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Cultural Narratives 2023.
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LewisAo Types of Love Portrayed in Sally RooneyAos Normal People Adelia Sri Wahyu Ningsih1.
Mateus Rudi Supsiadji1* Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya.
Indonesia
ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyse the types of love in Sally RooneyAos Normal People.
The objective of this study is to find the types of love that exist between the characters in the story.
In analysing the story, the writers apply C.
LewisAo theory of love.
The theory explains that there are four types of love, namely storge, philias, eros, and agape.
The research method is descriptive qualitative The analysis is conducted by using intrinsic and extrinsic The intrinsic approach is applied in this study because the study deals with the characters in the novel.
The extrinsic sociological approach is used to analyse love types.
The data are taken from Normal People that is written by Sally Rooney.
The findings show that through the characters, the novel discusses different types of love.
There are only three types of love seen in the novel Normal People.
The first type of storge or familial happens can be pictured through the interactions of Connell.
Lorraine, and Marianne.
The second type of philias or friendship is depicted in the interactions of Marianne.
Connell.
Joanna, and Niall.
The last type of eros or romantic love happens to the character of Marianne and Connell.
The conclusion, in Normal People love exists in every single person and it has some different types that happen between family, friends, and couples.
Article history:
Received 12 August 2023 Accepted 24 August 2023 Keyword:
types of love, storge, philias, eros, agape Introduction Love can be understood as a special type of relationship with another person.
This relationship involves the feeling of emotional warmth and searching for affection which may include family care, relationships, and romantic love.
Love makes people smile, laugh, cry and be happy.
Love is all the free things in life that do not need to be stolen or bought (Jordan, as cited in Taufik & Mukarramah, 2015: .
Some people verbally express love with sweet words that reflect compassion and sincerity.
Some say they feel like it helps them solve their Bradley states that love is a feeling of the heart, and that love is wonderful art.
its core, love is caring for the well-being of others more than people own .
s cited in Fitria, 2022: .
In a condition of being in pain or grief, they suffer and in a condition of happiness, they will be happy too.
Strong love means sacrificing oneAos well-being, sometimes even oneAos life, for someone else.
According to Lewis love is primarily a matter of will, not of feeling.
Love is not only an act of receiving, but also an act of giving.
There are many misconceptions about love, such to love is to be loved, to love is to depend on the object of love, to love is to fall in love (Lewis, 1960: .
In fact, to love is not to be loved, but to be able to express it to someone In general, love can be interpreted as a feeling of affection or love.
Affection requires the involvement of two parties.
to love and to be loved.
In daily life, a person's life becomes *CONTACT: rudisupsiadji@untag-sby.
Copyright A2023 Adelia Sri Wahyu Ningsih.
Mateus Rudi Supsiadji This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.
0 International License.
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meaningful when others pay attention to it.
Attention is therefore one of the basic elements of love.
Love implies exceptionally diverse things to different people.
It also looks and feels diverse to different people (Sternberg, 2006: .
As such, there are so many different interpretations of love, each forging a different kind of relationship.
Everyone can find the kind of love that best suits their idea of love.
There are several different parts of love that help people understand the different kinds of love and romantic relationships.
The different part of it is the level of intimacy, passion, commitment, and attachment.
Intimacy develops as the relationship progresses, passion starts out more intense and eventually subsides, commitment grows over time, attachment occurs when all else is going well, and bonds are healthy relationships, it occurs naturally (Pravin, 2.
In his book AuThe Four LovesAy .
Lewis asserts that love can be divided into four different forms: Storge.
Philias.
Eros, and Agape.
Storge means liking someone based on familiarity, family members, or people who bonded by chance.
One example is the natural love and affection that parents feel for their children.
It is considered the most natural and emotional love.
Because it is the result of empathy based on familiarity, it exists without emotional compulsion.
Lewis describes it as a dependency-based love that becomes endangered when needs are no longer met.
Storge can also be described as comfort, satisfaction, and coziness.
Storge can cause admiration for the qualities of people.
