SINERGI Vol.
No.
June 2019: 115-122 Accredited SINTA 2 by KEMENRISTEKDIKTI.
Decree No: 10/E/KPT/2019 http://publikasi.
id/index.
php/sinergi http://doi.
org/10.
22441/sinergi.
EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER USING ULTRA WIDE
BAND SLOT ANTENNA
Yusnita Rahayu.
Immanuel Waruwu Department of Electrical Engineering.
Faculty of Engineering.
Universitas Riau Kampus Bina Widya.
Simpang Baru.
Pekanbaru, 28293.
Indonesia Email: yusnita.
rahayu@lecturer.
id, immanuelwaruwu5038@student.
Abstract -- Breast cancer is the transformation of normal cells in the breast area into a malignant tumor, which is the second largest disease as a cause of death for women.
Early detection is one way to avoid significant risks in breast cancer.
X-ray mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are used to detect breast cancer.
However, those techniques have several limitations.
Ultrawideband (UWB) microwave imaging, approved by The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States, has promising capabilities in detecting breast cancer.
Microwave imaging uses a microstrip antenna that has the advantage of convenience, potentially low cost, and is a non-ionized and safe alternative.
In this paper, the ultra-wideband microstrip antenna for breast cancer detection is The antenna was designed by adding some rectangular slots on a rectangular patch to meet the UWB specifications.
The antenna works well at 8.
41 GHz to 10.
29 GHz with directivity of 6.
451 dBi and SAR value of 1.
6 W / kg.
The antenna was simulated with breast phantom.
The tumor sizes of 6 mm and 10 mm are added to evaluate the E/H fields and current density with and without tumor.
The highest E-Field value of 928.
8 V / m was obtained at 10 GHz with a 10 mm tumor size.
The highest HField value of 4.
06 V / m was achieved at 10 GHz with a 6 mm tumor size.
From the simulation, the E/Hfield and current density are higher if there is a tumor in the breast compared to the breast without the Keywords: Ultra-Wideband (UWB).
Microstrip Antenna.
Breast cancer.
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Copyright A 2019 Universitas Mercu Buana.
All right reserved.
Received: January 4, 2019
INTRODUCTION
Breast cancer is the transformation of normal cells in the breast area into tumor cells in a multistage process that usually develops from pre-cancerous lesions to malignant tumors.
Breast Cancer is the type of cancer most experienced by The causes of disease are several factors, namely, tobacco use, being overweight or obese, an unhealthy diet with a lack of intake of vegetables and fruits, lack of physical activity, alcohol use, sexually transmitted HPV infection, hepatitis infection or other, ultraviolet radiation, urban air pollution, indoor smoke from the use of household solid fuels (World Health Organization.
Breast cancer can spread significantly and often does not cause significant symptoms.
Therefore, treatment sometimes does not give excellent or late results, so prevention is a necessary step.
Prevention that we can do to prevent breast cancer is by prolific mastectomy and preventive measures using tamoxifen besides those women who are classified as low to moderate risk need to connect their lifestyle Revised: June 1, 2019 Accepted: June 11, 2019 because a healthy lifestyle has the effect of reducing the risk of cancer (Srinivasan & Gopalakrishnan, 2019.
Wender et al.
, 2018.
Rasjidi, 2.
According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) on the latest global cancer data, cancer burden rises to 18.
1 million new cases and 9.
6 million cancer deaths in 2018.
In breast cancer, there were 2,088,859 cases, and 626,678 of them caused death (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2.
So to reduce the number of people living with cancer needed knowledge about the dangers of breast cancer, the cause, how to prevent it, and how to treat it.
Early detection is one way to avoid significant risks in breast cancer.
X-ray mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are used to detect breast However, those techniques have several limitations, for example, unable to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors and the discomfort experienced in the process of mechanical stress (Rasjidi, 2009.
Yumnisari.
Rahayu & I.
Waruwu.
