Validity and Reliability Test of COPSOQ i Questionnaire for Healthcare Workers at RSUD X Year 2025 Widya Prameswari*1.
Mila Tejamaya2 1 Master of Occupational Health and Safety.
Faculty of Public Health.
Universitas Indonesia 2 Department of Occupational Safety and Health.
Faculty of Public Health.
Universitas Indonesia Author's Email Correspondence ( * ): widyaprameswari95@gmail.
ABSTRACT
Job stress in healthcare workers can have an impact on their mental and physical health.
Various factors, such as high workload, psychological pressure, and long working hours, contribute to this stress.
COPSOQ i is an instrument that can be used to measure psychosocial factors in the workplace.
The objective of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the COPSOQ i questionnaire on the healthcare workers at RSUD X.
The study used a cross-sectional design with probability sampling method and simple random sampling technique.
Validity analysis using Pearson correlation test showed that all items in the questionnaire were valid .
-count > 0.
while reliability test with Cronbach's Alpha resulted in a value of 0.
903, indicating high consistency.
These results confirm that COPSOQ i can be used as a valid and reliable instrument in measuring psychosocial risk factors in the environment of healthcare workers, especially healthcare workers at RSUD X.
With an accurate instrument, hospitals can identify psychosocial risk factors that affect the well-being of healthcare workers and design appropriate interventions.
Recommendations for the next research are to compare the COPSOQ i with other instruments, such as the Job Content Questionnaire or Maslach Burnout Inventory, to strengthen the measurement of work stress and psychosocial well-being in healthcare workers.
Keywords : Job stress .
Healthcare workers .
Hospital Published by:
Article history :
Tadulako University Received : 21 02 2025 Address:
Received in revised form : 16 03 2025 Jl.
Soekarno Hatta KM 9.
Kota Palu.
Sulawesi Tengah.
Accepted : 25 03 2025 Indonesia.
Available online : 30 04 2025 Phone: 6282290859075 licensed by Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.
0 International License.
Email: preventifjournal.
fkm@gmail.
PREVENTIF: JURNAL KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT VOLUME XVI NOMOR 1
INTRODUCTION
Healthcare workers is a profession that has a high level of job stress.
The enormous responsibility of maintaining the safety and well-being of patients requires them to make quick and appropriate decisions in stressful emergency situations, heavy workloads, long working hours, as well as the risk of exposure to disease from patients which can be a contributing factor to stress in health workers.
Job stress experienced by healthcare workers can have a negative impact on their professional performance, mental and physical According to the results of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) in the United Kingdom show that workers in the health sector have high levels of stress, depression, or anxiety compared to workers in other sectors .
According to a survey conducted by Mental Health America (MHA), the prevalence of stress in healthcare workers is 91%, anxiety is 83%, and fatigue is 81% .
Research conducted by The National Institute Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) states that professions related to health services or work in hospitals have a higher risk of experiencing psychological pressure that can lead to job stress or depression .
Several studies related to stress in healthcare workers support this statement, with the results of the study showing that the prevalence of stress in healthcare workers in North Vietnam amounted to 13,9% .
, healthcare workers in Shenzen China amounted to 33,1% .
, healthcare work in Northern Colombia .
, and health workers in Iran amounted to 40,3% .
In Indonesia, a study conducted by Wardhana et al 2021 showed that 91.
9% of healthcare workers at Wangaya Denpasar Hospital experienced moderate stress .
Supported by research by Singal et al 2020 showing 54.
3% of health employees of the North Sulawesi Provincial Eye Hospital experienced high work stress and the rest experienced low work stress .
PREVENTIF: JURNAL KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT VOLUME XVI NOMOR 1
The measurement of distress and psychosocial factors in the work environment in a valid and reliable manner is increasingly considered an important element in systematic occupational health and safety management.
The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) i is one of the tools extensively used for research on psychosocial risk factors.
COPSOQ i consists of three parts, namely: work environment, conflict and offensive behavior, and health and well-being .
The structure of the COPSOQ i questionnaire is composed of items labeled Core.
Middle, and Long.
Items labeled Core must be included in all versions .
hort, middle, lon.
A validation study conducted in Australia by Rahimi et al.
confirmed the reliability of COPSOQ i across multiple occupational sectors, establishing benchmarks for key psychosocial work environment factors .
In Portugal.
Pinto et al.
conducted a preliminary validation of the Portuguese short version of COPSOQ i, demonstrating its effectiveness in assessing psychosocial risks in various industries .
Their study highlighted the growing importance of evaluating psychosocial work conditions as part of sustainable workplace management.
The findings reinforced COPSOQ iAos applicability in identifying workplace stressors and its potential role in guiding risk management strategies to improve employee well-being.
Validity and reliability tests are carried out to ensure that the instruments used for research provide valid and reliable results.
The validity and reliability tests were conducted to ensure that the instruments used for the study provided valid and reliable results.
The validity and reliability test of the COPSOQ i questionnaire used to assess the psychosocial condition of healthcare workers in RSUD X.
Although this instrument has been widely used in various countries, not many researches have evaluated its suitability in the context of health workers in Indonesia, especially in regional hospitals.
Therefore, this study brings novelty by adapting and testing the reliability of COPSOQ i in the work environment of healthcare workers in RSUD X.
PREVENTIF: JURNAL KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT VOLUME XVI NOMOR 1
METHODS
This research was conducted with a crosectional approach.
The population used in the study were healthcare workers consisting of general doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmaceutical workers, public health workers, environmental sanitation workers, and nutrition workers.
Sampling used probability sampling method with simple random sampling technique.
The research sample criteria were health workers who worked at RSUD X and were willing to be involved as respondents voluntarily.
Before collecting research data, a questionnaire was made and distributed to 30 health workers at RSUD X to see the validity and reliability of the questionnaire used.