Seeing someone in an affectionate, and close for a period of time, may come to appreciate them in other ways.
As Lewis said, storge expands the mind.
Of all-natural love, it is the least financial, the broadest (Lewis, 1960: .
Philias is the love between close friends, like siblings.
Friendship is a strong bond that exists between people who share common values, interests, and activities.
Lewis distinguishes philias from other relationships, friendship as Aothe most biological, instinctive, social and least natural loveAo.
It can be said that it is the most common because it is easier to build relationships than other types of love.
Friendship for Lewis is a very cherishing love.
Friendship requires a shared understanding of the world, not necessarily the same opinions, but knowledge of what makes the other person tick.
The first condition of friendship is companionship and shared experience (Lewis, 1960: .
Eros is a type of love that involves passion, lust, or romance.
An example of eros is love between lovers.
Eros is the sensual love between people who are sexually attracted to each For Lewis.
Eros is love in the sense of Aobeing in loveAo or AolovingAo someone, as opposed to other types of love.
There is a carnal sexual element that Lewis calls AoVenus.
Ao Lewis describes eros as something deeper than simple sexual desire, itAos an attraction to a whole Sex without eros is just a desire set in itself, and eros wants a loved person.
A person who just wants sex sees another person as Aothe necessary piece of apparatus,Ao but eros wants a particular partner and not just the pleasure that person can provide (Lewis, as cited in Karandashev 2015: 4-.
Agape is a love that exists despite changing circumstances.
Charity is not an act like "act of charity" but the highest form of love that builds upon three other AonaturalAo loves.
Charity Ningsih & Supsiadji is a kind of self-sacrificing love, but it comes from the purest.
Because charity is God's love for people.
Agape is unconditional love.
Agape gives everything and does not ask for anything in return.
Unlike the storge, the agape does not rely on filiation or familiarity.
Agape cares regardless of circumstances and Lewis recognizes agape as the greatest of all loves (Lewis, 1960: .
On this occasion, the writers use C.
Lewis's theory to analyse the types of love in Normal People, a novel by Sally Rooney.
Normal People talks about teenagersAo struggle to deal with love conflicts with various kinds of pressure.
The transition period from adolescence to adulthood is a complex phase facing various kinds of events, including love.
The love phase during the transition from adolescence to adulthood is inevitable.
In this study, researchers will analyze the types of love in the novel.
Research on the types of love has been analyzed by several researchers.
One of them is Hana Dewanthi PutriAos .
A Study of Love in Nicholas SparkAos The Best of Me.
The second research is Study of Love in the Lucky One by Nicholas Sparks by Desi Sulis Tyarini .
The third research is The Analysis of Love in Elizabeth RudnickAos Beauty and the Beast by Irfia NurhidayatiAo .
The research focused on analyzing the types of love in the main character and finding out how love is portrayed in the novel.
The difference between this study and the previous research is that this study uses the novel Normal People by Sally Rooney.
The reason for choosing the novel is because types of love are interesting to discuss and the story tells a deep meaning of friendship and love.
Therefore, this study tries to uncover the love contained in the novel Normal People.
The purpose of this study is to analyse C.
LewisAo Types of Love Portrayed in Sally RooneyAos Normal People.
The writers are interested in analyzing love, particularly types of love because the discussion of love, even though it is not a new thing, is still relevant to do.
The discussion of the types of love may strengthen the finding of types of love discussed in Love is a basic thing for people to have.
This research discusses the types of love in the novel Normal People by Sally Rooney using C.
LewisAo theory.
In his book The Four Loves.
Lewis explores the nature of love from a religious and philosophical perspective through experiments, noting that there are different types of love.
Lewis concludes that categorize love can be categorized into four different forms: Storge.
Philias.
Eros.
Agape.
Method In analyzing the data, the writers used a qualitative descriptive method.
It is a method that is a procedure that is applied to describe data that can be examined from the forms of novel character written or spoken words (Glass, as cited in Taufik, 2015: .