Early Detection of Breast Cancer Using Ultra Wide Band Slot Antenna SINERGI Vol.
No.
June 2019: 115-122 Nugroho, & Daud, 2.
Mammography dan MRI methods are expensive (Tayel.
Abouelnaga, & Desouky, 2018.
Rasjidi, 2.
UWB microwave imaging has promising capabilities in detecting breast cancer.
Microwave imaging uses microstrip antennas so that it has the advantage of convenience, potentially low cost, and is a non-ionized and safe alternative (Alsharif, & Kurnaz, 2.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States has permitted the commercial distribution of UWB devices and governs UWB devices working on 3.
GHz to 10.
6 GHz bandwidth for medical purposes (Rahayu & Pohan, 2018.
Dewiani et al.
, 2015.
Rasjidi, 2009.
Mudrik, 2011.
Rahayu.
Ngah, & Rahman, 2010.
Kahwaji et al.
, 2016.
Mansoor.
Tan, & Latif, 2.
These researchers have discussed various UWB antenna structures.
In the paper (Dewiani et al.
, 2.
uses a rectangular microstrip antenna with return loss as a parameter to detect breast cancer.
Another article (Yumnisari.
Nugroho, & Daud, 2.
uses a design of a Vivaldi microstrip antenna that successfully detects breast cancer by analyzing differences in the values of E-Field.
H-Field, and current density.
With the allocation of the wide 7.
5 GHz frequency band ranging 3.
1Ae10.
6 GHz.
UWB with the inherent potential for producing extremely narrow time domain pulses has enhanced the capacity of large data acquiring or transmission with a potential for generating high-resolution So the use of UWB antenna is highly lucrative in achieving better results for microwave breast imaging (Kahar et al.
, 2.
In this paper, an ultra-wideband microstrip antenna design is performed by adding rectangular slots for breast cancer detection by analyzing the return loss.
EField.
H-Field.
Moreover, the current density.
The proposed antenna was simulated by breast modeling with 6 mm and 10 mm of tumor sizes.
Antenna design and breast modeling and simulation were carried out using CST Microwave Studio.
METHOD
Determination of Specifications UWB radar imaging as a means of detecting breast cancer, is a technique that uses a short pulse, or a synthesized pulse constructed from a frequency sweep, is directed into the breast and one or more receive antennas then detect the reflected signals.
Such radar-based systems are capable of producing high-resolution images without the need for complicated reconstruction algorithms, due to the wideband nature of the UWB signals.
A critical part of any detection scheme is the antenna design.
To obtain high resolution, accurate images the antennas must be able to radiate signals over a wide band of frequencies while maintaining the fidelity of the waveform over a large angular range (Gibbins et , 2.
E/H field and current density are the parameters required for the antenna radiate the signals with high resolution.
Antenna for breast cancer detection uses UWB technology because it has a wide enough bandwidth to be stable inband operations.
There are specifications in the UWB antenna, listed in Table 1, as follows:
Table 1.
Basic antenna specification Parameter Type of Antenna Frequency Bandwidth Return loss Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) Specification Single Patch with Rectangular Slot 1GHz Ae 10.
6GHz Ou500 MHz O-10dB The antenna was designed using FR-4 substrate .
O = 4.
3, h = 1.
56 m.
and copper patch and ground material.
There are several formulas used to determine the antenna geometry.
Calculation of the Width (W):
2 f0 (Au r .
W is Width of the Patch c is Speed of light: 3 x 108 yce0 is Resonance Frequency Ar is relative Permittivity of the dielectric substrate Calculation of the effective dielectric constant is based on the thickness, dielectric constant, and the width of the patch antenna.
yuAyc 1 yuAyc Oe 1 Ea Oe2 yuAyceyceyce = ycO ueff is dielectric constant h is thickness Calculation of effective length:
yayceyceyce = yca 2yce0 OoyuAyceyceyce .
Calculation of the length extension OIya:
OIya = 0.
