Arthatama

Journal of Business Management and Accounting
ISSN: 2655-786x (p), 2774-5678 (e)
Vol. 6, No. 1 (2022), pp. 1-11

Impact of Green Marketing Strategy on Business
Performance-Mediating Role of Corporate Image in
Construction Industry of Kenya
Muzaffar Hussain Shah1
1

Emaan Institute of Management & Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract
This article aimed to determine the impact of green marketing strategy on
business performance through the mediating role of the corporate image,
particularly in the case of the construction industry of Kenya. For this purpose,
top management employees from the construction industry of Kenya were
contacted and sent a link to the questionnaire (created on Google Forms) to
nearly 1000 respondents through social media platforms. A total of 513
appropriate and duly filled questionnaires were received. The study used
confirmatory factors Analysis (CFA) in a partial least square structural equation
model (PLS-SEM). The study’s findings have suggested that green marketing
strategy and corporate image have a positive and significant impact on business
performance and that corporate image also plays a positive and significant role in
mediating the effect of green marketing strategy on business performance.
Therefore, it is recommended for the construction companies of Kenya to use
environmentally friendly products and materials to stimulate the customers’
purchase intention and improve corporate and business performance.
Meanwhile, further study is suggested over the African region to generalize the
findings.

Keywords
Green Marketing Strategy, Business Performance, Construction Industry, Kenya

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Muzaffar Hussain Shah
Impact of Green Marketing Strategy on Business Performance-Mediating Role of Corporate Image in
Construction Industry of Kenya

1.

Introduction

With the advancement in technology and rapid globalization, it can be found
that firms have adopted a green marketing strategy for rendering safe, reusable, and
eco-friendly products to customers. A green marketing strategy is an organization’s
commitment to the environment by using recyclable, reusable products which can
be decomposed easily (Kotler, 2011). Firms also invest in using products with better
“green” packaging methods where less or no plastic is used and is not harmful to the
external environment. Green marketing was initiated after global environmental
concerns increased and the concept of global warming emerged (Wu & Lin, 2016).
Green marketing can be examined from different dimensions, such as the packaging
of products, transportation, distribution chains, and manufacturing (Hart, 1995).
The current research article aims to determine the impact of green marketing
strategy on business performance through the mediating role of the corporate image,
particularly in the case of the Construction industry of Kenya. Infrastructure
Development is considered the focal point of Kenya’s 2030 vision. In 2015, the
construction sector of Kenya contributed $3 billion to the Kenyan economy. Around
148,000 individuals are employed in this sector, managed by large multinational
companies or mid-sized enterprises (Veitch, 2017). However, one of the identified
flaws was the lack of governance and a system for managing the infrastructure and
building policies. Various unregistered contractors are openly dealing with the locals.
The major infrastructure projects that are under process in East Africa are in
Kenya. 11 out of 43 major constructions are underway alone in Kenya. Some of the
prominent names of megaprojects are the Nairobi Railway project (US$3.8 billion),
Tatu City project (US$2.1 billion), Lamu Ports Berth Project (US$1 billion), and
Lake Turkana Wind Project (US$900 billion) (PR Newswire, 2017).

Source: Trading Economics (2020)
Figure 1: GDP from the construction industry of Kenya

Figure 1 shows the GDP from the construction sector of Kenya from 2017 to
Jan 2020. It is evident from Figure 1 that it decreased to 67928 million KES in 2020
(first quarter) from 79320 million KES in 2019 (fourth quarter) (Trading Economics,
2020). There can be various reasons for this decreased amount, and the most evident

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Vol. 6, No. 1 (2022), pp. 1-11

is the lack of budget, funds, and construction materials. Though Kenya has been
developing and growing, it still faces tremendous difficulties in allocating the right
budget and having funds to meet its needs.
The total fuel combustion and carbon emissions from the construction sector
of Kenya were analyzed in light of the data available at Index Mundi (2019). CO2
emissions in Kenya from construction and the manufacturing industry were 23.81
in 2014. However, the highest CO2 emission in the country was recorded as 31.12
in 1994.

Source: Index Mundi (2019)
Figure 2: CO2 emission in Kenya

Figure 2 above shows the trend of CO2 emissions in Kenya from 1970 to 2014.
Based on the data of Index Mundi (2019), it is evident that Kenya has significantly
reduced their CO2 emissions from 1992, but from 2014 onwards, the graph shows
steady growth. The reasons for this could be increased industrialization and
urbanization, due to which construction-based activities might have increased.
The following research paper aims to understand how a green marketing
strategy can be effective and beneficial for enhancing business performance through
the mediating role of corporate image. Many firms working in construction or any
sector ensure that their corporate image is well-positioned in the minds of the
consumers so that they can increase their sales. However, studies conducted in a
similar domain revealed that apart from corporate image, many other factors account
for this, such as the use of green material, brand communication, green packaging,
and green pricing. Hence, this research article explores how green marketing can
affect organizational performance through the mediating role of corporate image.

