Jurnal Administrasi Publik (Public Administration Journa.
, 11 .
June 2021 ISSN 2548-7787 (Onlin.
DOI: 10.
31289/jap.
ISSN 2088-527X (Prin.
Jurnal Administrasi Publik (Public Administration Journa.
Available online http://ojs.
id/index.
php/jap Blockchain Technology Immutability Framework Design in E-Government Daelami Ahmad.
Ninda Lutfiani.
Alfian Dimas Ahsanul Rizki Ahmad.
Untung Rahardja.
& Qurotul Aini.
Commercial Administration Study Program.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi Banten.
Indonesia .
Master of Information Technology Department.
Universitas Raharja.
Indonesia .
Science and Technology.
Universitas Raharja.
Indonesia .
Faculty of Engineering.
Doctor of Philosophy.
UTM Johor Bahru.
Malaysia Received: 05 October 2020.
Reviewed: 18 December 2020.
Accepted: 21 February 2021 *corespoding author: ninda@raharja.
Abstract This study was conducted to determine the capacity of Blokchain technology in recording transactions that occurred in the ledger and in general it also offer the government to be applied to the e-Government sector which can increase data transparency, avoid fraud, and increase public trust in the government.
This problem also focused on the application, challenges in the future with respect to the allocation of Blockchain technology, and in the e-Government sector, the use of Blockchain technology did not appear to be the main focus therefore it needed deeper observational evidence for the use of Blokchain In its application, the biggest challenges in utilizing blockchain were generally presented as innovations such as security, scalability, and flexibility.
In order to approach this problem, theoretical references were used from pre-existing studies that discuss Blokchain technology, e-Government, public services, and the data were collected through indexed journals both on a national and international scale.
And the review of this paper concluded that academic research in this sector had only just begun and the issues addressed in the literature were still very limited.
Therefore, more intensive research in this area is still needed to advance this field of research academic research in this sector had only just begun and the issues addressed in the literature are still very limited.
Keywords: Blokchain.
E-Government.
Public Services.
Public Sector.
How to Cite: Ahmad.
Lutfiani.
Ahmad.
, & Rahardja.
Blockchain Technology Immutability Framework Design in E-Government.
Jurnal Administrasi Publik (Public Administration Journa.
: 32-41.
Jurnal Administrasi Publik (Public Administration Journa.
, 11.
June 2021: 32-41
INTRODUCTION
Disruptive is an innovative theory initiated by new industrial players that threaten old players (Lutfiani.
Harahap, et , 2.
In current's digital era, the internet is growing very rapidly.
Global internet users have reached 4.
57 billion, 60% of the world's total population of 7,794 billion as of June 2020(Nisa 'et al.
Rahardja et al.
, 2.
In terms of technological advances, we need a smart framework, which can help collaboration more effectively.
Validity comes from the word validity which means the extent to which the accuracy and determination of a measuring instrument in carrying out its measurement function (Sudaryono et al.
Sudaryono.
Rochmawati, et al.
The framework should be strong enough to address governance across sectors such as organizations.
Like POAC, the basic functions of POAC management have been widely applied in various sectors (Sudaryono.
Rahardja, et al.
, 2020.
Rahardja et al.
, 2.
Then making decisions based on the right data.
course, the involvement of third parties can cost more.
To solve this problem, various decentralized applications have been developed to allow peer-to-peer interaction between investors and developers (Hassija et al.
, 2.
Over time, a new information technology innovation called Blokchain has emerged (Lutfiani.
Oganda, et al.
The emergence of Blokchain has paved the way for making peer-to-peer transparent, secure and cost-effective (Y.
Hu et al.
, 2019.
Puthal et al.
, 2014.
Hassija et al.
, 2.
Blockchain this was originally discovered around 1991 by the research In 2009 it was accepted by Satoshi Nakamoto to serve as Crypto Bitcoin Blokchain is a new information services and industry, old institutional technology such as organization and networks, and government (Berg et al.
At present.
Blockchain technology is important.
Blockchain can do many things, and there have been many Blockchain.
Blokchain is a technology that can change the way markets and governments operate(Mesquita et al.
Blokchain technology has been considered the most innovative and most disruptive information technology of this It has been proven to be applicable in various areas beyond its first application, namely cryptocurrency.
Bitcoin (Tshering & Gao, 2.
Systematically, the Blockchain workflow is likened to a "big ledger" or "big ledger" system, digitally distributed, and each transaction is cryptographically signed which is then entered into blocks that are connected to one another (Tang et al.
In general.
Blokchain has the following main characteristics (Z Zheng et , 2.
: Decentralization.
Every validated and no third party will interfere.
It can reduce errors, attacks from hackers, and transparency.
Persintency, the recording mechanism in Blokchain technology, every record is impossible to Anonymity, with Blokchain technology, everyone who makes a transaction, the identity of that person will be disguised.
In this way the user's privacy will be hidden and safe.
Auditibility.
All transactions will be stored sequentially so that they can be easily verified and tracked on the Blockchain.