412Ea ycO .
uAyceyceyce 0.
( 0.
Ea ycO .
uAyceyceyce Oe 0.
( 0.
Calculation of actual length of the patch:
Rahayu & I.
Waruwu.
Early Detection of Breast Cancer Using Ultra Wide Band Slot Antenna p-ISSN: 1410-2331 e-ISSN: 2460-1217 ya = yayceyceyce Oe 2OIya The overall antenna dimensions are listed in Table Table 2.
Antenna Dimension .
Substrate Width Calculation (W .
Substrate Length (L.
Ground width (W .
and Length of Ground (L.
Wg = 6.
Lg = 6.
Parameter To calculate the dimensions of the transmission line using equations:
60A 2
Z0 Au r Wpen Lpen Ws1 Ws2 Ws3 Ws4 Ws5 Ls1 Ls2 Ls3 Ls4 Ls5 Au Oe1 0,61 .
W = {B Oe1 Oe ln.
B Oe.
n( B Oe.
0,39 Oe ]} A 2Au r Aur During the design process, some characterizations and optimizations are performed on the antenna to meet the performance of the required parameters.
Additional rectangular slots are needed to improve the antenna performance.
Description Substrate Width Substrate Length Substrate Thickness Patch Width Patch Length Patch Thickness Ground Width Ground Length Ground Thickness Feed line Width Feed line Length Slots Width Slots Length Dimension .
Figure 1.
UWB rectangular slot patch antenna with the full ground plane .
Return loss (S.
Rahayu & I.
Waruwu.
Early Detection of Breast Cancer Using Ultra Wide Band Slot Antenna SINERGI Vol.
No.
June 2019: 115-122 Fig.
1 shows a UWB rectangular slot patch antenna with the full ground plane and the simulated return loss of antenna.
The antenna meets the requirements of ultra-wideband It is noted that the return loss of -43.
dB is obtained at a frequency of 8.
27 GHz to 9.
GHz with a bandwidth of 1.
44 GHz.
Antenna with BNC Port The antenna is connected to a 75 Ohm BNC port to maximum transfer power and the matching Fig.
2 shows the comparison of return loss before and after using the BNC port.
The return loss of the antenna with BNC port increases around -20 dB with a wider bandwidth.
The directivity of the slot antenna with the BNC port is 451 dBi.
Figure 2.
return loss of antenna without and with BNC port .
Radiation pattern of the antenna with BNC port .
Directivity of the antenna with BNC port Rahayu & I.
Waruwu.
Early Detection of Breast Cancer Using Ultra Wide Band Slot Antenna p-ISSN: 1410-2331 e-ISSN: 2460-1217 Breast Modelling Modeling breast tissue structures in Fig.
is designed with electrical parameters listed in Table 3.
The tumor size used in the simulation was 6 mm and 10 mm.
The analysis is carried out on the simulation results obtained on the value of the electromagnetic parameters of the antenna using modeling breast tissue structures without tumors and with tumors.
Figure 5.
Comparison of the return loss of antenna simulations with phantom breast without tumors and with tumors.
Figure 3.
Modeling breast tissue structures Table 3.
Parameter of the breast model Breast Tissue Skin Fatty Glandular Tumor Ar (F/.
E (S/.
Thickness .
11 - 15 4 - 0.
= 3-.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The detection process is done by simulating an antenna with a breast model of 120 mm in The antenna is positioned above the breast modeling with a distance of 5mm which is simulated at a frequency of 9 GHz and 10 GHz.
Fig.
4 shows the SAR value obtained without a tumor of 1.
6 W/kg that already fulfills the safety standard to be used on the breast.
In Fig.
5, the simulated return loss with breast phantom without tumor is -40.
96 dB.
Antenna with the phantom breast that has a tumor, the return loss increases -35.
82 dB for the tumor of 6 mm and -35.
64 dB for the tumor of10 mm.
Fig.
