KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 11.
, 2025: 25-34 https://bestjournal.
id/index.
php/kovalen Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Branch Extract from Pouteria campechiana (Sawo Waland.
Nirmala Puteri Batari.
Adi Setyo PurnomoA.
Winda Seviani Jurusan Kimia.
FSAD.
Institut Negeri Sepuluh Nopember.
Jl.
Teknik Kimia.
Keputih.
Kec.
Sukolilo.
Surabaya Abstract.
The objective of this research was to assess the antioxidant activity of branch extract (Pouteria campechian.
through analysis of bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity.
The sample was extracted through maceration, utilizing methanol as the solvent which produced a yield of 6.
The quantity of phenolic constituents in the extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, with gallic acid as the standard, yielding a result of 195.
22 mg GAE/g extract.
The quantity of flavonoid constituents was determined using gallic acid as a standard resulting in a value of 830.
5 mg QE/g extract.
Antioxidant activity was tested using two methods, namely DPPH and ABTS.
The results of the DPPH test showed an inhibition percentage of 91% with an ICCICA value of 3,322 ppm, while the ABTS test showed an inhibition of 99% with an ICCICA of 2,206 ppm at a concentration of 10,000 ppm.
Based on these results, the Pouteria campechiana branch extract has very weak antioxidant activity, suggests a limited potential as natural bioactive compound source.
Keywords: antioxidant activity, maceration.
Pouteria campechiana Abstrak.
Penelitian ini mengkaji kemampuan antioksidan ekstrak batang sawo walanda (Pouteria campechian.
melalui analisis senyawa bioaktif yang terkandung di dalamnya serta uji aktivitas antioksidan.
Ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut metanol yang menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 6,03%.
Metode Folin-Ciocalteu digunakan untuk menentukan kadar total fenol pada ekstrak, dengan hasil sebesar 195,22 mg GAE per gram, berdasarkan standar asam galat.
Kandungan flavonoid total ditentukan menggunakan asam galat sebagai standar sehingga diperoleh nilai sebesar 830,5 mg QE/g ekstrak.
Aktivitas antioksidan diuji menggunakan dua metode, yaitu DPPH dan ABTS.
Hasil uji DPPH menunjukkan persentase inhibisi sebesar 91% dengan nilai ICCICA sebesar 3322 ppm sedangkan uji ABTS menunjukkan inhibisi sebesar 99% dengan ICCICA 2206 ppm pada 000 ppm.
Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, batang sawo walanda yang diekstrak terbukti memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang rendah.
sehingga hanya memiliki potensi terbatas sebagai sumber senawa bioaditif Kata kunci: aktivitas antioksidan, maserasi.
Pouteria campechiana Received: August 6, 2025.
Accepted: August 19, 2025 Citation: Batari.
Purnomo.
, and Seviani.
Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Branch Extract from Pouteria campechiana (Sawo Waland.
KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 11.
: 25-34.
INTRODUCTION
use continues increase compared Indonesia's abundant natural resources synthetic drugs (Sahrianti et al.
, 2.
Around have been utilized for generations to support 9 out of 10 Indonesians aged over 15 use daily needs, including in the field of medicine.
traditional medicine in the form of herbal Medicinal plants are highly diverse, and their remedies .
%), either as concoctions or through traditional health services (Sahrianti et Corresponding author E-mail: adi_setyo@chem.
, 2.
This indicates that the majority of the https://doi.
org/10.
22487/kovalen.
2477-5398/ A 2025 Batari et al.
This is an open-access article under the CC BY-SA license.
KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 11.
, 2025: 25-34 Batari et al.
population still heavily relies on traditional excessive production of free radicals in the One type of plant with potential use body can lead to lipid oxidation, inactivation of in traditional treatments is the sawo walanda, various enzymes, and DNA damage, which which has been proven to be used as a remedy may ultimately trigger cellular changes and for various diseases (Fasna et al.
, 2.
become the initial cause of diseases such as Sawo walanda, also known as eggfruit, cancer (Rudiana et al.
, 2.