2.

Literature Review

Green marketing is the promotion or the marketing of those products which
are environmentally safe. Various activities are parts of green marketing, such as
product changes, packaging changes, advertisement design, and message changes,
and most importantly, promotional tactics are changed. Green marketing is also
associated with environmental marketing or ecological marketing. Mishra & Sharma
(2010) highlighted in their study that green products are mainly based on new
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Muzaffar Hussain Shah
Impact of Green Marketing Strategy on Business Performance-Mediating Role of Corporate Image in
Construction Industry of Kenya

features such as natural ingredients, recycling of content, reusable or recyclable
material, environmentally safe, and not tested on animals by animals any means
(Shahlaee, 2014). Another widely accepted concept is the consumers’ green purchase
intention; on the one hand, where the firms make efforts to promote their green
products, so on the other hand, the consumers also make choices of purchasing the
green products.
Tracing back to the 1990s when consumers did not know about products and
their significance and only purchased them to fulfilling their needs, now, consumers
are aware of green products and willingly purchase such environmentally safe
products. Consumers express their concern towards the environment and utilizing
resources. Chen & Chang (2012) revealed in their study that green marketing efforts
enhance the overall purchase intention of consumers. It is expected by the firms to
build trust among consumers and improve their perceived value of green products
in the market.
Many consumers also proposed that they find green advertisements more
effective in terms of knowing about products and increasing awareness about them.
The firms must ensure that they build consumer motivation to purchase green
products. The business performance is largely affected by it because it affects its sales
and performance once the consumers start purchasing green products. Hartmann &
Ibáñez (2006) revealed in their study that consumers prefer to purchase those green
products which have ecological packaging.
H1: There is a significant impact of green marketing strategy on business performance

Any performance assessment includes various factors such as quality,
productivity, adaptability, profits, and returns obtained. Delaney & Huselid (1996)
created two different performance segments: market performance and business
performance. Scholars and researchers who conducted the study in a similar domain
found that firms that render services influence the overall motivation level of
employees, ultimately affecting the company. Marketing activities tend to positively
impact business performance and financial or non-financial aspects (Azizi et al.,
2009). The production and manufacturing procedures are associated with green
technology and green marketing. Due to the increase in globalization and rapid
industrialization, the need for innovation and environmentally safe products has also
increased, pressuring companies to bring green innovation in their products to
improve business performance. In this way, the firms can also compete in the
competitive environment.
H2: There is a significant impact of corporate image on business performance

Another aspect of green marketing that will be reviewed in this article is the
mediating relation between corporate image and business performance. The
corporate image of any company is highly important, and it helps in positioning it in
the minds of the consumer. Also, the corporate image has a direct impact on the
business performance because consumers purchase products with a strong image in
the market and are well-recognized too; therefore, sales of the company and their
engagement with the consumers also increase accordingly.

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Vol. 6, No. 1 (2022), pp. 1-11

Dangelico & Pujari (2010) enhance their corporate image through
environmental protection strategies. It leads to improved resource utilization. Also,
one of the major issues that Fraj-Andrés et al. (2009) highlighted is that firms that
follow environmental policies and protections are not expected to pay any heavy fines
imposed on them. Plastic use is a vital issue that has raised awareness among
companies to bring replacement so that they can prevent themselves from ongoing
protests against companies using plastic packaging. Using high-quality products and
services can increase the loyalty and association of customers with the company. The
quality of the products used also plays a major role in directing the customers towards
green products and improving business performance (Wu and Lin, 2016). Therefore,
the conceptual framework shown below highlights the relationship between green
marketing, business performance, and the mediating role of corporate image,
particularly in Kenya’s construction industry which has been involved in CO2
emissions for many years.
H3: Corporate Image has a positive and significant role in influencing the effect of green marketing
strategy on business performance.
Green Marketing

Business Performance

Corporate Image
Figure 3: Conceptual Framework

3.

