JURNAL KAJIAN BALI
Hlm. 01­—

Journal of Bali Studies

p-ISSN 2088-4443 # e-ISSN 2580-0698 Volume 15, Number 01, April 2025

Conservation and Utilization: Community-Based
Natural and Cultural Tourism Site Design
in West Bali National Park
Muhamad Muhamad1* , I Putu Gede Arya Kusdyana2
1
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2025.v15.i01.p04

Abstract: This study aims to assess community-based tourism site designs that support
conservation goals while benefiting local communities in West Bali National Park (TNBB).
The relationship between natural, social, and cultural landscapes supports sustainable
use and reflects interactions between TNBB and surrounding communities. Qualitative
data was collected through site observations, interviews with local stakeholders,
and document analysis in the TNBB utilization zone. Findings indicate that tourismoriented landscapes in the utilization zone contribute to TNBB’s conservation goals
by fostering nature and culture-based tourism. Community involvement promotes
collaborative relationships between TNBB management and village communities,
enhancing local welfare through conservation efforts. The natural and cultural
resources of the six buffer villages surrounding the National Park serve as significant
tourist attractions, contributing to the preservation and sustainable development of the
area. This collaborative approach can serve as a model for sustainable tourism in other
conservation areas and guide policy on community-based tourism.
Keywords: landscape; nature and cultural tourism; conservation; local communities;
West Bali National Park

1. Introduction
onservation areas have emerged as increasingly popular tourist destinations,
experiencing growth particularly in nature and cultural tourism. The rising
interest in visiting conservation areas requires special attention (Sobhani et al.,
2023). This is related to the core functions of conservation areas, which encompass
three aspects: preservation, utilization, and protection. Consequently, the
management of nature tourism must maintain a balance among these three
functions (Siregar et al., 2024).