Antioxidants are alkesah, or canistel, and scientifically referred compounds capable of donating one or more to as Pouteria campechiana, is a tropical fruit electrons to free radicals, thereby neutralizing native to Central America, particularly Mexico.
their activity (Muliawati et al.
, 2.
The However, it is now widely found and cultivated sources continues to be pursued as a Indonesia (Fitriansyah et al.
, 2.
According preventive measure against the emergence of to a study conducted by Fitriansyah .
, various diseases (Rudiana et al.
, 2.
sawo walanda contains secondary metabolites Various studies have shown that parts of the sawo walanda plant can serve as natural glycosides, and terpenoids.
The methanol plant-based extract of the bark of sawo walanda contains The antioxidant activity of sawo walanda caffeine compounds, which belong to the fruit pulp using the DPPH method shows an IC50 alkaloid group (Rudiana et al.
, 2.
Various value of 2656 ppm (Muliawati et al.
, 2.
types of secondary metabolites found in sawo Sawo walanda fruit extract can be utilized in the walanda fruit include alkaloids, glycosides, tofu-making process as a natural antioxidant tannins, terpenoids, and steroids (Mehraj et al.
source, thereby enhancing the nutritional value The highest phenolic and flavonoid and health potential of the tofu (Wibowo et al.
content is found in the leaves (Hidayah et al.
Sawo walanda leaf extract has shown These significant potential as a natural antioxidant (Fitriansyah et al.
, 2.
The antioxidant activity of sawo walanda extracts from the peel, antioxidant properties.
pulp, seeds, and leaves has demonstrated Antioxidants are compounds that act as strong activity, with a DPPH IC50 value of 50 reducing agents and are capable of halting the AAg/mL (Hidayah et al.
, 2.
Based on these rate of oxidation reactions.
Their mechanism of findings, each part of the sawo walanda plant action includes binding to and preventing the exhibits different levels of antioxidant activity.
formation of free radicals, as well as inhibiting However, the antioxidant activity of the sawo cellular damage (Rudiana et al.
, 2.
Free walanda branch has not yet been reported.
radicals are atoms or molecules that have In this study, the extraction of sawo unpaired electrons in their outer orbitals.
They walanda branch was carried out using the are highly reactive because they can trigger maceration method with methanol as the chain reactions by taking electrons from The phenolic content of the extract was surrounding molecules to stabilize themselves then measured using the Pourmorad method, (Muliawati et al.
, 2.
Continuous and and the flavonoid content was measured using KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 11.
, 2025: 25-34 Batari et al.
the Chang method.
The antioxidant activity of Instrumentation the sawo walanda branch extract was tested The equipment used in this study included using the DPPH .
,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy.
a blender from Philips, a Retsch 200 mesh test .
,2-azino-bis.
- sieve, a 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask from Iwaki, a ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic aci.
) method.
100 mL measuring cylinder from Duran, filter Hence, the objective of this study is to assess paper from Whatman, a rotary evaporator from Buchi.
ABTS Pouteria Socorex, campechiana branches with DPPH and ABTS incubator, and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Procedure Materials Sample preparation and extraction The materials used in this study included The sawo walanda branch were washed sawo walandaAos branch obtained from the with clean running water, coarsely chopped.
Mojoroto Java, and then dried.
The dried coarse sample was Indonesia.
methanol from Merck.
ground into a fine powder, and 15 grams of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent from Sigma sample were taken for extraction using the Aldrich.
NacOCE from Merck.
AlClCE from Merck.
maceration method, performed three times over DPPH from Sigma Aldrich.
ABTS from Merck.
a period of twenty-four hours in methanol.
The gallic acid from Merck.
and KCCSCCOCO from resulting macerate was concentrated using a MerckAiall obtained from the Microorganism rotary evaporator to obtain a thick methanolic Chemistry The extraction process illustrated in Kediri Laboratory.
City.
East Department Figure 1.
Chemistry.
ITS.
Figure 1.
The extraction process of sawo walandaAos branch Total phenolic content (TPC) A volume of 0.
1 mL of 1000 ppm The phenolic content was analyzed using methanolic extract was taken and mixed with the Folin-Ciocalteu method (Noreen et al.