Method

Concerning the sample size, it was found that 297 small, medium and large
construction companies are actively operating in Kenya (Business List, 2020). Each
company had, on average, 50-100 employees, which makes the study population
equal to 14850 to 29700. To ensure the sample size truly represents the population
of the study, the sample size of the study was determined through the sample size
table established by Research Advisors (2006). The sample size table suggests that a
paper with a population size between 25000 to 50000 and 95% confidence should
have a sample size between 378 to 381. The true sample size of the study was within
the said range, but due to the current pandemic situation in Kenya and around the
world, it was nearly impossible to reach out to each employee easily. Therefore, to
avoid any unethical, illegal practice and to ensure following social distancing
parameters, a non-probability convenience sampling technique was adopted.
This technique gives flexibility in data collection, and to use this flexibility, we
contacted the top management employees from the construction industry of Kenya
and sent the questionnaire link (created on Google Forms) to nearly 1000
respondents with the expectation of less than 50% response rate. However, we
received a total of 588 responses, but around 67 were not filled appropriately and
could not be used in the analysis. Therefore, the total sample size of the study turned
out to be 513. Furthermore, confirmatory factors Analysis (CFA) was used to
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Muzaffar Hussain Shah
Impact of Green Marketing Strategy on Business Performance-Mediating Role of Corporate Image in
Construction Industry of Kenya

undertake empirical analysis using a partial least square structural equation model
(PLS-SEM). Meanwhile, it has been discussed by Ramli et al. (2018) that the core
reason behind using PLS-SEM is that it is a more effective and efficient method as
compared to the conventional method of multiple regression based on the fact that
PLS-SEM allows estimating relationships within the variables simultaneously and an
effective method for checking to mediate and moderating relationship. However,
regression analysis has been found to provide contradictory results for survey analysis,
making regression less appropriate for the analysis of mediation relationships.

4.

Results and Discussion

In PLS-SEM analysis, it was necessary to evaluate the reliability and validity of
the instruments and each component of the construct. For this purpose, the
following table provides outer loadings, Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, and
average variance extracted. The outer loading tells how each factor explains the
variable’s variance. Meanwhile, as per the Al-Maroof & Al-Emran (2018), factor
loading should have a value greater than 0.7 to be considered for inclusion in the
model, but it has also been discussed by Ismail et al. (2020) that a factor in rare cases
when important must not be excluded from the model until and unless it is greater
than 0.5. Similarly, Table 1 demonstrates the study’s outer loadings; all factors have
a value greater than 0.7 but one of the factors has a value less than 0.7. However,
since no factor has a value less than 0.5, no factor has been excluded from the study.
Also, for the reliability of the instrument, Cronbach’s alpha and composite
reliability has been used, and as per scholarly work and practices by Janadari et al.
(2016) and Anshel et al. (2010), a value of Cronbach’s alpha should not be less than
0.7 and same for the composite reliability which is also interchangeably used for
Cronbach’s alpha. Meanwhile, the value of the Cronbach’s alpha and Composite
reliability is less than 0.7; hence, it suggests that the instruments used in the paper
are reliable means consistently producing the same results multiple times.
Furthermore, the average variance extracted (AVE) has been used to assess the
validity or convergent validity, which requires the constructs to be measured for what
they were designed to measure, which means if two of the constructs are related
theoretically, then they should also be related (Alarcón et al., 2015). Jones et al.
(2010) value of AVE greater than 0.5 indicates that the instrument is valid and
follows convergent validity. Therefore, it is determined that the instruments used in
the paper are reliable and valid.
Table 1: Factor Loadings, Reliability, and Validity

BP1
BP2
BP3

Outer
Loadings

Cronbach’s
Alpha

Composite
Reliability

0.888
0.921
0.881

0.918

0.942

Average
Variance
Extracted
(AVE)
0.803

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Vol. 6, No. 1 (2022), pp. 1-11

BP4
CI1
CI2
CI3
CI4
GM1
GM2
GM3
GM4

0.895
0.822
0.839
0.887
0.671
0.823
0.872
0.898
0.856

0.821

0.882

0.654

0.886

0.921

0.744

Furthermore, referring to the discriminant validity of the instruments, the
discriminant validity refers to the distinctiveness of the instrument in measurement.
The core concept of discriminant validity is that two constructs that should not be
related are unrelated. It means two instruments that measure two different concepts
and are theoretically different, and then they should not be related to each means
each of the instruments should measure a different concept (Ab Hamid et al., 2017).
To ensure discriminant validity, the Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio (HTMT) has been
used, and in accordance with Franke & Sarstedt (2019), the HIMT ratio should be
less than 0.9 to consider the presence of discriminant validity. Meanwhile, the
HTMT ratio of all constructs is less than 0.9; hence, there is discriminant validity.
See Table 2.
Table 2: Discriminant Validity (HTMT) Ratio
Heterotrait-Monotrait
Ratio (HTMT)
Business Performance
Corporate Image
Green Marketing