C
*

Corresponding author’s email: drmuhammad@ugm.ac.id
Submitted: 5 September 2024; Accepted: 27 February 2025; Published: April 2025
Copyright © 2025 by the author (s). This article is published by Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies),
University of Udayana, Bali, Indonesia, under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The Site Design for Nature Tourism Management in West Bali National
Park (Taman Nasional Bali Barat or TNBB) represents a crucial step necessary
to support policy directions, strategies, and program indications for tourism
development, particularly in West Bali National Park (Utama, 2013). This
is in line with realizing the management vision of “Becoming a Center for
Representative Biodiversity of Bali Island through management based on
harmonious relationships between nature, society, and culture for sustainable
utilization interests” (Hsu, 2019; Kibria et al., 2021; Robledano et al., 2018;
Sobhani et al., 2023). Through the preparation of this document, it is anticipated
that all efforts to develop and organize nature tourism within West Bali National
Park can be implemented in a more directed manner, within the framework of
integrated utilization of regional potential as a tourism destination, responsive
to market dynamics, and managed sustainably (Becker et al., 2023; Mancini et
al., 2022; Samal & Dash, 2023; Sobhani et al., 2023).
The concept of site design in a specific area, particularly conservation
areas, involves the division of space within a zoning system (Jazuli & Anandi,
2021; Sobhani et al., 2023). The management concept is further reinforced by
government regulations, especially regarding nature tourism management
in utilization zones and wilderness zones designated for public spaces and
business spaces in providing nature tourism services/facilities (Adeosun &
Shittu, 2022; Hapsila & Astarina, 2020; Moons et al., 2020; Muhsoni & Efendy,
2017; Zhao, 2023). The Business Space is part of the national park’s utilization
zone because its location, condition, and potential are used for nature tourism
business interests in providing nature tourism facilities. This space is part
of the wilderness/utilization zone in conservation areas due to its location,
condition, and potential being utilized for visitor interests, management, and
nature tourism business for providing nature tourism services and supporting
(Mbanze et al., 2021).
Supporting facilities for nature tourism visitors include information
centers, docks/jetties, parking areas, boat moorings/mooring buoys, gates,
shelters, paved/hardened tourist roads and footpaths, bridges, electricity
networks, clean water networks, telephone networks, internet networks,
drainage/channel networks, toilets, waste disposal networks, helicopter landing
pads (helipads), observation towers, observation and interpretation points, road
and direction signs, warning signs, information boards, interpretation boards,
hectometer markers along the journey, equipment and gear rental facilities,
food and beverage provision areas, souvenir shops, and other visitor needs
outlets (Alktrani, 2021; Bentley et al., 2010; Cobbinah et al., 2017; Heshmati et
al., 2022; Lee, 2019).
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The development of site design for nature tourism management in
National Parks, particularly in West Bali National Park (TNBB), from 2013 to
2018 is as follows: Site design activities in 2013 were carried out at locations
based on the Decree of the Director of Utilization of Environmental Services
for Conservation Areas and Protection Forests (PJLKKHL) Number: SK.43/
PJLKKHL-3/2013 regarding Guidelines for Preparing Site Designs for Nature
Tourism Management in Wildlife Reserves, National Parks, Grand Forest Parks,
and Nature Tourism Parks (Adom, 2019; Angessa et al., 2022; Kunjuraman et
al., 2022).
The management plan for wildlife reserves, national parks, grand forest
parks, and nature tourism parks is a macro management plan that is indicative,
strategic, qualitative, and quantitative and is prepared with consideration for
participation, aspirations, community culture, environmental conditions, and
regional development plans for managing wildlife reserves, national parks,
grand forest parks, and nature tourism parks. The utilization zone is part of the
national park area designated for nature tourism and tourist visits (Angessa et
al., 2022; Chandio et al., 2021; Esmail et al., 2023; Mbanze et al., 2021; Vasco et
al., 2017).
West Bali National Park is located in the western part of Bali Island in
Indonesia. This national park covers an area of 19,002.89 hectares, consisting of
a terrestrial area of 15,587.89 ha and a marine area of 3,415 ha and as one of the
conservation areas, the management of West Bali National Park (TNBB) is aimed
at: 1) Protecting the Bali Starling population and other ecosystems such as coral
reef ecosystems, mangrove ecosystems, coastal forest ecosystems, and lowland
to mountain forest ecosystems as life support systems, primarily intended
to maintain the authenticity, integrity, and diversity of natural succession in
stable ecosystem units capable of supporting life optimally, 2) Preserving the
diversity of flora and fauna species and their ecosystems, aimed at protecting,
restoring authenticity, and developing populations and genetic diversity within
the TNBB area from human disturbances, 3) Sustainable utilization of Natural
Resources and Ecosystems for various purposes such as, 4) Serving as a field
laboratory for researchers to develop science and technology, 5) Providing a
place for education to increase knowledge and skills for the community, 6)
Tourist attractions will be in special utilization zones where tourism facilities
can be built, 7) Supporting the cultivation of flora and fauna breeding to meet
protein needs and medicinal plants (Amarasinghe et al., 2021).
Geographically, TNBB is located between 114º26’ - 114º35’ East Longitude
and 08º 05’ 30” – 08º 17’ 20” South Latitude. Administratively, the location of
West Bali National Park is included in Bali Province, Jembrana Regency, and
Buleleng Regency. West Bali National Park consists of various forest habitats
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and savannas. The position in the center of West Bali National Park is dominated
by remnants of four volcanoes from the Pleistocene era, with Mount Patas as the
highest point in this area. About 160 species of animals and plants are protected
in this national park, including banteng, deer, langurs, flying foxes, and various
birds. The soil types in the West Bali National Park area vary. This is because the
parent rocks are not the same.
According to the Bali Island soil review map, the soil types in this area
include alluvial, latosol, and Mediterranean. Based on the Bali Island Soil
Review Map at a scale of 1:250,000 (Land Rehabilitation and Soil Conservation
Pattern for the Pancoran, Teluk Terima, Balingkang Anyar Unda, and Sema Bor
Watershed Areas) in 1984, the geological formation of TNBB mostly consists of
Latosol.
According to Mancini et al. (2022), public demands in the forestry sector
for community empowerment activities around forests are also growing
stronger. Indications of increasing forest degradation are directly proportional
