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: Pragmatics Study Fitriani Nurhalimah Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris.
STKIP Persatuan Islam email: fitriani.
nurhalimah92@gmail.
Abstract The writer is non-native English speaker but teaching English course for adult.
It is therefore, understanding the truly meaning is a significant.
This study is aimed to analyze co-text contextual verb declare in some utterances.
In general the verb declare always be interpreted as AoannounceAo which has function as collaborative.
However, when the writer investigated corpus COCA, the writer
found different function of illocutionary from the verb declare based on co-text contextual or linguistics context and it must be automatically change the meaning when we investigated the co-
BREAKTHROUGH VOLUME II - 2019
text contextual.
As known by people that pragmatics is study of meaning based on context, therefore verb AodeclareAo can express several meaning.
To find out the meaning, we have to know the co-text contextual, and it will be reflected by the function of illocutionary act.
Leech's .
purposes the illocutionary acts based on its functions.
It is according to how illocutionary acts relate to the social goals or purposes of establishing and maintaining politeness.
The form types of illocutionary acts functions are as follows: competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive.
Leech stated 1983:.
context is background knowledge that is shared by speaker and hearer which contributes to his interpretation of what speaker means by given utterance.
The method of this research is descriptive qualitative method.
The writer selected 3 data from COCA.
The writer takes the theory to define the verb declare based on co-text context and categorized by the function of illocutionary The result of this paper following below that .
declare means affirmation performing the cotext context with convivial function of illocution .
declare means announcing performing co-text context with conflictive function.
declare means announcing performing co-text context with competitive function Keywords : Pragmatics.
Illocutionary act.
Meaning and Function.
INTRODUCTION
A Background of the Study Language is used for various purposes in To expres their feeling, to tell their thought, to critisize or insult others, do apologize, request and command, people and society use language as a device.
By language, people can communicate and exchange information, idea or argument.
In spoken or written language, to communicate with others, people using words to convey the messages.
Nevertheless, communication is not always clear, smooth or There are several units in language which play an important role to construct the messages.
In fact, one word can express different meaning and tension and it is related to the co-text context and its function.
In this paper the writer will analyze the verb declare that often be interpreted as announcing something clearly, firmly, publicly, or officially or to officially tell someone the value of goods to prove that, the writer analyzes the verb declare from co-text contextual and its function.
As a result that the writer is nonnative speaker but the writer is an English teacher, the writer argued this paper can give some beneficial in interpreting the tension of text for non-native speaker.
Literature Review Pragmatics is one of linguistics branch which concerned with meaning based on BREAKTHROUGH VOLUME II - 2019 Pragmatics is all about the ability of people to derive meaning from specific situation, to recognize what is speaker implied, and to interpret what is said from background knowledge about the speaker or the topic of discourse.
As mentioned in the previous that pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning which based on the context, so that the writer attempt to describe what context is.
Context is the background knowledge assumed to be share by speaker and hearer and which contributes to hearerAos interpretation of what speaker means by given utterances.
According to cutting .
, there are three kinds of situational context, background co-textual Situational context draws the speaker and listener exactly know each situation.
Background knowledge belongs to worldknowledge and social knowledge are stored in peopleAos minds that can represent the kind of text written.
The last, language itself, as used within a text, forms the linguistic context or co-text, in view of which other parts of the same text are interpreted.
Leech's .
purposes the illocutionary acts based on its functions.
It is according to how illocutionary acts relate to the social goals or purposes of establishing and maintaining politeness.
The form types of illocutionary acts functions are as follows:
Competitive aims at competing with the social purposes, such as ordering, asking, demanding, and begging.
It is intended to produce some effects through action by the For instance.
AuI ask your cookiesAy.
Convivial aims in compliance with the social purposes, for instance offering, inviting, greeting, thanking and congratulating.
Such as.
AuDo you want these cookies?Ay Collaborative aims at ignoring the social purposes as like asserting, reporting, announcing, and instructing.
It is commit the speaker to the truth of expressed proposition.
For instance.
AuI like this bookAy.
Conflictive aims at conflicting against the social purposes.
Such as threatening, accusing, and If you say again AuI will say to your fatherAy.