This method is used to describe and explain the love message within the novel.
This study is based on the theory of love developed by C.
Lewis.
According to Lewis, love can be divided into four different types: Storge.
Philias.
Eros, and Agape (Lewis, 1960: .
The approaches used in this study are intrinsic and extrinsic approaches.
The intrinsic approach is used to discuss characters.
The extrinsic approach, in this case, the sociological approach, is used to discuss the description of types of love.
The data are taken from Normal People, a 220-page novel written by Sally Rooney.
The novel is divided into 18 chapters and published by Faber & Faber Ltd Bloomsbury House in Cultural Narratives 2023.
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The writers took all chapters to analyze what is related to this topic.
The scope of this research is love as seen in Sally RooneyAos story Normal People.
The limitation of this study is to describe and find out what types of love in the novel.
Normal People.
The novel can be discussed from many things, such as setting, characters, plot, and point of view.
To limit the discussion, researchers take character as the material studied in the analysis.
In this study, the writer of the thesis herself is the subject of analysis by reading and understanding the references that support this thesis.
So, the writer becomes the instrument of research to be appropriate.
Data collection techniques will be done by reading, making notes, and classifying.
The steps that must be taken are as follows: .
The writer reads the novel carefully and understands the novel in-depth, .
The writer makes notes about the information that indicates kinds of love in the novel, .
The writer classifies the data related to the kinds of love and writes down them including the pages and chapter based on four kinds of love by C.
Lewis.
In analyzing the data, the writer analyzes the collected data relating to the study of love from the novel.
After analyzing the data, the writer interprets and concludes the data in order to answer the statements of the problem.
Results and Discussion After reading the novel and the theory of C.
LewisAo types of love the writers discover there is a parallel idea of love in Normal People by Sally Rooney and C.
S LewisAo types of love.
In LewisAo theory, love can be divided into four different types: Storge.
Philias.
Eros, and Agape.
Of the four loves by C.
S Lewis, there are three types of love depicted in the story of Normal People.
They are Storge.
Philias, and Eros.
Depiction of Storge in the Novel Storge covers the idea of liking someone based on familiarity, family members, or people who bonded by chance.
Of all natural loves it is the least finical and the broadest.
Persons who are involved in this type of love can say whatever they want to say, regardless of the rules that govern public courtesy.
Storge is probably responsible for most of human love.
Normal People, a type of storge or familial relationship happens between Connell and his mother.
Lorraine.
Lorraine's love for Connell is very natural and emotional.
The event can be read in the following quote:
I must be the most permissive mother of anyone in your school.
As long as youAore using protection, you can do what you want.
He left the room then but he could hear his mother laughing as he went up the His life is always giving her amusement.
(Rooney, 2019: 24-.
In the quotation above, the researchers read the relevant information that can be discussed in terms of Connell and his motherAos relationship and interaction.
One thing is that Lorraine is a permissive mother.
Parents with permissive parenting tend to prioritize children's comfort, so they will behave like friends.
Another thing, it can be read the way they There is a type of open communication performed by both of them.
Reading the context of the utterance, the researchers can argue that there is a discussion on sexual Openly.
Lorraine states she allows Connell to have sex but he must use Ningsih & Supsiadji Lorraine wants Connell to feel comfortable living with her.
This is in accordance with what is LewisAo argumentation that storge liking someone based on familiarity, family members, or people bonding deals with by chance.
Storge can also be described as comfort, satisfaction, cosiness (Lewis, 1960: .
LorraineAos statement that "his life is always giving her amusement" explains that whatever Connell does is entertainment for Lorraine.
Lorraine's affection for Connell is the natural love and affection that parents have for their children.
Storge love between Lorraine and Connell is also seen when Lorraine feels that she is very proud to have a child like Connell.
Lorraine has never regretted giving birth to Connell.
The event can be seen in the following quote:
I donAot regret it, by the way, she says.
Having a baby.
It was the best decision IAove ever made in my life.
I love you more than anything and IAom very proud that youAore my son.