to the increasing powerlessness of local communities in facing the global culture
of “consumerism” that is increasingly influencing their lifestyle (Mancini et al.,
2022). The importance of empowering indigenous communities around forests
has now become increasingly prominent as a key concept that has become
a fundamental need for improving the performance of business entities and
agencies whose scope of work is based on forest resources.
Various models of empowerment for indigenous communities around
forests have been tested with diverse argumentative bases, such as Forest
Village Community Empowerment; Community-Based Forest Management;
Community Forestry; Social Forestry and others. Many of those who test these
empowerment models start from an awareness to fully participate in improving
community welfare. However, not a few start from compulsion and fear of
increasing public pressure. There is even a tendency for this empowerment to
be politicized merely to secure their position while controlling forest village
communities to prevent radical resistance (Adeosun et al., 2023; Chandio et al.,
2021; Esmail et al., 2023).
The site design for natural and cultural tourism in conservation areas
invariably coexists with villages, including in TNBB where the presence of 4
buffer villages directly bordering the Bali Barat National Park area cannot be
separated, namely Blimbingsari Village, Ekasari Village, Gilimanuk Sub-district
and Melaya Village in Jembrana Regency, while Sumber Klampok Village, and
Pejarakan Village in Buleleng Regency (Kunjuraman et al., 2022). The existence of
utilization zones and wilderness zones developed for the purpose of public space
and business space planning takes into consideration community interests in the
context of community empowerment in the area(Wiryawan & Djatna, 2020).
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While community-based tourism is widely recognized as a sustainable
approach that promotes both conservation and local community welfare, limited
research has examined how this model can be specifically adapted within
conservation areas like West Bali National Park (TNBB). Existing literature
largely addresses either community-based tourism or site design in isolation,
without exploring how these elements interact to achieve conservation goals
in TNBB’s unique ecological and cultural landscape (Amarasinghe et al., 2021).
Addressing this gap, the present study aims to investigate how communitydriven tourism site designs in TNBB can harmonize conservation efforts with
socioeconomic benefits for local communities. By focusing on collaborative site
design and management practices, this research seeks to provide insights that
contribute to sustainable tourism models for TNBB and similar conservation
areas.
This study aims to examine the intersection of site design and communitybased tourism in West Bali National Park, focusing on how collaborative efforts
can achieve a balance between conservation and socioeconomic benefits. By
addressing this, the research seeks to fill a gap in the literature and offer practical
recommendations for sustainable management practices in conservation areas.
2. Literature Review
Recent literature highlights a significant shift in the forestry sector,
emphasizing community empowerment in conservation area management. This
trend is driven by increased public demand for active participation in managing
forest areas, especially those with growing accessibility, which fosters greater
local involvement in conservation efforts (Listiani et al., 2024). Alongside these
developments, regulatory frameworks have evolved to support communitybased conservation, including the establishment of internal community rules,
partnership structures, and formalized collaborations with conservation
management authorities.
Indonesia’s conservation areas hold immense potential for natural
tourism, encompassing 2,612 documented Natural Tourism Objects and
Attractions. These include distinctive landscapes such as waterfalls, cave
systems, coastal regions, lakes, mountains, and pristine forests (Listiani et al.,
2024). The integration of biodiversity with the socio-cultural uniqueness of
local communities offers opportunities for nature-based and cultural tourism.
Muhamad (2009) categorizes these activities into nature-based experiences,
including hiking, snorkelling, and wildlife observation, and cultural activities,
such as Labuan ceremonies, which reflect the area’s rich cultural heritage.
However, the practical implementation of these categories into site design models
that harmonize conservation and tourism objectives remains underexplored.
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To address this, structured site design principles have been introduced
through the Regulation of the Director General of PHKA Number: 3/2011 jo.
Number: 5/2015. These principles delineate conservation areas into Public
Space and Business Space. Public Space accommodates visitor activities and
community management within protected zones, while Business Space
supports nature tourism exploitation and business ventures in utilization zones.
This structured approach is critical for balancing conservation and tourism
development goals.
A successful example of this framework’s application is the Kalikuning area
of Mount Merapi National Park, where the Utilization Zone concept effectively
integrates natural and cultural tourism while preserving environmental
integrity (Muhamad & Khabibi, 2021). While this case study offers valuable
insights, its potential adaptation to other conservation areas, such as West Bali
National Park, has not been sufficiently examined.
Okazaki (2008) underscores the importance of community-based tourism
(CBT) as a sustainable tourism model, emphasizing frameworks such as the
ladder of citizen participation, power redistribution, and the role of collaboration
in fostering community engagement. These frameworks are crucial for
understanding participation dynamics at specific tourism sites. For instance,
a case study in Palawan, Philippines, highlights an indigenous community’s
attempt to initiate community-based ecotourism, which faced challenges such
as conflicts with non-indigenous stakeholders. Such examples illustrate the
complexities of implementing CBT models and the need for ongoing evaluation
and refinement.
Naranjo Llupart (2022) expands on the theoretical foundations of CBT by
proposing a model that integrates systemic components and adapts to evolving
tourism demands. Conducted in Ecuador, the study emphasizes the deductive
analysis of tourism theories, leading to the development of a comprehensive
CBT framework. This model highlights the interplay between subsystems,
offering insights into community involvement and adaptability as critical factors
in sustainable tourism development. The findings suggest that updating and
localizing these models is essential for scientific and practical advancements in
tourism management.
Building on these insights, this study focuses on West Bali National Park
(TNBB) as a case study to address the research gap in designing integrated site
models that balance natural and cultural tourism within conservation areas. It
seeks to validate theoretical CBT models and explore practical applications that
empower local communities while ensuring environmental sustainability.