5 mL of 10% Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.
The KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 11.
, 2025: 25-34 Batari et al.
mixture was incubated at room temperature for 2500, 1250, 625, 312.
5, 156.
25, 78.
125, and 5 minutes.
After incubation, 0.
4 mL of 7.
063 ppm.
For each concentration, 33 AAL is NacOCE was added, and the mixture was pipetted and mixed with 1 mL of 0.
006% DPPH
The solution in methanol.
The test solutions are absorbance of the test solution was measured thoroughly mixed and incubated at 37AC for 20 UV-Vis Absorbance wavelength of 765 nm.
Gallic acid was used as wavelength of 517 nm using a UV-Vis the standard or positive control for phenol.
The analysis is performed Total flavonoid content (TFC) in triplicate to ensure the reliability of the results.
The flavonoid content was analyzed using and the % inhibition is calculated using the Chang method (Chang et al.
, 2.
Equation .
Gallic acid is used as the positive volume of 0.
5 mL of 1000 ppm methanolic extract was mixed with 0.
5 mL of 2% AlClCE Antioxidant assay using the ABTS method solution in methanol.
The test solution was The ABTS solution was prepared by incubated at room temperature for one hour.
2 mg of ABTS in 5 mL of distilled After Separately, 3.
33 mg of KCCSCCOCO was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at dissolved in 88 AAL of distilled water.
The two a wavelength of 415 nm.
In this study, gallic solutions were mixed and stored in a dark room acid was used as the standard or positive for 12Ae16 hours, then diluted with methanol to control for flavonoids.
obtain a solution with an absorbance of 0.
Antioxidant assay using the DPPH method (A0.
, which was used as the ABTS working A stock solution of 10,000 ppm was A stock solution of 10,000 ppm was prepared from the concentrated extract.
The prepared from the concentrated extract.
test solution was prepared by adding 33 AAL of volume of 10 AAL of the sample solution was the sample to 1 mL of 0.
006% DPPH solution in added to 1 mL of the ABTS solution, and the The mixture was homogenized and mixture was homogenized and incubated at incubated at 37AC for 20 minutes.
The 30AC for 4 minutes.
Absorbance was measured absorbance of the sample was measured at a wavelength of 517 nm using a UV-Vis wavelength of 734 nm.
The test was performed The test was performed in in triplicate.
The percentage of inhibition was The percentage of inhibition was calculated using Equation .
UV-Vis If the % inhibition of the concentrated calculated using Equation .
%inhibition = extract exceeds 50%, an ICCICA test is conducted.
Ab OeAx y 100% A .
A 10,000ppm stock solution is serially diluted to Ab = Blank absorbance Ax = Sampel absorbance obtain concentrations of 5000, 2500, 1250, 625, 5, 156.
25, 78.
125, and 39.
063 ppm.
For If the % inhibition of the concentrated each concentration, 10 AAL is pipetted and mixed with 1 mL of the ABTS solution.
The test A 10,000ppm stock solution is solution is homogenized and incubated at 30AC serially diluted to obtain concentrations of 5000, for 4 minutes.
Absorbance is measured using a ICCICA KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 11.
, 2025: 25-34 Batari et al.
UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 734 nm.
The test is performed in triplicate.
The percentage of inhibition is calculated using Equation .
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Sampel Extract A total of 15 grams of powdered sawo walanda branches were used for extraction using the maceration method with methanol.
Figure 2.
Standard curve of TPC .
allic aci.
Table 1.
Total phenolic content (TPC) resulting in 0.
940 grams of thick extract .
ield of Repetition Absorba
TPC
Content .
TPC Content .
g GAE/.
showed the highest yield at 10.
45%, compared 0,254 179,666 179,666 77% with n-hexane and 0.
83% with ethyl
0,28
208,555
208,555
The high yield of the methanolic extract
0,27
197,444
197,444
Average 0,268 195,222 195,222 03%).
In a study by Rudiana .
, the methanolic extract of sawo walanda bark indicates that it contains a large number of polar polyphenols (Rudiana et al.
, 2.