I hope you know that.
He looks back at her.
Quickly he clears his throat.
I love you too, he says.
(Rooney, 2019: .
In the previous discussion.
Connell has asked his mother.
Lorraine, if she ever regrets giving birth to Connell, but Lorraine has not responded to Connell's question.
In the quotation.
Lorraine admits that she never regrets giving birth to Connell.
LorraineAos statement that AuIt was the best decision IAove ever made in my lifeAy makes it clear that Lorraine never regrets giving birth to Connell.
For her, giving birth to Connell is the best decision she ever made in her life.
Lorraine's affection for Connell is boundless parental affection.
saying AuI love you more anythingAy Lorraine expresses her deep affection, and she is proud to have a child like Connell.
The statement AuI love you tooAy shows that Connell loves Lorraine It can be concluded that Lorraine's love for Connell is storge's love, the most natural, and emotional love.
Another example of storge love can be seen in the relationship between Lorraine and Marianne.
Lorraine is household assistant at MarianneAos house, but Lorraine is very considerate of Marianne.
The event can be seen in the following quote:
Hello, sweetheart.
Lorraine said.
I hear youAove been out of school for a few days.
Is everything okay? Yeah.
IAom fine, said Marianne.
Actually IAom not going back to school.
I find I get more done if I just stay at home and study.
At this Lorraine stood up and stripped off her gloves.
Without speaking, she put her arms around Marianne and embraced her very tightly.
In a strange, cramped voice Marianne said: ItAos okay.
IAom fine.
DonAot worry about me.
(Rooney, 2019:
The quotation above describes LorraineAos sympathy toward Marianne dealing with MarianneAos quitting school, so Lorraine visits Marianne to ask about her condition.
Lorraine and Marianne are bonded by change.
Lorraine has worked at MarianneAos house since MarianneAos childhood.
Lorraine loves Marianne very much and Marianne is very close to Lorraine.
Marianne loves Lorraine more than she loves her own mother.
LorraineAos deep sympathy is shown clearly in Aushe put her arms around Marianne and embraced her very tightlyAy.
Lorraine knows that Marianne is actually not okay.
It is the result of empathy based on familiarity.
It exists without emotional compulsion.
Lorraine's embrace is soothing for Marianne.
Because of this.
Marianne wants to cry in Lorraine's arms, but she holds it back.
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Marianne does not want to worry Lorraine.
In a voice holding back tears.
Marianne says that she is fine, and asks for Lorraine not to worry about her.
So, it can be concluded that Lorraine's affection for Marianne is storge's love.
Another part of storge type can be read in the relationship between Connell.
Lorraine, and Marianne.
The event can be read in the following quote:
Then it was December and she was planning to stay in college alone for Christmas and get some work done on the dissertation she was writing on Irish carceral institutions after independence.
Connell wanted her to come back to Carricklea with him.
Lorraine would love to have you, he said.
IAoll call her, you should talk to her about it.
In the end Lorraine called Marianne herself and personally invited her to stay for Christmas.
Marianne, trusting that Lorraine knew what was right, accepted.
(Rooney, 2019: .
The quotation above describes a plan that Marianne has decided to do at Christmas.
Marianne has planned not to come home at Christmas.
Connell suggests she come home to Carricklea, by arguing that it will make Lorraine happy as in Connell words AuLorraine would love to have youAy.
It can be assumed as the child's natural love and affection for his mother.
Connell knows his mother is very fond of Marianne, and his mother also approves of his relationship with Marianne.
Taking Marianne to celebrate Christmas together at home will make her mother happy.
It is strengthened by fact that "Lorraine called Marianne herself and personally invited her to stay for Christmas".
Lorraine even personally invites Marianne to celebrate Christmas together, it explains that Marianne's existence makes Lorraine happy.
The statement "Marianne, trusting that Lorraine knew what was right, accepted" explains that Marianne trusts that Lorraine will accept her affectionately.
Depiction of Philias in the Novel Philias is the love between close friends, like brothers.