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3. Research Method and Theory
3.1 Research Method
3.1.1 Data Collection
Primary data were collected through direct observations at the Bali Barat
National Park Conservation Area, focusing on the utilization zone. Observations
were conducted over a four-month period, with field visits taking place twice a
week from February to May 2023. Each observation session lasted approximately
four hours, occurring between 9:00 AM and 1:00 PM to capture peak tourist
activity. During each visit, the research team documented key landscape
features such as beaches, waterfalls, caves, and forested areas, along with tourist
facilities, including signage, infrastructure, and accessibility paths. The team also
observed community activities, particularly those involving local residents in
cultural practices such as traditional dances and rituals, as well as communitybased tourism initiatives like craft markets and eco-tourism services.
The observation protocol included a checklist to standardize data collection,
focusing on the condition of natural and built elements, visitor numbers, and
the nature of interactions between tourists and the local community. Criteria
used for documenting landscape features included uniqueness, biodiversity,
and visitor engagement levels. Additionally, the research team observed the
involvement of local residents in tourism-related activities, noting their roles,
frequency of participation, and the cultural significance of the activities.
Secondary data were gathered through a comprehensive literature review,
including books, academic journal articles, government reports, and previous
studies on community-based tourism, conservation management, and tourism
development policies. Relevant documents were sourced from local government
agencies, such as the Ministry of Tourism, and academic publications on tourism
and environmental management. Secondary data were used to provide context
for primary data and support the analysis of tourism management frameworks
and their alignment with conservation and community empowerment goals.
For example, policy documents, such as the “Regulation of the Director General
of PHKA Number: 3/2011 jo. Number: 5/2015,” were reviewed to understand the
regulatory frameworks for managing conservation areas and tourism activities.
3.1.2 Site Selection Criteria
The selection of villages for this study was based on several criteria
to ensure their relevance to the study’s objectives. The villages chosen—
Gilimanuk, Blimbingsari, Sumber Klampok, and Pejarakan—are located within
the buffer zones of the TNBB utilization zone. These villages were selected for
their proximity to the conservation area, making them central to the tourism
dynamics in the region. Moreover, the level of community involvement in
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tourism activities, such as eco-tourism ventures, guided tours, and local cultural
performances, was considered a key factor in their selection. Additionally, these
villages were evaluated for their cultural significance, environmental sensitivity,
and accessibility, all of which play a crucial role in the study’s analysis of
tourism site design within conservation areas.
The criteria for site selection were as follows: Proximity to Conservation
Areas: Villages were selected for their direct connection to the TNBB
conservation areas, which are crucial for tourism development. Their location
within the buffer zones makes them integral to the park’s tourism dynamics.
Community Involvement in Tourism: Villages were evaluated based on their
active participation in tourism-related activities, including local crafts, cultural
performances, and eco-tourism services. This involvement is essential for
understanding the role of local communities in tourism management.
Cultural Significance: Villages with strong cultural ties to the region,
including traditional ceremonies, rituals, and other cultural practices, were
prioritized to highlight the importance of cultural tourism and local heritage
preservation. Environmental Impact: The ecological sensitivity of each village
was assessed, with particular attention paid to its proximity to protected areas,
critical habitats, and biodiversity hotspots. Villages with a higher ecological
value were selected to examine the integration of conservation and tourism
objectives. Accessibility: Villages were chosen based on their ease of access
for tourists, ensuring that tourism infrastructure such as roads, signage, and
accommodations are either present or in development. This criterion was critical
for evaluating the viability of these locations for sustainable tourism practices.
3.1.3 Observation Protocol
The observation protocol for this study involved systematic field visits
to the selected villages, with observations conducted over an extended period
to capture a comprehensive picture of tourism activities and community
involvement. Observations were made at regular intervals, with each
observation lasting several hours to ensure that both daily and seasonal
variations in activities were captured. During these observations, particular
attention was paid to the landscape features that contribute to the attractiveness
of the tourism sites, including natural landmarks, tourist infrastructure, and
interactions between tourists and the local community.
In terms of community activities, a wide range of events were observed,
such as cultural festivals, local markets, and eco-tourism initiatives. These
activities were documented using a set of predefined criteria, which included
their relevance to sustainable tourism practices, their cultural significance to the
local community, and their potential impact on the environment.
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3.1.4 Focus Group Discussion
The Focus Group Discussion (FGD) in this study aimed to explore the
perspectives and experiences of local communities and stakeholders regarding
the management of nature and culture-based tourism around the West Bali
National Park. The FGD was held at the TNBB Hall, located at Jl. Raya Cekik,
Gilimanuk, Jembrana, Bali, on July 15, 2023. The session lasted for one full day
and was attended by 25 participants out of 30 invited stakeholders. The invitees