This is consistent with the study by Hidayah The basic structure of flavonoids consists of .
, which found that the peel, fruit, seeds, two aromatic rings connected by a pyran ring, and leaves of sawo walanda contain phenolic making them more polar.
Therefore, when a compounds, suggesting that other parts of the polar solvent such as methanol is used for plant, such as the branches, also contain extraction, the resulting yield tends to be higher phenolics, with a level of 195.
22 mg GAE/g.
than when using non-polar solvents (Doloking a study by Fitriansyah .
, the total phenolic et al.
, 2.
This is in accordance with the principle of "like dissolves like," where polar calculated using the gallic acid standard curve compounds tend to dissolve in polar solvents, regression, was 127 mg GAE/g.
The phenolic and the molecular interactions that occur content of sawo walanda fruit extract was include hydrogen bonding or dipoleAedipole reported to be 192.
6 mg GAE/g (Wibowo et al.
interactions (Zhuang et al.
, 2.
Total phenol content Phenolic The results of the phenolic content test commonly found compounds in plants and are showed that the sawo walanda branch extract responsible for various biological activities.
22 mg GAE/g of phenolic These activities include defense responses The linear regression of gallic acid such as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and is shown in the graph in Figure 2.
This linear antioxidant effects (Lin et al.
, 2.
regression was used to calculate the total Total flavonoid content phenolic content of the sawo walanda branch extract, as presented in Table 1.
The results of the flavonoid content test showed that the sawo walanda branch extract KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 11.
, 2025: 25-34 Batari et al.
QE/g The total flavonoid content in the sawo The linear regression of quercetin walanda branch extract was 830.
5 mg QE/g.
can be seen in the graph in Figure 3.
This linear Although the results may not be entirely regression was used to calculate the total accurate, they still indicate the presence of flavonoid content of the sawo walanda branch flavonoid compounds in the sample.
This is extract, as presented in Table 2.
consistent with the findings of Hidayah .
, who reported that the peel, fruit, seeds, and leaves of sawo walanda contain flavonoid Sawo walanda contains groups of phenols, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, and terpenoids (Fitriansyah et al.
, 2.
The highest phenolic and flavonoid content is found in the leaves (Hidayah et al.
, 2.
The flavonoid content in sawo walandaAos branch Figure 3.
Standard curve of TFC .
allic aci.
Table 2.
Total flavonoid content (TFC) Repetition Absorbance TFC Content .
TFC Content .
g QE/.
Average The linear regression obtained showed an RA value of only 0.
A lower RA value (Kartiningrum et al.
, 2.
This is likely due to the use of an inappropriate standard in the preparation of the TFC calibration curve.
extract is 0.
37 g QE/100 g (Fitriansyah et al.
While in the leaf extract it is 0.
8 g QE/100 g (Hidayah et al.
, 2.
Antioxidant Assay Using the DPPH Method The antioxidant activity test of sawo walanda extract using the DPPH method at the highest concentration of 10,000 ppm showed an inhibition of 91%, as presented in Table 3.
This result is in line with the study by UuhNarvaez .
, which reported a DPPH inhibition of 92.
15% for P.
campechiana fruit.
The ICCICA of the sawo walandaAos branch extract was further calculated using linear regression from the serial dilution concentrations, as shown in the graph in Figure 4.
quercetin should have been used as the Standard curves for flavonoid testing typically use quercetin (Wibowo et al.
, 2.
As a flavonoid compound with strong biological activity, quercetin is chosen as a reference standard due to its ability to neutralize free radicals (Fitriansyah et al.
, 2.
However, in this study, gallic acid was used as the calibration standard due to material limitations.
Figure 4.
DPPH graph of sample extract KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 11.
, 2025: 25-34 Batari et al.
Table 3.
Percentage inhibition of sample extract using the DPPH method Repetition Blank Sample Blank sample 0,666 0,662 0,672 Average Inhibiti on (%) the IC50 values of sawo walanda branch extract and gallic acid using the DPPH method is presented in Table 4.
Compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and stilbenoids, which contain hydroxyl groups (-OH) in their structures, act as natural antioxidants due to their ability to scavenge free In this experiment, gallic acid was used as radicals (Fernandez-Panchon et al.