Business
Performance

Corporat
e Image

0.531
0.560

0.381

Table 3 demonstrates the coefficient of determinations of PLS simple and
mediation models. The coefficient of determination has also been termed as RSquared, which explains the extent to which the independent variables are explaining
regress. Meanwhile, the R-Square of the simple PLS model for Business Performance
is 0.354, which means 35.4% of business performance variance can be explained by
corporate image and green marketing. Meanwhile, the second mediation model has
an r-square of 0.117, which implies an 11.7% variance of the model could be used,
explained by green marketing as the independent variable and corporate image as
mediating variable. However, the remaining variance that could not be explained
remains the model’s residual and could only be explained by other factors.
Table 3: Predictive Relevance of the Model
Business Performance
Corporate Image
Q-Square

R Square
0.354
0.117
0.28

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Muzaffar Hussain Shah
Impact of Green Marketing Strategy on Business Performance-Mediating Role of Corporate Image in
Construction Industry of Kenya

Table 4 illustrates the coefficient estimations of two models, and it reveals that
if there is one unit of change in the corporate image and green marketing, then
business performance would change by 0.324 [P-Value 0.000] and 0.400 [P-Value
0.000], respectively. It shows a positive and significant effect of corporate image and
green marketing on business performance in Kenya. Meanwhile, it is also evident
that green marketing has a positive and significant effect on the corporate image of
the construction company. In addition, the Q-square has a value above 0 which
indicates that the model has predictive relevance and that values are well
reconstructed.
Table 4: Estimation of Coefficients
Coefficients
Corporate Image ->
Business Performance
Green Marketing ->
Business Performance
Green Marketing ->
Corporate Image
Green Marketing ->
Corporate Image ->
Business Performance

Coefficient
0.324

T Statistics
6.440

P Values
0.000

0.400

8.838

0.000

0.342

6.691

0.000

0.1109

4.154

0.000

Furthermore, referring to the mediation variable, it is evident that corporate
image positively and significantly mediates the effect of green marketing on business
performance as C=0.110 [P-value 0.00].
The aim and purpose of this paper were to determine the impact of green
marketing on the business performance of the construction industry of Kenya and
also determine the role of corporate image. The aim and purpose of the study have
been successfully achieved and summarized in Table 5.
The first hypothesis of the paper is accepted that a green marketing strategy has a
positive and significant effect on business performance. Similarly, it has been
revealed by Chen and Chang (2012) that during 90’s the sustainable products were
lesser known to customers, but contemporary awareness increased after a series of
events driven by climate change took place. Hence, customers are now willing to
purchase environmentally friendly products; thus, their purchase decision is
influenced by the sustainable nature of products. Hence, Hartmann & Ibáñez (2006)
revealed in their study that the sustainability of products is the only reason by green
marketing strategy can successfully influence consumers toward a company’s
products and services. Similarly, with respect to acceptance of the second hypothesis,
literature also suggests that increased customer awareness regarding environmental
issues, climate change, and their causes has directed customers towards sustainable
products, which also creates a positive image of firms producing and using
sustainable products. Hence, this improves the corporate image of these firms and
influences their business performance. Hence, the last hypothesis is accepted that

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Vol. 6, No. 1 (2022), pp. 1-11

corporate image plays a positive and significant role in mediating the impact of green
marketing strategy on business performance.
Table 5: Hypotheses Table
Hypothesis
H1: There is a significant impact of green marketing strategy on
business performance
H2: There is a significant impact of corporate image on business
performance
H3: Corporate Image has a positive and significant role in
influencing the effect of green marketing strategy on business
performance.

Results
C=0.400
P=0.000
C=0.324
P=0.000
C=0.110
P=0.000

Decision
Accepted
Accepted
Accepted

5. Conclusion and Recommendations
The paper’s findings suggest that green marketing strategy and corporate image
have a positive and significant impact on business performance and that corporate
image also plays a positive and significant role in mediating the effect of green
marketing strategy on business performance. It implies that construction companies
producing or utilizing green or environmentally sustainable products could positively
influence business performance and enhance the company’s corporate image in the
market. Thus, this could also improve the business performance of the construction
companies in Kenya. Therefore, it is recommended for the construction companies
of Kenya that environmentally friendly products and materials should be utilized to
stimulate the customers’ purchase intention and improve corporate and business
performance. However, this study only applies to Kenya, which is limited to one
country; hence further study is suggested on the African countries to generalize the
findings over the African region.

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Construction Industry of Kenya

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