included representatives from local government, relevant agencies, village and
traditional leaders, community groups, and tourism operators.
The discussion was conducted in two sessions throughout the day,
covering topics such as the revision of zoning regulations, tourism site design,
public space versus commercial space, as well as national and regional policies
such as Law No. 32/2024 on Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation,
Government Regulation No. 36/2024 on Non-Tax State Revenue under the
Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and business permits in conservation
areas, particularly within TNBB.
In addition, the discussion addressed the management of nature and
culture-based tourism around TNBB, challenges in developing communitybased tourism, socio-economic impacts on local communities, and community
expectations for collaboration with TNBB management to support conservation
and regional development. The discussion followed a semi-structured guide,
allowing for an open exchange of views on the challenges and opportunities
of community-based tourism, socio-economic impacts, and the importance of
stronger collaboration between local communities and TNBB management for
sustainable tourism and conservation efforts.
3.1.5 Data analyses
Data were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods.
Qualitative Data were derived primarily from field observations and interviews.
Observational data were recorded using field notes and photographs, and
thematic analysis was used to identify recurring patterns, such as common
tourist behaviors, popular landscape features, and community involvement
in tourism activities. Thematic coding was applied to categorize the data into
themes related to tourism site design, community participation, and ecological
impact. For example, one theme that emerged was the balance between
preserving cultural heritage while accommodating tourists, with particular
attention to local ceremonies and festivals.
For quantitative data, the matching method was applied to assess the
suitability of the conservation areas for tourism development. This method
involved comparing the landscape features with land-use criteria to evaluate
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the viability of different areas within the park for tourism. Each feature was
scored on a scale of 1-5 based on its ecological sensitivity, accessibility, cultural
value, and potential to attract tourists. The scoring system was as follows: 1 =
low suitability, 5 = high suitability. Each zone within the utilization area was
evaluated based on this scoring system, with scores being summed to provide
an overall rating for each zone’s tourism potential.
Community feedback was also analyzed using thematic analysis,
focusing on their perspectives regarding tourism site design, environmental
sustainability, and cultural preservation. Interviews were conducted with 30
local community members (15 men and 15 women), selected through purposive
sampling to represent various age groups and roles in tourism activities. The
interview guide included questions on the perceived benefits of tourism, the
challenges faced by local communities, and suggestions for improving tourism
management. Interview responses were analyzed by identifying recurring
themes related to community involvement, cultural impact, and tourism
development strategies.
3.2 Theory
Community-based tourism (CBT) is understood as a segment of tourism
development that seeks to strengthen community participation, particularly
in areas that reject mainstream tourism (Stem et al., 2003). It aims to promote
community control over tourism activities, ultimately improving local wellbeing (Harrison & Schipani, 2007). Community-based tourism is defined as
a collective program or initiative involving a group of individuals within a
community who choose to actively participate in the development of smalland medium-scale local tourism industries. It is considered an alternative form
of tourism that prioritizes community engagement as a key component in
achieving sustainable tourism development (Telfer & Sharpley, 2008).
Another approach developed by Goodwin and Santilli (2009) identifies
two key criteria in the academic definition of community-based tourism:
community ownership or management and community benefits. However,
communities can still benefit from tourism even without direct control or
ownership (Li, 2006). Ownership in CBT often revolves around providing lowlevel employment opportunities for local residents (Li, 2006). Community-led
tourism, in contrast, has the potential to generate greater social and economic
impacts (Cole, 2006). CBT encourages direct community involvement (collective
action) in the development, management, and distribution of tourism benefits,
ensuring that tourism activities are well-integrated into the local economy
(Ruiz-Ballesteros & Caceres-Feria, 2016).
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4. Research Results And Discussion
4.1 General Overview of the West Bali National Park
West Bali National Park varies from flat to moderately steep terrain, with
elevations ranging from 0 to 1,414 meters above sea level. Based on the Decree
of the Director General of PHKA No. SK. 143/IV-KK/2010, dated September
20, 2010, TNBB is divided into multiple zones: the Core Zone (8,023.22 ha),
Wilderness Zone (6,174.756 ha), Marine Protection Zone (221.741 ha), Utilization
Zone (4,294.43 ha), Cultural, Religious, and Historical Zone (50.570 ha), Special
Zone (3,967 ha), and Traditional Zone (310.943 ha), the latter comprising water
areas such as Gilimanuk Bay and Teluk Terima Bay. Figure 1 illustrates the
zoning map of TNBB.
West Bali National Park is a popular eco-tourism destination, known for its
biodiversity, including Menjangan Island, a prime diving and snorkeling spot.
The park offers facilities such as visitor centers, eco-lodges, and guided tours.
Annually, TNBB attracts 50,000 to 60,000 visitors, with growing interest in its
marine and terrestrial attractions. While tourism infrastructure is developing,
balancing visitor numbers with conservation remains a challenge, aiming to
preserve natural resources while benefiting local communities.