, 2.
The a positive control.
The results of the antioxidant presence of hydroxyl groups (-OH) in a activity test of gallic acid using the DPPH molecule enables the compound to function as method are shown in Figure 5.
a free radical inhibitor (Fitriansyah et al.
, 2.
The sawo walanda branch extract exhibits antioxidant activity because it contains phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which were also tested in this study.
Antioxidant assay using the ABTS method The antioxidant activity test of sawo walanda branch extract using the ABTS method Figure 5.
DPPH graph of gallic acid at the highest concentration of 10,000 ppm Table 4.
Comparison of IC50 values between sample extract and gallic acid showed an inhibition of 99%, as presented in Table 5.
The ICCICA of the sawo walanda branch Extract IC50 .
Sawo walandaAos branch Gallic acid concentrations (Figure .
The IC50 value of sawo walanda branch extract, calculated using linear regression from the graph in Figure 3, was found to be 3322 The IC50 value of sawo walanda fruit pulp was reported to be 2656 ppm, which indicates very weak antioxidant activity (Muliawati et al.
extract was further calculated using linear Table 5.
Percentage inhibition of sample extract using the ABTS method Repetition Blank Sample Blank sample Average Inhibiti on (%) In the study by Fitriansyah .
, the IC50 of sawo walanda leaf extract using the DPPH method was 1.
18 g/mL, while the fruit extract was 3.
55 g/mL.
The IC50 of gallic acid, used as a positive control and calculated using the linear regression from Figure 4, was found to be 9.
24 ppm.
This is consistent with the study by Gultom .
, which reported the IC50 of gallic acid to be 8.
93 g/mL.
A comparison of Figure 6.
ABTS graph of the sample KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 11.
, 2025: 25-34 Batari et al.
In this experiment, gallic acid was used as The ability of free hydroxyl groups to the positive control.
The results of the antioxidant activity test of gallic acid using the molecule's capacity to scavenge free radicals ABTS method are shown in Figure 7.
(Charlton et al.
, 2.
When hydroxyl groups donate hydrogen to free radicals, the resulting resonance, especially in aromatic structures This stabilization prevents further chain radical efficiency (Yan et al.
, 2.
CONCLUSION
Figure 7.
ABTS graph of gallic acid The sawo walanda branch extract obtained The IC50 value of sawo walanda branch through maceration using methanol as the extract, calculated using linear regression from solvent shows very weak antioxidant activity, the graph in Figure 5, was found to be 2206 suggests a limited potential as natural bioactive The IC50 value of ABTS extract from P.
compound source.
The extract yield of 6.
campechiana branches was reported as 9 contains bioactive compounds with a total g/mL (Do et al.
, 2.
The IC50 of gallic acid, phenolic content of 195.
22 mg GAE/g and total used as a positive control and calculated using flavonoid content of 830.
5 mg QE/g.
Antioxidant linear regression from the graph in Figure 6, activity tests using the DPPH and ABTS 36 ppm.
The IC50 of ABTS for gallic acid methods demonstrated high inhibition rates of was reported as 1.
03 g/mL (Lee et al.
, 2.
91% and 99%, respectively, at a concentration A comparison of the IC50 values of sawo of 10,000 ppm, with ICCICA values of 3322 ppm walanda branch extract and gallic acid using (DPPH) and 2206 ppm (ABTS).
To improve the the ABTS method is presented in Table 6.
Tabel 6.
Comparison of IC50 values between sample extract and gallic acid using the ABTS method Extract Sawo walandaAos branch Gallic acid IC50 .
Hydroxyl measurement, it is recommended to use quercetin as the reference standard instead of gallic acid.
This is because quercetin better providing more specific and relevant results for the compounds analyzed.
phenolics and flavonoids play a crucial role in represents the chemical structure of flavonoids.
The hydroxyl groups and aromatic rings in donate hydrogen atoms (H) to neutralize free radicals by converting reactive radicals into more stable molecules.
This hydrogen atom
transfer mechanism is central to antioxidant REFERENCES