6 shows the simulation results of an antenna with breast phantom in the E-field At frequency 9 GHz, the E-filed value 1 V/m where the tumor is 6 mm and 591.
V/m for tumor 0f 10 mm.
At frequency 10 GHz, the E-filed value is 929.
4 V/m where the tumor is 6 mm 8 V/m for tumor of 10 mm.
Figure 6.
E-field in frequency 9 GHz with tumor 6 mm.
, and tumor 10mm .
Efield in frequency 10 GHz with tumor 6 mm.
, and tumor 10mm .
Figure 4.
SAR value Rahayu & I.
Waruwu.
Early Detection of Breast Cancer Using Ultra Wide Band Slot Antenna SINERGI Vol.
No.
June 2019: 115-122 .
Figure 7.
H-field in frequency 9 GHz with tumor 6 mm.
, and tumor 10mm .
Hfield in frequency 10 GHz with tumor 6 mm.
, and tumor 10mm.
Fig.
7 shows the simulation results of an antenna with breast phantom in the H-field At frequency 9 GHz, the H-filed value 856 V/m where the tumor is 6 mm, and the tumor is 10 mm with an H-field value of 2.
848 V/m.
At frequency 10 GHz, the H-filed value is 4.
06 V/m where the tumor is 6 mm, and the tumor is 10 mm with an H-field value of 4.
048 V/m.
Fig.
8 shows the simulation results of an antenna with breast phantom in the current density parameter.
At frequency 9 GHz, the current density value is 27.
95 A/mA where the tumor is 6 mm, and the tumor is 10 mm with a current density value of 27.
98 A/mA.
At frequency 10 GHz, the current density value is 33.
7 A/mA where the tumor is 6 mm, and the tumor is 10 mm with a current density value of 33.
7 A/mA.
Fig.
9 shows the results of antenna simulations with breast phantom.
At frequency 9 GHz, the E-field value is 589 V/m, the H-field value is 2,833 V/m, and the current density value is 93 A/mA.
At frequency 10 GHz, the E-field value 3 V/m, the H-field value is 4.
046 V/m, and the current density value is 33.
55 A/mA.
Figure 8.
Current density in frequency 9 GHz with tumor 6 mm.
, and tumor 10mm .
Current density in frequency 10 GHz with tumor 6 mm.
, and tumor 10mm.
Rahayu & I.
Waruwu.
Early Detection of Breast Cancer Using Ultra Wide Band Slot Antenna p-ISSN: 1410-2331 e-ISSN: 2460-1217 .
Figure 9.
E-field without a tumor in frequency 9 GHz .
, and 10 GHz .
H-field without tumor in frequency 9 GHz .
, and 10 GHz .
Current density without a tumor in frequency 9 GHz .
, and 10 GHz .
Table 4.
Antenna simulation results with phantom Antenna E-Field (V/.
H-Field (V/.
Without tumor .
GH.
Without .
GH.
With tumor 6mm .
GH.
With tumor 6mm .
GH.
With 10mm ( 9 GH.
With 10mm .
GH.
Current (A/mA) Analysis of UWB antenna as a function of breast cancer detection is done by comparing the parameters of E-Field.
H-Field, and current density as tabulated in Table 4.
The highest EField value of 928.
8 V / m was obtained at 10 GHz with a 10 mm tumor size.
The highest H-Field value of 4.
06 V / m was achieved at 10 GHz with a 6 mm tumor size.
The high frequency has resulted in high current density, as shown in this The maximum current density of 33.
A/m2 was obtained at 10 GHz.
The effect of tumor sizes is less significant to the current density.
CONCLUSION
UWB microstrip slot antenna as a breast cancer detector was successfully designed.
During characterizations and optimization are carried out.
The antenna works well at 8.
41 GHz to 10.
29 GHz.
Comparisons of parameters E-fields.
H-fields, and current densities to detect breast cancer are well
The E/H-field and current density are higher if there is a tumor in the breast compared to the breast without the tumor
REFERENCES