Figure 1. Zoning Review Map of the West Bali National Park (TNBB) (Source:
West Bali National Park, 2023)

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4.2 Community Involvement in Tourism Zones
4.2.1 Socio-Cultural Conditions of the Conservation Area
Socio-cultural conditions and community are essential elements in site
planning (Pramono et al., 2021). The context of developing site designs for natural
and cultural tourism management cannot be separated from the existence of
6 buffer villages directly bordering the Bali Barat National Park area, namely
Blimbingsari Village, Ekasari Village, Gilimanuk Sub-district, and Melaya
Village in Jembrana Regency, while Sumber Klampok Village and Pejarakan
Village are in Buleleng Regency. The presence of utilization and wilderness
zones developed for the purpose of public space and business space planning
also considers community interests in the context of community empowerment
(Krismawintari & Utama, 2019).
Furthermore, the socio-cultural potential considerations in natural
tourism management include: 1) community involvement that can build
harmonious relationships between National Park managers and the culture of
village communities in conservation areas, while simultaneously improving
the welfare of communities around forest areas in protecting and preserving
through natural and cultural tourism sites; 2) natural and cultural conditions
in 4 buffer villages directly bordering the National Park area as determining
factors for the strength of tourist attractions, as shown in the data collection
results in the following table (Heshmati et al., 2022). The following are some
areas with socio-cultural potential in tourism, as shown in Table 1.
Beyond socio-cultural potential, TNBB also offers a range of natural
tourism attractions and environmental services that can significantly boost
national revenue. Various tourism and ecological service potentials, particularly
in the utilization zones, provide opportunities for recreational, cultural, and
conservation-based activities. Table 2 presents the distribution of natural
tourism attractions within TNBB’s utilization zones, including key sites such
as Menjangan Island, Cekik, and Prapat Agung, which offer diverse tourism
experiences, from diving and snorkeling to religious and wildlife tourism.

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Table 1. Socio-Cultural Potential of the West Bali National Park Conservation
Area
No Village/Sub- Object/Zone,
District
Utilization
1 Gilimanuk
Karangsewu
Beach,
Gilimanuk Bay,
Cekik

Natural and Cultural
Community
Tourism Attractions Cultural Activities
Mangrove, natural
Traditional fishing,
scenery, savanna
service providers/
landscape, sunrise,
vendors, motorcycle
coral reefs, seagrass
taxis, tour guides,
beds, mangroves,
workers/laborers/
endemic Bali Starling, entrepreneurs,
camping grounds,
religious activities
temples
on Kalong Island/
Pelinggih Giri
Putri, Pura Dalem,
Bakungan, sea
harvesting ceremony
at Gilimanuk Bay
2 Blimbingsari Blimbingsari
Cool and serene
Farming/gardening,
Village
Village,
village scenery,
service providers/
Grojogan
preserved local
vendors, motorcycle
wisdom, natural
taxis, tour guides,
landscapes, waterfalls workers/laborers/
entrepreneurs,
religious activities
3 Sumber
Tegal Bunder,
Mangroves, savanna Farming, traditional
Klampok
Prapat Agung, landscape, natural
fishing, service
Village
Labuan Lalang, scenery, seasonal
providers/vendors,
Teluk Terima,
forests, endemic
motorcycle taxis,
Menjangan
birds, seasonal
transport services,
Island
forests, savannas,
tour guides,
beaches, temples,
workers/laborers/
endemic Bali Starling, entrepreneurs,
Jaya Prana’s Tomb,
religious activities
mangroves, lowland
rainforests, coral
reefs
4 Pejarakan
Banyuwedang Hot springs,
Farming, traditional
Village
mangroves
fishing, service
providers/vendors,
motorcycle taxis,
transport services,
tour guides,
workers/laborers/
entrepreneurs,
religious activities
Source: Field observations (2023)