In Eastern Europe, the governments have generally accepted Blokchain technology, and it has been used in various fields, such as registration in the justice system, health care system, security and others.
Daelami Ahmad.
Ninda Lutfiani.
Alfian Dimas Ahsanul Rizki Ahmad & Untung Rahardja.
Blockchain Governments around the world are testing the potential use of Blokchain in their public sector, in particular, for property registrations and notary deeds (Konashevych & Poblet, 2.
Dubai has implemented Blockchain technology in the public sector, by naming it FotoChain, the Dubai Government used Blockchain to reduce paper usage by digitally recording all important legal documents such as visas, bill payments, license renewals, etc.
Blockchain has enormous potential for government, which makes work within the government more efficient in its application to public services and increases trust in the public sector (Konashevych, 2.
Not only it, the implementation of Blokchain can also be a big change in changing the way of recorded transactions.
Figure 2.
Use Cases Blokchain for Government Source: 101Blokchains.
The use of Information Technology (IT) to improve the public sector is often called eGovernment (Batubara et al.
, 2.
Governments around the world are starting to take advantage of the potential of Blokchain technology.
Like Singapore, which has implemented Blockchain technology in the repair industry for interbank and cross currency payments.
In India itself, precisely in the Maharashtra region, it planned to use Blockchain in motor vehicle registration, land registration, financial inclusion and Financial Supply Chain.
(Batubara et al.
It is strongly believed that Blokchain technology has enormous potential benefits for the government such as data integration, data security, data transparency, and privacy .
olnes et , 2.
In its application.
Blockchain can eradicate corruption and increase transparency of financial data (Hyvyrinen et al.
, 2.
Several countries such as the United States.
United Kingdom.
Figure 1.
Blokchain For Government Service Source: 101Blokchains.
At first Blockchain technology aimed to maintain existing technologies in the government (Batubara et al.
, 2.
The application of Blockhain technology aims to improve public services to the public and data security.
Based on the principle of decentralization, where intermediaries or third parties can be eliminated.
Smart Contracts are the key, will automatically transfer assets when the specified conditions are met (Queiroz et al.
, 2.
Blokchain technology, which is the core of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.
Etherium.
Vexanium, is a new innovation and has enormous potential for application in the public sector.
Jurnal Administrasi Publik (Public Administration Journa.
, 11.
June 2021: 32-41 Netherlands.
United Arab Emirates.
Estonia.
Sweden and China took the initiative to implement Blokchain technology in the public sector (Batubara et al.
, 2.
Some of the benefits that can be taken from Blokchain technology are transparency, thus increasing trust.
It is especially useful for developing countries because developing countries are more prone to corruption and fraud than developed countries (Batubara et al.
Currently there are still less studies that discuss the application of Blokchain technology in different sectors, most studies focus on cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin (Yli-Huumo et al.
, 2.
With the literature review that we used for this study, we provide an overview of the application of Blokchain technology in the public sector as an illustration for practitioners who are interested in conducting studies on this Therefore, a literature review is used to map the challenges in applying Blokchain technology in the government In the next section the methods we follow is presented to locate the literature.
NON RESEARCH SYSTEMATICS
The importance of Blokchain technology in the public sector, make we conducted a literature review to be able to identify the latest study and potential uses of Blokchain technology in e-Government To achieve it, we formulated several research questions.
What are the challenges that must be faced in implementing Blokchain technology in eGovernment applications? In this paper, we used guidelines for systematic literature review, and used search terms such as AuBlokchainAy AuBlock ChainAy AuGovernmentAy AuPublic ServiceAy AuPublic SectorAy.
We used three journal sources to find research articles: Scopus.
ScienceDirect.
SpringerLink, and Emerald.
Titles, abstracts and keywords were used to search for published journal papers, conference proceedings, workshops, and Table 1.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Blokchain Technology according to Characteristics Blokchain Advantages Disadvantages P2P P2P transactions are possible without When problems arise, it is uncertain who is a third service provider.
Scalability Easy to create, connect and expand by The number of transactions that allow disclosed sources.
reduced system payments to be handled is very small development costs.
compared to the scale of transactions in the real economy Transparency All Transaction Records can be accessed by the public.
Legalization of transactions and reduction of regulatory fees.
Security Ledger jointly owned .
System There is not a single point of failure If errors or impairments occur in a particular participant system, the effect on the entire network is very Source: (Oh & Shong, 2.
As transaction details are disclosed, all transactions are traceable.
In principle, perfect guarantees for pseudo anonymity may be difficult and re-identification by combining them is possible When a private key is hacked or lost, there is no general solution Excavation focuses on large mining pools.
It's hard to run large volume handling in real Daelami Ahmad.
Ninda Lutfiani.
Alfian Dimas Ahsanul Rizki Ahmad & Untung Rahardja.
Blockchain Next we presented a description of the selected articles and analyzed them in order to discover the challenges they present in the implementation of Blokchain technology in the eGovernment sector.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, the author presented the results of a literature review, presented a descriptive overview of the selected articles, then presented the challenges found in the selected articles.