The questionnaire used was Th Include previous similar studies to provide a stronger foundation and context for your research, highlighting how it builds upon or differs from existing work.
Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) i.
The structure of the COPSOQ i is composed by items labeled CORE.
MIDDLE, and LONG.
The questionnaire can be short (CORE items MIDDLE or LONG item.
, medium (CORE items as many relevant MIDDLE items LONG items as possibl.
, and long (Core items as many MIDDLE items as many LONG items as possibl.
This questionnaire consists of 62 items covering 23 dimensions of work To ensure the reliability and validity of the instrument, this study employed Pearson correlation for validity testing and CronbachAos alpha analysis for reliability The validity test was conducted by comparing the r-count value with the r-table value at a 5% significant level.
If the r-count value exceeded the r-table value and yielded a positive result, the question was considered valid.
otherwise, it was deemed invalid .
The CronbachAos alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, where a coefficient greater than 0.
7 indicated a high level of internal consistency .
PREVENTIF: JURNAL KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT VOLUME XVI NOMOR 1
RESULTS
The analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS computer program version 26.
If Rcount < R-table, which is 0.
374, the question is invalid.
But, if R-count> 0.
374 then the question is valid and meets the criteria.
The validity test of this research was carried out using Pearson correlation and the reliability test using Cronbach alfa.
Table 1
Validity Test Results of Questionnaire Items Dimensions Environment Work
Quantitative Demands Work Pace
Emotional Demands Influence at Work
Possibilities Development Control
Working Time
Meaning of Work
Predictability Recognition Mean
R-count
R-table Significant Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
PREVENTIF: JURNAL KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT VOLUME XVI NOMOR 1
Dimensions Environment Work
Role Clarity Role Conflict
Illegitimate Tasks Quality Leadership
Social
Support
from Supervisor
Social
Support
from Colleagues Sense Community Work
Job Insecurity Insecurity Working Conditions Job Satisfaction Work Life Conflict
Interpersonal Relationships Health
Mean
R-count
R-table Significant Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
PREVENTIF: JURNAL KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT VOLUME XVI NOMOR 1
Dimensions Environment Work Mean R-count R-table Significant Valid Valid Valid Distress Valid Valid Valid Source : Results of processing from the software program SPSS version 26, 2025 According to the analysis results in table 1 above, all question items have R-count > R-table .
So it can be stated that all question items are valid and can be used as a measurement tool for distress and risk factors in the X Hospital environment.
Table 2 Results of Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Test CronbachAos Alpha Source : Results of processing from the software program SPSS version 26, 2025 According to table 2 above, the Cronbach's Alpha value is 0.
The Cronbach's Alpha value is acceptable if a value close to 1 is obtained, which indicates a high level of instrument .
So it can be stated that the COPSOQ i questionnaire has high reliability.
DISCUSSION
The validity test is carried out to show the extent to which the instruments used for research are considered accurate and relevant.
Invalid instruments will produce meaningless data so that the data obtained does not present the actual conditions.
PREVENTIF: JURNAL KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT VOLUME XVI NOMOR 1
Meanwhile, the reliability test assesses the extent to which the measurement of a questionnaire is consistent and stable.
The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire Version i is an instrument used to measure psychosocial risk factors in the workplace that has been proven effective in various contexts and populations.
Previous research has shown that the COPSOQ i has a clear and reliable structure, with many studies supporting its validity and reliability in various countries, including Norway .
and Australia .
Research by Ose et al.
showed that COPSOQ i maintains the structure that existed in the previous version.
COPSOQ II, with some changes that strengthen its validity .
addition, research by Rahimi et al.
stated that most of the measures in COPSOQ i showed high reliability coefficients, thus indicating good consistency in the population studied .
This is very important to ensure that this instrument can be used effectively in assessing the working conditions of healthcare workers in hospitals.
In high-stress work environments such as hospitals, healthcare workers are often faced with high work demands, long working hours, as well as the risk of disease exposure and emotional impact.
Therefore, instruments that are valid and reliable such as COPSOQ i are important to identify psychosocial risk factors that affect their well-being.
The research conducted by Kuczynski et al .
, indicates that instruments with validity and reliability can be used to identify psychosocial risk factors for their well-being .
With an accurate instrument, hospital management can obtain valid data to design appropriate interventions, such as stress management programs, increased social support, or workload This is not only to improve the well-being of the healthcare workers, but can affect the improvement of the overall quality of healthcare services .
The validity and reliability test can significantly assist hospital management in improving the well-being of healthcare workers by providing a structured and evidencebased approach to evaluating and improving workplace conditions.
The valid and reliable PREVENTIF: JURNAL KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT VOLUME XVI NOMOR 1 instrument ensures that the data collected on healthcare workers' well-being is accurate and consistent, which is critical for identifying areas in need of improvement and for implementing effective interventions.
This assessment can guide hospital management in creating a supportive work environment that meets the specific needs of healthcare workers, ultimately leading to increased job satisfaction, reduced stress, and better patient care outcomes.
This improvement in health services is consistent with motivation theory and stress management theory, which state that stress reduction can improve individual work effectiveness.
According to the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory, the balance between job demands and available resources is critical in influencing job performance .
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The COPSOQ i questionnaire used to measure distress risk factors is valid and reliable and can be used in healthcare workers.
The high reliability and good validity results support this questionnaire to be used as a measurement tool to assess the picture of distress and risk factors in healthcare workers at the RSUD X.
Recommendations for future research, researchers suggest comparing the results of the COPSOQ i measurement with other instruments that measure distress and psychosocial risk factors, such as the Job Content Questionnaire.
Effort-Reward Imbalance.
Maslach Burnout Inventory.
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, etc.
REFERENCES