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Table 2. Distribution of Natural Tourism Attractions in West Bali National Park
Utilization Zone
No

Location

1

Menjangan Klentingsari
Island
Temple, Coral
Reefs
Cekik
Camping Ground,
Maritime Cross
Monument
Teluk
Jaya Prana’s
Terima
Tomb, Mangrove
Forest, Seasonal
and Evergreen
Coastal Forest

2
3

4

Prapat
Agung

Tourism Object

Seasonal Forest
and Savannah,
Segaraupek
Temple
Source: Field observations (2023)

Tourism Activities

Zone

Religious and
Cultural Tourism

Utilization Zone,
Religious, Cultural,
and Historical Zone
Camping, Trekking Utilization Zone
Cultural Tourism,
Utilization Zone,
Trekking, Bird
Religious, Cultural,
Watching, Animal
and Historical Zone
Watching, Jungle
Trekking, Camping,
Selfie Spot
Bird Watching,
Utilization Zone,
Religious Tourism Religious Zone

Figure 2. Distribution of Natural Tourism Attractions in West Bali National
Park Utilization Zone (Land Attractions) (Source: Photographed by I Putu Gede
Arya Kusdyana, 2023)
The land-based attractions in TNBB include forests, coastal landscapes,
savannas, and wildlife habitats. The park’s lowland forests are home to rare
and endemic species, such as the Bali starling (Leucopsar rothschildi), wild deer
(menjangan), long-tailed macaques, and monitor lizards. The mangrove forests
along the coast provide essential ecological functions and serve as a habitat for
various bird species, including kingfishers, hornbills, and sea eagles (Figure 2).
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Figure 3. Distribution of Natural Tourism Attractions in West Bali National
Park Utilization Zone (Marine Attractions) (Photographed by I Putu Gede Arya
Kusdyana, 2023)
The marine attractions in TNBB are equally remarkable, offering crystalclear waters, coral reefs, and diverse marine life. The park’s coastal and
underwater ecosystems support snorkeling, diving, and other marine activities
(Figure 3). Several coral reef sites provide excellent locations for diving and
snorkeling, showcasing vibrant coral formations, tropical fish, sea turtles, and
other marine species. Some marine areas within TNBB feature mangrove-lined
coastal zones that are ideal for kayaking and wildlife observation, as they support
both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The park’s marine biodiversity makes
it a crucial area for marine conservation and sustainable tourism, drawing both
researchers and nature enthusiasts.
4.3 Tourism Impact on Conservation
4.3.1 Institutions and Community Empowerment
Institutions and community involvement in natural and cultural tourism
management are crucial components in supporting the success of natural tourism
management in conservation areas (Robledano et al., 2018). Furthermore,
institutions play a role in resource management and benefit distribution in
efforts to enhance tourism potential, serving as both a vessel and a driver in
facilitating and developing community participation (Becker et al., 2023; Adom,
2019). One form of community involvement in natural tourism ranges from
planning and implementation to monitoring (Adom, 2019). The development of
institutions and community involvement requires appropriate initial planning
facilitated by TNBB in determining proposed programs or special activities in
tourism product development so that they can be implemented effectively and
collaboratively according to the knowledge and skills of communities around
the conservation area in TNBB.
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The current condition of the West Bali National Park shows that the park
is facing challenges related to both conservation and tourism development.
While the utilization zone has significant potential for natural and cultural
tourism, there are concerns about over-exploitation and the sustainability of
tourism activities, particularly in the areas close to the park’s boundaries. The
park’s wilderness and traditional zones are less developed for tourism, leading
to missed opportunities for sustainable tourism in these areas. Additionally, the
local community’s level of involvement in tourism activities has been variable,
with some communities being more active in eco-tourism ventures, while others
lack the capacity or motivation to engage fully.
The challenges facing TNBB are not only a concern for park management
but also for the local communities who are directly impacted by tourism
development. While some communities are eager to participate in eco-tourism,
their lack of resources and skills training limits their involvement. This gap
highlights the need for greater collaboration between TNBB management and
local stakeholders to create sustainable tourism models that benefit both the
environment and the community.
As expressed by FGD participants, such as Ni Made Ayu (a dive equipment
rental operator) and Mase Suparta (a guide from the Indonesian Tourist Guide
Association – HPI), there is a shared desire for closer cooperation with TNBB to
ensure that tourism development supports conservation while also improving
local livelihoods. Ni Made Ayu is a dive equipment rental operator who
actively participates in eco-tourism initiatives in the area surrounding West Bali
National Park. She has expressed a desire for increased involvement in tourism
activities, emphasizing the need for proper training and facilities to support
both her business and conservation efforts.
“We want to be more involved in tourism, but we don’t have enough training or
proper facilities. If we could work more closely with TNBB, it would help both our
income and conservation efforts.” (Ni Made Ayu – FGD Participant, 2023).
Made Perwata is a guide from the Indonesian Tourist Guide Association
(HPI), specializing in the region around TNBB. With years of experience
guiding tourists, he is keen on ensuring that tourism development remains
environmentally sustainable while also supporting the local economy.
“Tourism here has great potential, but we worry that too much development could
harm the environment. Some areas are thriving, while others remain untouched
and underutilized. More support is needed to ensure tourism benefits both nature
and the local community.” (Made Perwata – FGD Participant, 2023).
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This desire for more integrated participation is in line with regional
development plans for TNBB, which emphasize the importance of balancing
tourism development with conservation efforts. Specifically, zoning provisions
for TNBB must ensure compatibility between tourism activities and the
protection of natural resources and ecosystems. Natural tourism development is
permissible only within the utilization zone, while limited tourism activities can
take place in the wilderness and traditional zones (Jazuli & Anandi, 2021). The
current condition of TNBB highlights the need for better coordination between
the park’s management, local institutions, and surrounding communities
to align tourism development with conservation objectives, ensuring that
community involvement is effectively integrated into the process.
4.4 Challenges and Opportunities in Site Design
4.4.1 Zoning Provisions and Management Implications
Based on management zone criteria in conservation areas, activities that
can be carried out within the Utilization Zone related to natural and sociocultural tourism development include developing the cultural potential of
surrounding communities, natural tourist attractions, natural tourism business
operations, and limited infrastructure development to support activities. Site
suitability analysis in conservation areas for determining community-based
natural and cultural tourism spaces involves the provision of natural and
cultural tourism services as a support for nature tourism (Bentley et al., 2010).
Furthermore, according to Tandi & Burhanuddin (2023), site suitability is based
on policy, ecological, technical, socio-cultural, and regional development plan
considerations. The potential for natural and cultural tourism attractions with
community involvement, biodiversity, potential disruptions to conservation
activities, and vulnerability to nature tourism development in West Bali National
Park are the most important factors in site suitability within conservation areas
(Luong, 2023; Sawchuk et al., 2015)
Natural and cultural-based tourism development as shown in Figure
4 is a perspective encouraged by the government to achieve sustainable
development goals (Vasco et al., 2017). Community empowerment programs
are an important strategy to realize this. The main requirements for community
empowerment are granting authority and increasing community capacity
(Hsu, 2019). Based on TNBB community empowerment data there are target
fostered villages, namely Sumber Klampok Village, Blimbingsari Village, and
Gilimanuk Sub-district. Community involvement in tourism management in
TNBB is accommodated in 8 groups, namely: (1) Sumber Klampok Tourism
Awareness Group; (2) Gilimanuk Tourism Awareness Group; (3) Service
Provider Forum; (4) Gilimanuk Community Self-Help Group Communication
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Forum; (5) Manuk Jegeg Group; (6) Paksi Sarimerta Group; (7) Labuan Lalang
Management Board and (8) Fishermen Group. To strengthen the community’s
position in ecotourism management, authority needs to be granted in the form
of licensing through Natural Tourism Service Management Business Permits
(IUPJWA).