Friendship is a strong bond between people who share similar values, interests, and activities.
The primary condition of friendship is companionship and sharing of experiences.
In Normal People, type of philias can be seen in the relationship between Marianne and Joanna.
Compared to her life in Dublin and Marianne, life in high school is very different.
In Dublin Marianne is very popular and has a lot of friends.
But it is only with Joanna Marianne shares her life story.
Joanna is the closest friend of Marianne's in Dublin.
The event can be read in the following quotes:
Because Joanna has a job now, most of their conversations take place over the phone, even though theyAore both living in Dublin.
MarianneAos only home for the weekend, but thatAos JoannaAos only time off work.
On the phone Joanna frequently describes her office, the various characters who work there, the dramas that erupt between them, and itAos as if sheAos a citizen of a country Marianne has never visited, the country of paid employment.
I wouldnAot want you to turn into Peggy, says Joanna.
I like you the way you are.
Thanks, says Marianne.
YouAore a good friend.
(Rooney, 2019: 92-.
Joanna is Marianne's closest friend in Dublin.
Marianne has been friends with Joanna since college in Dublin.
The beginning of their friendship happens because Joanna is also one of the scholarship recipients.
Their literacy occurs because they often discuss scholarships and Ningsih & Supsiadji campus assignments.
Based on quotation, communication between Marianne and Joanna is still established even though they are not in the same place.
Most of their communication is by telephone.
Joanna often tells Marianne about her office activities and situation.
JoannaAos statement that "I like you the way you are" explains that Joanna likes Marianne just the way she It explains that Joanna is sincerely becoming friends with Marianne.
Marianne also thinks Joanna is a good friend to her.
A group of friends can gather in shared affection, good friends will make people better, and bad friends make people worse, friendship strengthens a person's character (Lewis, 1960, p.
Moreover, the type of philias love can also be read in Connell and Niall relationship.
Niall is ConnellAos only friend at Trinity.
Niall shows his affection for Connell in a practical way.
The event that can be read in the following quote:
It was Niall who told him about the service.
What he said specifically was: ItAos free, so you might as well.
Niall is a practical person, and he shows compassion in practical ways.
Connell hasnAot been seeing much of him lately, because Connell lives in his scholarship accommodation now and doesnAot see much of anyone (Rooney, 2019: 165-.
The quotation shows the form of Connell's friendship with Niall.
Niall is so concerned about Connell's mental health that he asks Connell to go to a psychiatrist.
Niall tells Connell that the service is free, so that Connell is not burdened by the cost.
Niall wants Connell to be as good as I used to be.
Niall is very worried about Connell's health.
Connell's friendship with Niall is like family affection.
They take care of each other, worry about each other, and help each other.
For Niall, mental health is very important.
Niall is afraid that Connell will fall into bad thoughts and make him a bad person.
NiallAos deep sympathy is shown clearly in " Niall is a practical person, and he shows compassion in practical ways".
Although Niall shows his concern practically.
Connell knows that Niall cares about him very much.
This can be read as NiallAos showing empathy to Connell.
Niall's attention to Connell is also shown when Connell is in distress.
Niall helps Connell pay the rent.
The event is seen as follows:
Until April.
Connell had been planning to work in Dublin for the summer and cover the rent with his wages, but a week before the exams his boss told him they were cutting back his hours.
He could just about make rent that way but heAod have nothing left to live on.
HeAod always known that the place was going to go out of business, and he was furious with himself for not applying anywhere else.
He thought about it constantly for weeks.
In the end he decided he would have to move out for the summer.
Niall was very nice about it, said the room would still be there for him in September and all of that.
What about yourself and Marianne? Niall asked.
And Connell said: Yeah, yeah.
I donAot know.
I havenAot told her yet.
(Rooney, 2019: .
Connell works to pay rent, but the restaurant he works for goes bankrupt and he has to stop Connell does not have money to pay rent, so he decides to move.
Niall helps Connell to pay the rent.