Most of the research when discussing the implementation of Blockchain Technology to be applied to government / e-Government generally discusses ideas, potential benefits, current issues, potential uses (Kung et al.
, 2020.
Hou, 2017 Margheri et al.
, 2017.
yolnes, yolnes et al.
, 2017.
yolnes & Jansen.
Then the application of Blockchain technology in the health sector was usually applied in the patient's medical track record(Tandon et al.
, 2020.
Kung et , 2020.
Oflaz, 2019.
Roehrs et al.
, 2.
Blokchain technology can create a secure and flexible ecosystem for exchanging (EHRs/Electronic Health Record.
This technology could also make Healthcare clearer by creating origins for organs, blood, critical medicine, etc.
And also by storing all medical licenses/certificates in Blokchain, fraudulent doctor practices could be prevented.
In addition.
Blockchain could be applied in the education sector, then it could store such as education certificates, student data, faculty data, etc.
, is an important part that is played in the education sector.
The origin of these certificates, data, and so on also needed to be concluded properly.
Figure 3.
Article Writing workflow Source: Author A number of additional criteria that have been determined for selecting a suitable study to be included in the literacy review must have several points, one of them is to be published in a reputable journal, then to present research on the implementation of Blokchain technology in the eGovernment sector, and not to duplicate articles from other sources.
The following are the criteria for scientific articles that we will be entered.
Eligible articles were manually read to check the relevance of our literature Evaluations based on full text reading reduced the number of articles to a number of articles.
Furthermore, we analyzed the data using qualitative analysis methods on several papers that have been collected, then we conducted an analysis by looking at the year of publication, type of publication, stages of the research process, and the problems mentioned in the selected articles.
Jurnal Administrasi Publik (Public Administration Journa.
, 11.
June 2021: 32-41 No.
Context E-Government Health Education Finance Smart City Digital Identity E-Voting Tax Table.
2 Blockchain Technology References Reference (Kung et al.
, 2.
(Hou, 2.
(Margheri et al.
, 2.
olnes, 2.
olnes et , 2.
olnes & Jansen, 2.
(Tandon et al.
, 2.
(Kung et al.
, 2.
(Oflaz, 2.
(Roehrs et al.
, 2.
(Suyambu et al.
, 2.
(Yumna et al.
, 2.
(Guo et al.
, 2.
(Chen et al.
(George et al.
, 2.
(Ahluwalia et al.
, 2.
(Swan, 2.
(W.
Hu & Huanhao, 2.
(Liang et al.
, 2.
(Xiao et al.
, 2.
(Xue & Lu, 2.
smart city context (Bhushan et al.
, 2.
(Brandyo et al.
, 2.
(Fan et al.
(Iftikhar et al.
, 2.
(Orecchini et al.
, 2.
(Sullivan & Burger, 2.
(Moura & Gomes, 2.
(Wijaya et al.
, 2.
, (Choi & Luo, 2.
(Hossain et al.
, 2.
(Wang, 2.
(Yalaman & Yldrm, 2.
Source: Analysis paper results From table 2, we can see some Blockchain technology in various sectors.
The education and financial sectors are the sectors most observed and researched by researchers, however in the eGovernment sector it is still very limited.
Apart from the education and financial sectors, the researchers also discussed the Smart city sector, digital identity, eVoting, and taxes.
For example, in controlling the increase in cigarette consumption, the Indonesian government relied heavily on increasing excise and taxes on tobacco products (Nuvrianto.
The application of Blockchain especially in the aspects of security, data transparency, and building public trust.
The public service sector could be applied blockchain technology such as in taxation, for example in controlling and controlling the increase in cigarette consumption, the Indonesian government relied a lot on increasing excise and taxes on tobacco products (Nuvrianto, 2.
, where with Blockchain technology could provide real time information, the tax payment process that did not require a lot of time and level can increase the level of transparency.
Furthermore, on the other hand, the application of blockchain technology in other public services was in the context of digital identity, where Blockchain provided guarantees for the security of personal data.
In addition, the development of the application of blockchain technology in the e-government sector required a large amount of funding, so that readiness was needed in terms of human resources and There are several advantages that can be obtained when implementing blockchain technology in the eGovernment sector.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research and discussion that has been carried out, it can be understood thoroughly regarding the use of Blockchain technology in the eGovernment sector.
We have found that academic research in this sector has only just begun and that the issues addressed in the literature are very limited.
Although there were already several countries that have implemented Blockchain technology in the e-Government sector, such as Dubai which used Blockchain to reduce paper usage by digitally recording all important legal documents.
Therefore, more intensive research is needed in this field.
In particular, empirical studies are needed, using rigorous research measures Daelami Ahmad.
Ninda Lutfiani.
Alfian Dimas Ahsanul Rizki Ahmad & Untung Rahardja.
Blockchain to be applied in the context of the eGovernment sector.
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