METHODOLOGY
This paper is used descriptive-qualitative Creswell .
stated the qualitative research is decriptive in that researcher is interested in process, meaning, and understanding gained through words or According to Bodgan and Biklin .
state that qualitative research at least has five features as follows:
Qualitative research takes place in a natural setting Qualitative research is descriptive.
The data collected is in the form of words rather than numbers.
Qualitative researchers are concerned with process rather than with products Qualitative researchers analyze their data Meaning is an essential concern to the qualitative approach.
In this research the writer would investigate the various function of illocutionary act from verb declare that can be produced and it is also related to the meaning of the verb declare.
The main objective study is about the various meaning that have been produced by the verb declare, and various function of illocutionary acts have.
The writer data from corpus COCA in BREAKTHROUGH VOLUME II - 2019 http://corpus.
edu/coca/l to be analyzed as sample that verb declare has a various meaning based on its co-text contextual and its RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Declare means affirmation performing the co-text context with convivial function Jenner held a news conference to declare that Wheaties really, truly were an important part of his training diet.
As following the data above, the writer found out that the verb declare is used in clause complex.
The form of clause complex which is called as projection and it draws the verb declare as a verbal process.
According to Garrot and Wignell .
projection link clauses by having one process projected through another either by quoting or First clause : Jenner held a news conference Second clause : (Jenne.
to declare Third clause: that Wheaties really, truly were an important part of his training diet.
The projection above leads the writer to have assumption that the verb declare means a strong or emphasizement, it means that declare has an affirmation meaning.
It is also shown by the next clause the phrase really The function of illocutionary act in the verb declare is convivial function.
Based on Leech .
convivial aims in compliance with the social purposes, for instance offering.
This function shows positive relation between the speaker/reader and the hearer/ writer.
Therefore, in clauses above the writer interpreted the word declare from the co-text context.
Declare means announcing performing the co-text context with the conflictive By going on air to declare the deal's failure.
Fabius broke a gentleman's pact of silence, perhaps as an attempt to highlight French differences on the matter.
As following the data above, the writer found out the verb declare is used in clause The writer argued it is a kind of Enhancement involves circumstantial relationship where the circumstantial information is coded as a new clause rather than within a clause (Gerot and Wignell First clause : By going on air to declare the deal's failure Second Clause: Fabius broke a gentleman's pact of silence Third Clause : perhaps as an attempt to highlight French differences on the matter.
The writer argued that the verb declare is a kind of mental process which means literaly announcing formal and It also proven by the phrase by going on air.
It means the verb declare in the clause above is real action that can be seen as well.
By and as show the manner of way Fabius broke a gentlemansAo pact of silence.
In that clause, the verb declare has a function illocutionary as conflictive which have aims at conflicting against the social The writer thinks that there was a conflict based on co-text contextual.
Declare means announcing performing cotext contextual with the function of illocution as competitive function " They're just waiting for us to declare victory and turn our attention to other matters.
" It was both an acknowledgment that her legacy is not yet secure and a warning that she will not go away until it is.
As following the data above, the writer found out the verb declare is used in BREAKTHROUGH VOLUME II - 2019 clause complex.
There are consisted five First clause : They're just waiting for us Second clause: to declare victory and turn our attention to other matters Third clause : It was both an acknowledgment Fourth clause : that her legacy is not yet secure and a warning Fifth clause : that she will not go away until it The writer argued the first and the second clause is related as an elaboration clause complex.
To give an additional information deeper.
Elaboration involves four relationship: specifying in greater detail, restatement, exemplification and comment (Gerot and Wignell 1.
The verb declare means announcing.
But it has diferent function because it has a competitive function that has a social purpose or ordering, the clause They're just waiting for us expressed that they are ordered to do some action.
Based on the co-text contextual, the writer assumes that the verb declare produced to evoke another actions.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the word AodeclareAo has various meaning and functions of From 3 data, the writer concludes that the verb declare in co-text contextual can become verbal or material The verb declare is used in clause complex which various kind of clause complex depends on the co-text contextual.
From 3 data in COCA, the writer also found out the result as following below:
Declare means affirmation performing the co-text context with convivial function of Declare means announcing performing the co-text context with the conflictive Declare means announcing performing cotext context with competitive function It is therefore, the writer concluded that the verb declare may have a particularly meaning that similar but different functions.
The difference functions of the meaning its verb
that can be observed through the co-text
REFERENCES