Niall is Connell's only friend in Dublin and Niall is very kind to Connell.
In Dublin.
Connell knows Niall and Marianne only.
Marianne is the girl he likes, while Niall is his only friend in Dublin.
Connell and Niall share their life stories.
understand each other.
ConnellAos statement that "Niall was very nice about it " shows that Niall is very considerate of Connell.
Niall knows Connell is in trouble, so he sincerely petrifies Connell.
it can be read as NiallAos showing affection to Connell.
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In a series of emails they exchanged recently about their own friendship.
Marianne expressed her feelings about Connell mainly in terms of her sustained interest in his opinions and beliefs, the curiosity she feels about his life, and her instinct to survey his thoughts whenever she feels conflicted about anything.
expressed himself more in terms of identification, his sense of rooting for her and suffering with her when she suffers, his ability to perceive and sympathise with her motivations.
Marianne thought this had something to do with gender roles.
I think I just like you a lot as a person, he replied defensively.
ThatAos actually very sweet, she wrote back.
(Rooney, 2019: .
The quotation above shows another proof that is in correlation with Philias types of love.
The researcher interprets this as Marianne considering Connell her friend.
Marianne is interested in Connell's life, about Connell's mindset and beliefs.
Marianne is curious about Connell's life that she is living now and Marianne tries to understand it all.
Connell's feelings for Marianne are limited to sympathy and admiration.
Lewis distinguishes philias between eros by observing that friendship's delight is the nakedness of souls rather than eros's nakedness of bodies, it is love that is not jealous.
ConnellAos feeling is shown clearly in "I think I just like you a lot as a person, he replied defensively".
Connell likes Marianne only as an ordinary person, it can be assumed that Connell's feeling for Marianne is just a feeling of friendship.
MarianneAos statement that "That's actually very sweet, she wrote back" shows that Marianne also has the same feelings as Connell that Marianne only thinks of Connell as a friend.
Depiction of Eros in the Novel Eros is the type of love that involves passion, lust, or romance.
Eros is also characterized by affection, idealization, and preoccupation with the beloved.
In Normal People, this type of eros is mainly seen in the relationship between Marianne and Connell.
Connell and Marianne's relationship is romantic love and full of passion.
Their eros love is seen in the following quote:
You know you were saying the other day that you like me, he said.
In the kitchen you said it, when we were talking about school.
Yeah.
Did you mean like as a friend, or what? She stared down into her lap.
She was wearing a corduroy skirt and in the light from the window she could see it was flecked with pieces of lint.
No, not just as a friend, she said.
Oh, okay.
I was wondering.
IAom kind of confused about what I feel, he added.
I think it would be awkward in school if anything happened with us.
No one would have to know.
He looked up at her, directly, with total attention.
She knew he was going to kiss her, and he did.
His lips were soft.
(Rooney, 2019: .
The quotation describes that Marianne likes Connell more than just a friend.
MarianneAos statement that "not just as a friend" shows that Marianne has romantic feelings for Connell.
It can be assumed that Marianne is Aobeing in loveAo with Connell.
Meanwhile.
Connell still doubts his feelings for Marianne.
Marianne understands Connell's feelings for her.
Actually.
Ningsih & Supsiadji Connell also likes Marianne.
However.
Connell is worried that his friends will be awkward if they find out that he is dating Marianne.
Marianne said in her statement that she AuNo one would have to knowAy, which can be read as MarianneAos AoaffectionAo for Connell.
Affection in eros is full of erotic passion, but rather leads to comfort and simplicity.
Friendship is also marked by affection, but in friendship affection is not 'driven' in the same way as erotic love.
When Connell kisses lips' Marianne, it makes it clearer that Connell has passionate feelings towards Marianne.
Lewis describes kissing as an interesting outward sign of both eros and So, it can be concluded that the quotation shows the love of eros between Marianne and Connell.
Another example of Connell and Marianne's eros love is when they have sex.
Sex is described as a passionate relationship.
The description of event can be read in the following After the first time they had sex.