Figure 4. Map of Natural and Cultural Tourism Development Plan in TNBB
(2019-2038) (Source: West Bali National Park, 2023)
Granting natural tourism management permits to community groups can
be categorized into 2 forms: (a) based on existing groups and (b) based on Tourism
Village area groups. This second form can become a model for community
culture-based ecotourism management that integrates tourism planning and
village planning (Bodosca & Diaconescu, 2015). Blimbingsari Village is one
that can be encouraged to implement this model. Community interest and
support from the government are the main assets in realizing community-based
ecotourism management (Naury et al., 2024; Samal & Dash, 2023).
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Community-based natural and cultural tourism management can be
conducted by conservation area managers through (1) “granting management
permits” and (2) “institutional strengthening” of natural and cultural tourism
by developing group rules to regulate relationships among members, as well
as rules governing inter-institutional relationships, especially with TNBB
and among community tourism groups (Angessa et al., 2022; Bodosca &
Diaconescu, 2015). In addition to these two aspects, a “community capacity
building program” is needed for group members to provide professional
services to visitors (Cobbinah et al., 2017). To promote these three programs,
conservation areas can collaborate with various experienced stakeholders in
providing assistance to community tourism groups (Esmail et al., 2023). This can
be done through community business development via MSME development of
local excellence products, service businesses, MSME empowerment, through
cooperation with the Ministry of Villages, Village Community Empowerment
Office in the form of Cooperatives, Non-Governmental Organizations, and
other related institutions (Jazuli & Anandi, 2021)
Facilitating community involvement in managing natural tourism needs
to be accompanied by good and detailed planning at the site level. Interaction
and awareness from communities around TNBB are positive factors in building
and developing nature and culture-based tourism (Bodosca & Diaconescu,
2015; Moons et al., 2020; Samal & Dash, 2023). In this context, the alignment
of community-based tourism management that integrates traditional village
management areas, government villages, site management areas, and TNBB
zones, as well as local government programs, becomes a priority for developing
sustainable natural tourism in TNBB. The management of tourist attractions,
such as Banyu Wedang, requires coordinated efforts to prioritize and formulate
a collaborative management model that accommodates the interests of relevant
parties, including local communities, government agencies, and conservation
authorities.
The current condition of TNBB is characterized by its rich biodiversity
and ecological significance. However, the park is facing several challenges
related to tourism development. While tourism holds great potential for
economic growth and community empowerment, the pressure on the park’s
natural resources has increased in recent years due to rising visitor numbers.
Issues such as environmental degradation, overuse of natural resources, and
the need for better infrastructure management are critical challenges for TNBB’s
sustainability.
Additionally, there is a growing concern about balancing conservation
efforts with community needs, as the surrounding communities are increasingly
involved in tourism-related activities, including eco-tourism ventures and
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cultural performances. Efforts to address these issues include ongoing
collaborative initiatives between the park management, local communities,
and government entities. The development of sustainable tourism models
that integrate conservation with community welfare is essential for ensuring
that tourism benefits both the environment and the local population without
compromising the park’s ecological integrity.
To ensure that the utilization of TNBB remains aligned with sustainability
principles, an approach that balances conservation and tourism development is
necessary. In this regard, the management of zones within the national park
plays a crucial role in determining the types of activities that can be conducted
without harming the ecosystem. Table 3 presents the matching method for
utilizing zones for nature and culture-based tourism in TNBB, including area
criteria and permissible activities to support environmental preservation and
the well-being of local communities.
Table 3. Matching method for utilizing a zone for nature and culture-based
tourism in West Bali National Park.
No
Zone
Criteria and Activities
1 Utilization
It is an area possessing natural beauty, natural or cultural
Zone
attractions of historical value and/or a region with accessibility
capable of supporting utilization activities; it is an area highly
suitable for the construction of tourism infrastructure to
support utilization and management. It is not a concentration
of primary plant/biota communities, nor an area with high
species diversity; and/or it contains potential environmental
services and natural and cultural tourism resources that can
be utilized.
2 Permissible Protection and security; Inventory and monitoring of
Activities
biological natural resources and their ecosystems; Habitat
and population management to maintain wildlife population
existence; Scientific research and development; Education
and enhancement of nature conservation; Carbon storage and
sequestration; Utilization of genetic resources and germplasm
to support cultivation; Development of natural and cultural
tourism potential and attractions; Nature tourism business
operations and environmental condition management in the
form of carbon storage and/or sequestration, water mass,
hydropower, geothermal energy, and wind energy; Limited
development of facilities and infrastructure to support natural
and cultural tourism activities.
Source: Field observations (2023)
5. Conclusion
This study on community-based natural and cultural tourism site design
in West Bali National Park (TNBB) highlights the importance of integrating
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natural, social, and cultural landscapes into sustainable tourism development.
The park’s site design follows a zoning system that allocates space for public
use, business activities, and tourism services—key elements in promoting both
natural and cultural tourism. The utilization zone, designated for such purposes,
facilitates the development of eco-tourism ventures, cultural events, and
other tourism-related activities, ensuring the park’s long-term sustainability.
Government regulations play a crucial role in reinforcing tourism management,
ensuring alignment with conservation principles.
Community involvement is key to the success of this model, as local
participation fosters positive relationships between park management and
the surrounding villages. Specifically, community-led initiatives, such as ecotourism activities and cultural events, support conservation efforts by raising
public awareness and promoting environmental stewardship. The natural
environment and cultural practices of the six buffer villages—Blimbingsari,
Ekasari, Gilimanuk, Melaya, Sumber Klampok, and Pejarakan—serve as major
attractions for tourists, contributing significantly to both conservation and
socio-economic development in the region.
The research emphasizes that successful community-based tourism
management requires empowering local groups, enhancing community capacity,
and establishing institutional frameworks that integrate tourism planning with
village development. In TNBB, this approach has proven to balance ecological
preservation with the socio-economic needs of local populations. However,
the design of tourism spaces must be conducted with careful consideration of
zoning regulations, ensuring that development aligns with the principles of
ecological and cultural preservation.
In terms of practical application, it is recommended that collaborative
management models be prioritized. These models should involve park
authorities and local communities in decision-making processes, integrating
traditional ecological knowledge with modern conservation practices.
Strengthening community institutions and promoting sustainable livelihoods
through ecotourism will further enhance the success of this model. Such
practices could position TNBB as a leading example of sustainable, communitybased natural and cultural tourism that benefits both the environment and local
communities. Additionally, these models can be replicated in other conservation
areas to achieve broader goals of sustainable development and biodiversity
conservation.
However, this study has limitations, including its observational nature
and limited geographic scope. Future research could address these gaps through
longitudinal studies to assess tourism’s long-term impact on conservation or
by employing quantitative methods to measure its economic benefits for local
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communities. Such studies would enhance our understanding of the relationship
between community-based tourism and environmental sustainability, offering
valuable insights for policy-making and conservation strategies.
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Authors’ Profiles
Muhamad Muhamad specializes in sustainable tourism development and
natural tourism landscapes. He holds a Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in
Architectural Engineering and a Doctorate in Tourism Studies. His research
experience includes participation in the Peer Learning Program at Sun Yatsen University, Guangdong, China, and the Tourism Sustainable Observatory
(STO) initiative in South Tyrol (Südtirol), Italy, at Dolomites EURAC in 2019.
He has published in reputable national and international journals and authored
reference books on tourism. Email: drmuhammad@ugm.ac.id
I Putu Gede Arya Kusdyana serves as a Functional Forest Ecosystem
Controller (Madya Expert) at West Bali National Park, Ministry of Environment
and Forestry Republic of Indonesia. His responsibilities include planning,
implementing, developing, monitoring, and evaluating forest ecosystem
management. His work spans forestry planning, environmental management,
and the conservation of natural resources and ecosystems. Email: ryanavk@
gmail.com

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