has been mixed with fly ash is stirred until evenly distributed, then compaction test .
tandard procto.
Next, the sample is cured with curing period variations of 0 days, 7 days, and 14 days at room temperature CBR (California Bearing Rati.
Test CBR testing on samples after curing.
IV.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
According to ASTM C-618 fly ash is divided into two classes, namely:
Class F fly ash produced from burning anthracite and bituminous coal, with low lime content (CaO < 10%).
It has pozzolanic properties and to get cementitious properties it is necessary to add lime or cement.
Class C fly ash produced from burning lignite or subbituminous coal, with lime content (CaO > 10%).
In addition to having pozzolanic properties, it also has self cementing properties, namely the ability to harden when reacted with water .
Based on the results of testing the physical properties of the original soil as shown in the following table, the soil classification for the soil samples used in this study included clay soil types with a high level of plasticity.
TABLE II
BASIC PROPERTIES TEST RESULT
Chemical soil stabilization which is currently widely used to improve subgrade is stabilization with the addition of fly ash .
If fly ash is mixed with soil, a self-cementation process will occur due to the influence of pozzolans or the natural hardening properties of fly ash due to compaction and water conditions .
The reaction speed of pozzolans is not only dependent on time .
but is also influenced by the Characteristics Result Water Content .
23,63% Specific Gravity (G.
2,60% Atterberg Limits: Liquid Limit (LL) 53,04% Plastic Limit (PL) 24,85% Plasticity Index (PI) 28,19% Sieve Analysis:
Passed Sieve #200 72,15% Soil Classification AASHTO
A-7-6
1st ICASGI 2022
USCS
To determine the effect of fly ash on soft soil, the limit of soil consistency was tested.
To determine the limits of soil consistency can be known by the liquid limit test (LL) and the plastic limit test (PL).
Based on the results of the liquid limit test (LL), it decreased with increasing fly ash content in the This is because the soil undergoes a cementation process by fly ash so that the soil becomes larger grains causing the attractive forces between the particles in the soil to decrease.
TABLE i ATTERBERG LIMITS TEST RESULT
LL (%)
PL (%)
PI (%)
Untreated Soil
53,04
24,85
28,19
Soil 5% Fly Ash
37,68
23,28
14,40
Soil 10% Fly Ash
33,95
22,77
11,18
Soil 15% Fly Ash
30,51
21,49
9,02
Fig.
3 Engineering Properties of Fly Ash Stabilized Soil .
Day.
At 0 days of curing, the maximum dry density .
decreased and the optimum moisture content .
increased with the addition of variations in fly ash content.
This decrease in dry density occurs due to increased water entering the soil pores so that the water content value increases or The dry density of the soil without the mixture is greater than the soil with the fly ash mixture, this is due to changes in soil gradation.
The CBR value increases with the increase in the optimum water content .
due to the addition of fly ash content at room temperature conditions.
This is due to the pozzolanic reaction so that the bonding capacity between soil grains increases to become harder and stiffer.
The condition of optimum water content .
decreases the value of soil plasticity index (PI) as fly ash increases.
The decrease in soil plasticity is associated with the Ca exchange process between the soil and fly ash.
Fig.
2 Atterberg Limits Changes due to Fly Ash Content The plastic limit test (PL) tends to decrease constantly when the addition of fly ash affects the plastic properties of the soil.
The decrease in the liquid limit value (LL) affects the plasticity index (PI) value which decreases significantly when the fly ash is added.
This shows that the higher the fly ash content mixed with soft soil, the better the soil mixture tends to be due to reduced soil plasticity.
Fig.
4 Engineering Properties of Fly Ash Stabilized Soil .
Day.
1st ICASGI 2022 Optimum moisture content .
increases with fly ash and decreases with curing time.
The maximum dry weight .
decreased with fly ash and increased with curing This reflects that the high water absorption by fly ash and influenced by the duration of curing time, so that the density is increasing due to loss of water content.
optimum fly ash content was 9.
The increase in the addition of fly ash mixed with soft soil causes the soil to tend to get better due to the reduced plasticity of the soil.
This study shows that the soil is stabilized with fly ash, so the mixed soil can be used as a subgrade for road construction.
CONCLUSIONS
The increase in CBR value occurred significantly at room temperature with a curing time of 7 days.
The fly ash mixture at optimum water conditions increased soil strength in each mixture composition.
This shows that it is proven that ripening and temperature have an effect on the increase in the CBR value of the soil.
The condition of optimum water content .
decreased the plasticity index (PI) of the soil to fly ash content, as previously described in the test without In conclusion, coconut waste found in the Ternate City area can be processed into soil stabilization material.
In addition to reducing the accumulation of coconut waste, through this study it is also known that the use of Fly Ash from coconut waste can support soil stabilization.
Based on the results obtained in this study, the soil mixture with the addition of fly ash had a positive effect on the physical properties of the soil, the results of testing the consistency limits decreased the value of the plasticity index (PI) of the soil.
The addition of variations in fly ash content causes the water content to increase and the dry density to decrease, while the length of curing time causes the water content to decrease and the dry density to increase.
The CBR value increased with the increase in fly ash content and the duration of curing at room temperature conditions.
The largest CBR value was at the optimum level of 15% fly ash with 14 days curing time of Fly ash can work well as a mixture of subgrade improvement, because it can bind the soil so that the carrying capacity of the soil increases.
REFERENCES