Marianne stayed the night in his house.
He had never been with a girl who was a virgin before.
In total he had only had sex a small number of times, and always with girls who went on to tell the whole school about it afterwards.
HeAod had to hear his actions repeated back to him later in the locker room: his errors, and, so much worse, his excruciating attempts at tenderness, performed in gigantic pantomime.
With Marianne it was different, because everything was between them only, even awkward or difficult things.
He could do or say anything he wanted with her and no one would ever find out.
(Rooney, 2019: .
The quotation above describes ConnellAos affection toward Marianne.
Connell considers Marianne different from other girls.
Connell has never told his friends about his sex relationship with Marianne.
Whereas with the other girls, he would always tell his friends about their sex relationship and used it as a joke.
With Marianne.
Connell feels freer, he can do and say whatever he pleases.
It can be assumed that Connell feels AoaffectionAo towards Marianne.
Connell also feels a sense of AopreoccupationAo when he is with Marianne.
It can be concluded that Connell Aobeing in loveAo to Marianne.
In addition.
Marianne and Connel's eros love is also seen in the intimacy of their relationship.
The event is seen as follows:
Idly he wandered over to the bed and sat down.
She was sitting cross-legged, holding her ankles.
They sat there in silence for a few moments.
Then he got onto the bed with her.
He touched her leg and she lay back against the pillow.
Boldly she asked if he was going to kiss her again.
He said: What do you think? This struck her as a highly cryptic and sophisticated thing to say.
Anyway he did start to kiss her.
She told him that it was nice and he just said nothing.
She felt she would do anything to make him like her, to make him say out loud that he liked her.
(Rooney, 2019: .
The quotation describes the love of eros.
Eros is the sensual love between people who are sexually attracted to each other.
MarianneAos deep love as shown clearly in "He did start to kiss her.
She told him it was nice".
Marianne is happy with what Connell is doing.
It can be assumed that Marianne felt AopreoccupationAo with Connell.
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make him like her, to make him say out loud that he liked her" expresses MarianneAos AoidealizationAo to Connell.
Marianne idealizes her relationship by being willing to do anything for Connell, in order to get Connell to express his feelings for her.
The initial phase of romantic love is possible due to AoidealizationAo, an act of excessive imagination.
Idealization triggers better expectations.
It can be concluded that Connell and Marianne are in a romantic Connell's love for Marianne can also be seen in the following quote:
He got back into bed beside her and kissed her face.
She had been sad before, after the film, but now she was happy.
It was in ConnellAos power to make her It was something he could just give to her, like money or sex.
With other people she seemed so independent and remote, but with Connell she was different, a different person.
He was the only one who knew her like that.
(Rooney, 2019: .
Based on the quotation above.
ConnellAos way of expressing his love and affection for Marianne is with physical touch, and that always makes Marianne happy.
Physical touch can create emotional closeness, so the relationship with a partner will be warmer and tighter.
The statement of "It was in Connell's power to make her happy" explains that Connell always has a way of making Marianne happy.
It can be assumed that the AoaffectionAo that Connell gave to Marianne, creates a AopreoccupationAo in their relationship.
Connell is very understanding of Marianne's character, with others Marianne showing an independent and slightly distant But when with Connell.
Marianne shows character like a girl in general who wants to be loved sincerely, that trait Marianne only show to Connell.
It can be assumed that Marianne feels free and comfortable while with Connell.
It can be read as MarianneAos showing eros love to Connell.
Marianne and Connell's eros love is further clarified by Connell's feelings for Marianne.
Connell loves Marianne for who she is.
The event can be seen in the following quote:
You have nothing to worry about with your appearance.
Connell said.
Hm.
I donAot just like you for your brains, trust me.
She laughed, feeling silly.
He rubbed her ear with his nose and added: I would miss you if you didnAot want to see me anymore.
(Rooney, 2019: 35-.
In the quotation above, the researcher interprets that Connell Aobeing in loveAo to Marianne.
Connell loves Marianne for who she is, not because of her physique and intelligence.
It is strengthened by the fact that "I would miss you if you didn't want to see me anymore".
It is Connell's feelings of AoaffectionAo for Marianne.
Connell is afraid of losing Marianne, he will miss Marianne very much if Marianne left him.
He felt a vast rush of love for her, love and compassion, almost sympathy.
knew that he belonged with her.
What they had together was normal, a good The life they were living was the right life.
Sitting on the bus he continued to picture her standing in the doorway with the light behind her: how exquisite she looked, and what a glamorous, formidable Ningsih & Supsiadji person she was, and that subtle expression that came over her face when she looked at him.
(Rooney, 2019: .
The quotation above shows another proof that is in correlation with eros types of love.
The researcher interprets this way.
Connell's eros love for Marianne.
ConnellAos deep affection is shown clearly in "He felt a vast rush of love for her, love and compassion, almost sympathy".
Connell is 'being in love' with Marianne.
ConnellAos statement also describes Connell's 'affection' for Marianne.
Connell feels love and affection for Marianne.
Affection in eros is full of erotic passion, but rather leads to comfort and simplicity.
Connell feels that he deserves to live with Marianne, because Connell feels that his relationship with Marianne is a normal, good relationship.
ConnellAos statement that "how exquisite she looked, and what a glamorous, formidable person she was" makes it clear that Connell 'being in love' to Marianne.
Connell also admires Marianne's beauty.
Connell has romantic feelings for Marianne.
Conclusion The results of the analysis in this thesis show that from the theory of four types of love by Lewis, three types can be found in the novel Normal People by Sally Rooney.
They are types of storge, philias, and eros.
First, type of storge or familial love happens between Connell.
Lorraine, and Marianne.
Lorraine loves Connell more than anything, and she is proud to have a child like Connell.
Type of philias or friendship love can be read in the relationship between Marianne.
Joanna.
Connell, and Niall.
The first condition of friendship is companionship and sharing of experiences.
After Marianne and Connell's romantic relationship end, they decide to become friends.
Like any friendship.
Connell always takes care of Marianne and Marianne is always there for Connell.
Besides Connell.
Joanna is Marianne's friend in Trinity, they share As for Connell, his college life is very different from his life in high school.
Trinity.
Connell only has one friend.
Niall.
Connell and Niall became friends because they had the same thoughts about Trinity.
The last type is eros or romantic love.
It can be found in the love relationship between Connell and Marianne.
The love relationship between Connell and Marianne is categorized as romantic love because their love contains intimacy, and passion.
The intimacy between Connell and Marianne describes through their feeling of closeness and bondedness.
The passion in the love relationship between Connell and Marianne also is shown through their sexual attraction to each other.
In conclusion, love exists in every single person and it has some different types that happen between family, friends, and couples.
Family love or storge is affection that parents feel for their children.
It is the foremost characteristic and emotional love.
Friendship or philias is a solid bond that exists between individuals who share similar values, interests, and activities.
Romantic love or eros is erotic love between individuals who are sexually pulled into each other.
The analysis of literary works can be done from various aspects, approaches and theories.
This study uses C.
LewisAo theory to analyze types of love in the Normal People by Sally Rooney.
The limitation of this study is that this study focuses on types of love that exist between the characters in the story.
This study can be developed for the next research.
Because not only the love story that can be taken from this novel, but there are some studies Cultural Narratives 2023.
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NO.
1, 20-32
that can be taken including inner conflict experienced by Marianne Sheridan and Connell Waldron, or social class which is one of the obstacles in the relationship between Marianne and Connell.
Authors Information First Author, the Department of English Literature.
Faculty of Cultural Sciences.
Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya.
Indonesia.
Alumna of the Department of English Literature.
Second Author, the Department of English Literature.
Faculty of Cultural Sciences.
Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya, a lecturer.
Interested in modern philosophy, literature and sociology, children and young adult literature, and Javanese traditional puppet show.
The correspondent address: rudisupsiadji@untagsby.
References